The three-dimensional secondary circulation in developing Gulf Stream meanders

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 888-915

  Howden, Stephan D ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^b NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

OCEANIC CIRCULATION; SECONDARY FLOW;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF STREAM;

EID: 0033912612     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2000)030<0888:TTDSCI>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Allen, J. S., J. A. Barth, and P. A. Newberger, 1990: On intermediate models of barotropic continental shelf and slope flow fields. Part I: Formulation and comparison of exact solutions. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1017-1042.
2. Anderson-Fontana, S., and H. T. Rossby, 1991: RAFOS floats in the SYNOP experiment 1988-1990. GSO Tech. Rep. 91-7, University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 155 pp. [Available from Pell Marine Science Library, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882.]
3. Bluestein, H. B., 1993: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 594 pp.
4. Bower, A. S., and H. T. Rossby, 1989: Evidence of cross-frontal exchange processes in the Guff Stream based on isopycnal RA-FOS float data. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1177-1190.
5. _, and M. S. Lozier, 1994: A closer look at particle exchange in the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1399-1418.
6. _, _, and J. L. Lillibridge, 1985: The Gulf Stream - barrier or blender? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 24-32.
7. Bretherton, F. P., R. E. Davis, and C. B. Fandry, 1976: A technique for objective analysis and design of oceanographic experiments applied to MODE-73. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 559-582.
8. Bryden, H. L., 1982: Sources of eddy energy in the Gulf Stream recirculation region. J. Mar. Res., 40, 1047-1068.
9. Carlson, T. N., 1991: Mid-Latitude Weather Systems. HarperCollins, 507 pp.
10. Cronin, M., 1993: Eddy-mean flow interaction in the Gulf Stream at 68°W. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 118 pp. [Available from University Microfilm, 305 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.]
11. _, 1996: Eddy-mean flow interaction in the Gulf Stream at 68°W. Part II: Eddy forcing on the time-mean flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2132-2151.
12. _, K. L. Tracey, and D. R. Watts, 1992: Mooring motion correction of the SYNOP Central Array current meter data. GSO Tech. Rep. 92-4, University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 114 pp. [Available from Pell Marine Science Library, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882.]
13. Fields, E., and D. R. Watts, 1991: The SYNOP experiment: Inverted echo sounder data report for June 1989 to September 1990. GSO Tech. Rep. 91-2, University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 255 pp. [Available from Pell Marine Science Library, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882.]
14. Halkin, D., and H. T. Rossby, 1985: The structure and transport of the Gulf Stream at 73°W. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1439-1452.
15. Hall, M. M., 1986: Horizontal and vertical structure of the Gulf Stream velocity field at 68°W. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, 1814-1828.
16. _, 1994: Synthesizing the Gulf Stream thermal structure from XBT data. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2278-2287.
17. He, Y., K. L. Tracey, and D. R. Watts, 1998: Determining geostrophic velocity shear profiles with inverted echo sounders. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5607-5622.
18. Hogg, N. G., 1986: On the correction of temperature and velocity time series for mooring motion. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 3, 204-214.
19. _, 1991: Mooring motion corrections revisited. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 289-295.
20. Holton, J. R., 1992: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. 3d ed. Academic Press, 511 pp.
21. Howden, S. D., 1996: Dynamical processes in Gulf Stream meanders. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rhode Island, 229 pp. [Available from University Microfilm, 305 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.]
22. _, and D. R. Watts, 1999: Jet streaks in the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 1910-1924.
23. Hummon, J. M., and T. Rossby, 1998: Spatial and temporal evolution of a Gulf Stream crest warm core ring interaction. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2795-2809.
24. Johns, E., D. R. Watts, and H. T. Rossby, 1989: A test of geostrophy in the Gulf Stream. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3211-3222.
25. Johns, W. E., T. J. Shay, J. M. Bane, and D. R. Watts, 1995: Gulf Stream structure, transport, and recirculation near 68°W. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 817-838.
26. Keyser, D., B. D. Schmidt, and D. G. Duffy, 1989: A technique for representing three-dimensional vertical circulations in baroclinic disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2463-2494.
27. Kim, H. S., and D. R. Watts, 1994: An observational streamfunction in the Gulf Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2639-2657.
28. Kontoyiannis, H., and D. R. Watts, 1990: Ageostrophy and pressure work in the Gulf Stream at 73°W. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22209-22228.
29. Krishnamurti, T. N., 1968: A study of a developing wave cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 208-217.
30. Lindstrom, S. L., and D. R. Watts, 1994: Vertical motion in the Gulf Stream near 68°W. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2321-2333.
31. _, X. Qian, and D. R. Watts, 1997: Vertical motion in the Gulf Stream and its relation to meanders. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8485-8503.
32. Loughe, A. F., C.-C. Lai, and D. Keyser, 1995: A technique for diagnosing three-dimensional ageostrophic circulation in baroclinic disturbances on limited-area domains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1476-1499.
33. Meinen, C. S., 1998: Transport of the North Atlantic Current. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Rhode Island, 229 pp. [Available from University Microfilm, 305 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.]
34. Palmén, E., and C. W. Newton, 1969: Atmospheric Circulation Systems. Academic Press, 603 pp.
35. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, 710 pp.
36. Qian, X., and D. R. Watts, 1992: The SYNOP experiment: Bottom pressure maps for the Central Array May 1988 to August 1990. GSO Tech. Rep. 92-73, University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 187 pp. [Available from Pell Marine Science Library, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882.]
37. Rossby, T., 1969: On monitoring depth variations of the main thermocline acoustically. J. Geophys. Res., 74, 5542-5546.
38. _, and E. Gottlieb, 1998: The Oleander project: Monitoring the variability of the Gulf Stream and adjacent waters between New Jersey and Bermuda. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 5-18.
39. Savidge, D. K., 1997: Cyclogenesis in the deep ocean associated with Gulf Stream trough formation. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 73 pp. [Available from University Microfilm, 305 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.]
40. _, and J. M. Bane, 1999a: Cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the Gulf Stream. Part 1. Description. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 18111-18126.
41. _, and _, 1999b: Cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the Gulf Stream. Part 2. Dynamics. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 18127-18140.
42. Shay, T. J., J. M. Bane, D. R. Watts, and K. L. Tracey, 1995: Gulf Stream flow field and events near 68°W. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 22565-22589.
43. Song, T, E. Carter, and H. T. Rossby, 1995: Lagrangian studies of fluid exchange between the Gulf Stream and surrounding waters. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 46-63.
44. Stommel, H., 1965: The Gulf Stream: A Physical and Dynamical Description. 2d ed. University of California Press, 248 pp.
45. Tracey, K. L., and D. R. Watts, 1991: The SYNOP experiment: Thermocline depth maps for the Central Array October 1987 to August 1990. GSO Tech. Rep. 91-5, University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, 193 pp. [Available from Pell Marine Science Library, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882.]
46. _, S. D. Howden, and D. R. Watts, 1997: Updates of IBS calibration and mapping procedures. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 1483-1493.
47. Watts, D. R., and H. T. Rossby, 1977: Measuring dynamic heights with inverted echo sounders: Results from MODE. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 345-358.
48. _, J. M. Bane, K. L. Tracey, and T. J. Shay, 1995: Gulf Stream path and thermocline structure near 74°W and 68°W. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18291-18312.