Knowledge-based ECG interpretation: A critical review

Pattern Recognition

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 351-373

  Kundu, Mahantapas ^a   Nasipuri, Mita ^a   Basu, Dipak Kumar ^a  

^a JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

AND OR graph; Artificial neural network; Automated ECG interpretation; Connectionist approach; Fuzzy logic; Knowledge based system; Procedural semantic network

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FUZZY SETS; MEDICAL IMAGING; NEURAL NETWORKS; PATTERN RECOGNITION;

PROCEDURAL SEMANTIC NETWORKS (PSN);

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS;

EID: 0033908714     PISSN: 00313203     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0031-3203(99)00065-5     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. M.J. Goldman, Principles of Clinical Electrocardiography, 11th Edition, Lange Medical Publications, Drawer L, Los Altos, California 94022.
2. D. Rowlands, Understanding the Electrocardiogram: A New Approach, Churchill Livingstone, Medical Division of Longman Group Ltd., ISBN 0443025061, 1980.
3. M.B. Conover, Pocket Guide to Electrocardiography, Galgotia Pub. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1989.
4. H.W. Day, An intensive coronary care area, Dis. Chest, 44 (1963) 423-427.
5. B. Lown, M.D. Klein, P.I. Hershberg, Coronary and precoronary care, Amer. J. Med. 46 (1969) 705-724.
6. L.J. Thomas Jr., K.W. Clark, C.N. Mead, K.L. Ripley, B.F. Spenner, G.C. Oliver Jr., Automated Cardiac disrhythmia analysis, Proc. IEEE 67 (9) (1979) 1322-1399.
7. N.J. Holter, New method for heart studies, Science 134 (1961) 1214-1220.
8. J.R. Cox Jr., F.M. Nolle, R.M. Arthur, Digital analysis of the electroencephalogram, the blood pressure wave, and the electrocardiogram, Proc IEEE 60 (1962) 1137-1164.
9. S.L. Horowitz, A syntactic algorithm for peak detection in waveforms with applications to cardiography, CACM 18 (5) (1975) 281-285.
10. E. Skordalakis, Syntactic ECG processing: a review, Pattern Recognition 19 (4) (1986) 305-313.
11. K. Udupa, I.S.N. Murthy, Syntactic approach to ECG rhythm analysis, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-27 (7) (1980).
12. M.L. Ahlstrom, W.J. Tompkins, Automated high speed analysis of Holter tapes with microcomputers, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-30 (10) (1983) 651-657.
13. P.W. Macfarlane, ECG waveform identification by digital computer, Cardiovasc. Res. 5 (1971) 141-146.
14. M. Kunt, H. Rey, A. Lightenberg, Preprocessing of electrocardiograms by digital techniques, Signal Processing 4 (2&3) (1982) 215-222.
15. C.H.H. Chu, E.J. Delp, Impulse noise suppression and normalization of electrocardiogram signals, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 36 (2) (1989).
16. T. Pavilidis, S.L. Horowitz, Segmentation of plane curves, IEEE Trans. Comput. C-23 (8) (1974) 860-870.
17. G. Papakonstantinou, F. Gritzali, Syntactic filtering of ECG waveforms, Comput. Biomed. Res. 14 (1981) 158-167.
18. W.C. Mueller, Arrhythmia detection program for an ambulatory ECG monitor, Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 14 (1978) 81-85.
19. J.P. Abenstein, W.J. Tompkins, A new data reduction algorithm for real time ECG analysis, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-29 (1) (1982) 43-48.
20. J.R. Cox et al. Compact digital coding of electrocardiographic data, in Proceedings of the sixth Hawai International Conference of System Science (Honolulu, Hawaii), 1973, pp. 333-336.
21. M.E. Womble et al., Data compression for storing and transmission of ECGs and VCGs, Proc. IEEE. 65 (5) (1977) 702-706.
22. P.O. Borjesson, O. Pahlm, Predictive coding for ECG data compression, Tech. Rep. TR-87, Dept. of Telecommunication Theory, University of Lund, Sweden, 1977.
23. U.E. Ruttimann, H.V. Pipberger, Compression of the ECG by prediction of interpolation and entropy encoding, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-26 (11) (1979) 613-622.
24. N. Ahmed, P.J. Milne, S.G. Harris, Electrocardiographic data compression via orthogonal transforms, IEEE Trans. Bomed. Eng. BME-22 (6) (1975) 484-487.
25. A. Sandaman, B. Sapir, Third order polynomial-its use in data compression, Signal Processing 15 (4) (1988) 405-418.
26. C.N. Mead, T. Ferriero, K.W. Clark, L.J. Thomas, Jr., J.R. Cox, Jr., G.C. Oliver, An improved Argus/H system for high-speed ECG analysis, Comp. Cardiol. (IEEE Cat. No. 75CH1018-C), 1975, pp. 7-13.
27. R. Dillman, N. Judell, S. Kuo, Replacement of AZTEC by correlation for more accurate VPB detection, Comp. Cardiol, (IEEE Cat. No. 78CH1391-2C), 1978, pp. 29-32.
28. W. Rey, J.D. Laird, P.G. Hugenholtz, P-wave detection by digital computer, Comput. Biomed. Res. 4 (1971) 509-522.
29. G. Belforte, R. De Mori, F. Ferraris, A contribution to the automatic processing of electrocardiograms using syntactic methods, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-26 (1979) 125-136.
30. F. Gritzali, Towards a generalized scheme for QRS detection in ECG waveforms, Signal Processing 15 (2) (1988) 183-192.
31. W.P. Holsinger, K.M. Kempner, M.H. Miller, A QRS preprocessor based on digital differentiation, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-18 (1971) 212-217.
32. A. Ligtenberg, M. Kunt, A robust digital QRS detection algorithm for arrhythmia monitoring, Comput. Biomed. Res. 16 (1983) 273-286.
33. G.M. Friesen et al., A comparison of the noise sensitivity of nine QRS detection algorithms, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 37 (1) (1990) 85-98.
34. W.A.H. Engelse, C. Zeelenberg, A single scan algorithm for QRS-detection and feature extraction, IEEE Comput. Card., IEEE Computer Society, Long Beach, 1979, pp. 37-42.
35. P.M. Mahoudeaux et al., Simple microprocessor based system for on-line ECG analysis, Med. Bio. Eng. Comput. 19 (1981) 497-500.
36. J. Fraden, M.R. Neuman, QRS wave detection, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 18 (1980) 125-132.
37. C.L. Feldman, M. Hubelbank, Cardiovascular monitoring in the coronary care unit, Med. Instrum. 11 (5) (1977).
38. J.M. Arnold, P.M. Shah, W.B. Clarke, Artificial rejection in a computer system for the monitoring of arrhythmias, Comput. Cardiol. (IEEE Cat. no. 75CH1018-1C), 1975, pp. 163-167.
39. R. Dillman, N. Judell, S. Kuo, Replacement of AZTEC by correlation for more accurate VPB detection, Comput. Cardiol. (IEEE Cat. No 78CH1391-2C), 1978, pp. 29-32.
40. Quin-Lan Cheng, Ho Soo Lee, N.V. Thakor, ECG waveform analysis by significant point extraction - II, Comput. Biomed. Res. 20 (1987) 428-442.
41. K.P. Lin, W.H. Chang, QRS feature extraction using linear prediction, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 36 (10) (1989) 1050-1055.
42. P. Trahanias, E. Skordalakis, G. Papakonstantinou, A synatactic method for the classification of the QRS patterns, Pattern Recognition Lett. 9 (1989) 13-18.
43. E. Skordalakis, P. Trahanias, Primitive pattern selection and extraction in ECG waveforms, in Proceedings of eighth International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 1986, pp. 380-382.
44. S.H. Rappaport, L. Gillick, G.B. Moody, R.G. Mark, QRS morphology classification: quantitative evaluation of different strategies, Comput. Cardiol. 1982, pp. 33-38.
45. E. Kimura, Y. Mibikura, S. Miura, Statistical diagnosis of electrocardiogram by theorem of Bayes, Jpn. Heart J. 4 (1963) 469-488.
46. G. Papakonstantinou, E. Skordalakis, F. Gritzali, A attribute grammar for QRS detection, Pattern Recognition 19 (4) (1986) 297-303.
47. G. Papakonstantinou, An interpreter of attribute grammars and its application to waveform analysis, IEEE Trans. Software Eng. SE-7 (3) (1981) 279-283.
48. R.E. Bonner et al., A new computer program for analysis of scalar electrocardiograms, Comput. Biomed. Res. 5 (1972) 629-653.
49. D.A. Coast, R.M. Stern, G.G. Cano, S.A. Briller, An approach to cardiac arrhythmia analysis using hidden Markov models, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 37 (9) (1990) 826-836.
50. W. Gersch, P. Lilly, E. Dong Jr., PVC detection by the heart-beat interval data-Markov chain approach, Comput. Biomed. Res. 8 (1975) 370-378.
51. R.V.H. Vinke et al., Classification of cardiac rhythms using theory of Markov chains, in: Comput. Cardiol. Vol. 6, IEEE, New York, 1979, pp. 255-258.
52. P. Schluter, D. Clapham et al. The design and evaluation of a computer based system for holter tape analysis, in: Comput. Cardiol., IEEE, New York, 1984, pp. 193-196.
53. C.L. Feldman, Computer Based Holter Scanners - Current Status, Cardiodata, Northboro, MA, 1984.
54. M. Kundu et al. Microprocessor based on-line feature extraction technique for ECG waveform, in: Proceedings of Third Syposium International de lngineria Biomedica, Madrid, Spain, 7-9 Oct. 1987, pp. 385-389.
55. M. Nasipuri, D.K. Basu, R. Dattagupta, M. Kundu, S. Banerjee, A new microprocessor based on-line arrhythmia diagnostic system, in: Proceedings of IEEE Region Ten Conference (TENCON '87), Seoul, Korea, 26-28 Aug. 1987, pp. 1187-1191.
56. M. Nasipuri, D.K. Basu, M. Kundu, R. Dattagupta, A new microprocessor based system for on-line data reduction of ECG signal and arrhythmia detection, in: Proceedings of Biomedizinische Technik 88, Universitat Stuttgart, 7-10 Sep. 1980, pp. 75-76.
57. M. Nasipuri, D.K. Basu, R. Dattagupta, M. Kundu, S. Banerjee, Microprocessor based real-time monitoring of multiple ECG signals, in Proceedings of Eleventh Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC), Washington D.C., U.S.A., 1-4 Nov. 1987, pp. 822-827.
58. M. Nasipuri, M. Kundu, D.K. Basu, Microprocessor based simultaneous processing of multiple holter tapes, in: Proceedings IEEE Region Ten Conference (TENCON '89), Bombay, 22-24 Nov. 1989, pp. 500-502.
59. M. Kundu et al., A parallel architecture for real time recognition of ECG waveforms, J. Inst. Eng. (India) 73 (Part ET4) (1993) 158-161.
60. N.V. Thakor, Y.S. Zhu, K.V. Pan, Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation detection by a sequential hypothesis testing algorithm, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 37 (9) (1990) 837-843.
61. P. Trahanias, E. Skordalakis, Syntatic pattern recognition of the ECG, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PAMI-12 (7) (1990) 648-657.
62. Z. Yi-Sherg, N.V. Thakor, Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation detection by a sequential hypothesis testing algorithm, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 37 (9) (1990) 837-843.
63. P.M. Shah et al. Automatic real-time arrhythmia monitoring in the intensive coronary care unit, Am. J. Cardiol. 39 (4) (1977).
64. G. Stockman, L. Kanal, M.C. Kyle, Structural pattern recognition of carotid pulse waves using a general waveform parsing system, CACM 19 (12) (1976) 688-695.
65. F.L. Xiong, B.A. Lambird, L.N. Kanal, An experiment in recognition of electrocardiogram using a structural analysis algorithm, in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Bombay and New Delhi, Dec. 1983 - Jan. 1984, pp. 382-387.
66. T. Shibahara et al., CAA: a knowledge based system using causal knowledge to diagnose cardiac rhythm disorders, Tech. Reps. on Research at the Laboratory for Computational Medicine at the University of Toronto, LCM-TR84-1, May 1984.
67. J.K. Tsotsos, T. Shibahara, Knowledge organization and its role in temporal and causal signal understanding: the ALVEN and CAA projects, in: N. Ccercone, G. McCalla (Eds.), The Knowledge Frontier, Springer, Berlin, 1987.
68. J. Mylopoulos, T. Shibahara, J.K. Tsotsos, Building knowledge-based systems: the PSN experience, IEEE Comput. 16 (10) (1983) 83-88.
69. M. Kundu et al., A reasoning system for on-line interpretation of ECG signal, accepted in IEEE Region Ten Conference (TENCON'93), Beijing, 19-21 October 1993.
70. M. Kundu, M. Nasipuri, D.K. Basu, A rule-based expert system for real-time interpretation of ECG patterns, in: Proceedings of International Seminar held on occasion of Ninth Indian Engineering Congress at Calcutta, Vol. 2, 15-20 Dec. 1994, pp. 827-838.
71. M. Kundu, Studies on some AI techniques for interpretation of ECG waveforms, Doctoral Dissertation, Computer Sc. & Engg. Dept., Jadavpur University, India, 1994.
72. C.A. Steinberg, S. Abraham, C.A. Caceres, Pattern recognition in the clinical electrocardiogram, IRE Trans. Biomed. Electron. BME-9 (1962) 23-30.
73. G.C. Stockman, L.N. Kanal, Problem reduction representation for the lingusitic analysis of waveforms, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PAMI-5 (3) (1983) 287-298.
74. L.A. Zadeh, Fuzzy logic, IEEE Comput. (1988) 83-89.
75. M. Kundu, M. Nasipuri, D.K. Basu, A knowledge based approach to ECG interpretation using fuzzy logic, IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet-Part B 28 (2) (1998) 237-243.
76. M. Kundu et al., A fuzzy expert system for interpretation of arrhythmia in ECG signal, in: Proceedings of Korea/Japan Joint Conference on Expert Systems with the Third World Congress on Expert Systems and others, Seoul, Korea, 2-5 Feb. 1993, pp. 567-579.
77. M. Kundu et al., An approach for reasoning with uncertainties in interpretation of bio-electrical signals, in: Proceedings of Ninth International Congress of Cybernetics and Systems, World Organization of Systems and Cybernetics, New Delhi, India, 18-23 Jan. 1993, pp. 372-376.
78. M. Kundu et al., An expert system for qualitative decision making in interpretation of ECG signals, XVIII Annual Convention and Exhibition (ACE '92) organized by IEEE Calcutta Section and BITM Calcutta, 21-23 Nov. 1992, pp. 204-207.
79. A.K. Jain, J. Mao, K.M. Mohiuddin, Artificial neural networks: a tutorial, IEEE Comput. (1996) 31-44.
80. Suzuki, Self-organizing QRS wave recognition in ECG using neural networks, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 6 (6) (1995) 1469-1477.
81. K. Paul, A connectionist approach to ECG interpretation, M.C.S.E. Thesis, Comp. Sc. & Eng. Dept., Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India, 1997.
82. N.J. Nilson, Principles of Artificial Intelligence, Springer, Berlin, 1982, pp. 193-273.
83. Meng-Hiot Lim, Yoshiyasu Takefuji, Implementing fuzzy rule-based systems on silicon chips, IEEE Expert 5 (1) (1990) 31-45.
84. M. Okajima, Computer Diagnosis of Electrocardiogram, Nakayama Shoten, Tokyo, 1989 (in Japanese).
85. S.K. Pal, S. Mitra, Multi layer perceptron, fuzzy sets and classifications, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 3 (5) (1992) 683-697.
86. H.V. Pipberger et al., Preparation of electrocardiographic data for analysis by digital electronic computer, Circulation 21 (1960) 413-418.
87. H.V. Pipberger et al., Automatic screening of normal and abnormal electrocardiograms by means of a digital electronic computer, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 106 (1961) 130-132.
88. L.D. Cady, M.A. Woodbury, L.J. Tick, M.M. Gertler, A method for electrocardiogram wave pattern estimation, Example left ventricular hypertrophy, Circ. Res. 9 (1961) 1078.
89. H.V. Pipberger, Use of computers in interpretation of electrocardiograms, Circ. Res. 11 (1962) 555.
90. L. Stark, M. Okajima, G.H. Whipple, Computer pattern recognition techniques: electrocardiographic diagnosis, CACM (1962) 527-531.
91. T.Y. Young, W.H. Huggins, Computer analysis of electrocardiograms using a linear regression techniques, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-11 (1964) 60-67.
92. M.D. Feezor, A.G. Wallace, R.W. Stacy, A real time uniform analyser for detection of ventricular premature beats, J. Appl. Physiol. 29 (4) (1969) 541-545.
93. C.L. Feldman, M. Hubelbank, P.G. Amazeen, Real-time cardiac arrhythmia monitoring with the PDP-7, DECUS Proceedings, 1969, pp. 345-353.
94. L.J. Haywood, V.K. Murthy, G.A. Harvey, S. Saltzberg, On-line real-time computer algorithm for monitoring the ECG waveform, Comput. Biomed. Res. 3 (1970) 15-25.
95. J.R. Cox, Jr., H.A. Fozzard, F.M. Nolle, G.C. Oliver, Some data transformations useful in electrocardiography, Computers in Biomedical Research, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1969, pp. 181-206.
96. Y. Nomura, Y. Takaki, S. Toyama, Automatic measurement of the electrocardiogram by digital computer, Jpn. Circ. J. 30 (1966) 21-28.
97. E. Kimura, Automatic interpretation of electrocardiogram by electronic computer, Jpn. J. Med. 8 (1969) 182-184.
98. F.W. Stallmann, H.V. Pipberger, Automatic recognition of electrocardiographic waves by digital computer, Circ. Res. IX (1961) 1138-1143.
99. L. Stark, J.F. Dickson, G.H. Whipple, H. Horibe, Remote real-time diagnosis of clinical electrocardiograms by a digital computer system, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 126 (1967) 851-872.
100. J. Wartak, J.A. Milliken, J. Karchmar, Computer program for pattern recognition of electrocardiograms, Comput. Biomed. Res. 4 (1970) 344-374.
101. D. Wortzman, B. Gilmore, H.D. Schwetman, J.I. Hirsch, A hybrid computer system for the measurement and interpretation of electrocardiograms, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 128 (1966) 876-899.
102. J. Wartak, Computer-aided recognition of electrocardiograms, Acta Cardiol. 22 (1967) 350-361.
103. S. Yasui et al., Computer diagnosis of electrocardiograms by means of a joint probability, Israel J. Med. Sci. 5 (1969) 913-916.
104. J.A. Milliken et al., Use of computers in the interpretation of electrocardiograms, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 101 (1969) 39-43.
105. J.M. Neilson, High speed analysis of ventricular arrhythmias from 24 hour recordings, in: Computers in Cardiology (IEEE Cat. No. 74CH0879-7C), 1974, pp. 55-59.
106. F.M. Nolle, G.C. Oliver, R.E. Kleiger, J.R. Cox, Jr., K.W. Clark, H.D. Ambos, The Argus/H system for rapid analysis of ventricular arrhythmias, in: Computers in Cardiology (IEEE Cat. No. 74CH0879-7C), 1974, pp. 37-42.