The development of large scale enterprise in Australia, 1910-64

Business History

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 13-46

  Ville, Simon ^a   Merrett, D T ^b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

AUSTRALIA;

EID: 0033895712     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00076790000000265     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
2. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
3. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
4. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
5. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
6. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
7. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
8. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
9. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
10. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
11. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
12. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
13. A.D.H. Kaplan, Big Enterprise in a Competitive System (revised edn., Washington, DC, 1964); A.D. Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism (Cambridge, MA, 1990); W.M. Fruin, The Japanese Enterprise System: Competitive Strategies and Cooperative Structures (Oxford, 1992); L. Johnman, 'The Large Manufacturing Companies of 1935', Business History, Vol.28 (1986), pp.226-45; P.L. Payne, 'The Emergence of the Large-Scale Company in Great Britain, 1870-1914', Economic History Rewiew, 2nd series, Vol.20 (1967), pp.519-42; C.J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States, and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (Basingstoke, 1993); C.J. Schmitz, 'The World's Largest Industrial Companies of 1912', Business History, Vol.37 No.4 (1995), pp.85-96; P. Wardley, 'The Anatomy of Big Business: Aspects of Corporate Development in the Twentieth Century', Business History, Vol.33 (1991), pp.268-96; P. Wardley, 'The Largest Corporate Employers of Labour in the United Kingdom in circa 1907 and circa 1935', Business History, Vol.41 No.4 (1999), pp.88-118; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (London, 1983); M. Levy-Léboyer, 'The Large Corporation in Modern France', in A. Chandler and H. Daems (ed.), Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Cambridge, MA, 1980); H. Pohl (ed.), The Concentration Process in the Entrepreneurial Economy since the Late Nineteenth Century (Stuttgart, 1988); N. Horn and J. Kocka (eds.), Recht und Entwicklung der Grossunternehmen in 19 und frühen 20 Jahrhundert; A.D. Chandler, Jr., F. Amatori and T. Hikino (eds.), Global Enterprise: Big Business and the Wealth of Nations (Cambridge, 1997).
14. A. Maddison, Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development (Oxford, 1991).
15. Schmitz, 'Largest', p.90.
16. Levy-Léboyer, 'France', p.155, draws attention to different depreciation practices by French firms.
17. Schmitz, 'Largest', p.94 shows a close correlation between the two for a selection of leading American firms in 1912 until the highly capitalised US Steel is removed. However, the discrepancies can be greater when comparing workforce and capitalisation methods of measurement. See Johnman, 'Large Manufacturing Companies', p.228.
18. Schmitz, 'Largest', p.94 shows a close correlation between the two for a selection of leading American firms in 1912 until the highly capitalised US Steel is removed. However, the discrepancies can be greater when comparing workforce and capitalisation methods of measurement. See Johnman, 'Large Manufacturing Companies', p.228.
19. Wardley, 'Anatomy', p.276, seeks to overcome this problem by imputing a price-yield relationship to unlisted equity but this must remain a guesstimate.
20. For a discussion of the range of multinational enterprise forms see G. Jones, The Evolution of International Business: An Introduction (London and New York, 1996), pp.32-5.
21. Shell in Australia: The Story of a Great Achievement (Melbourne, 1928), p.33, and D.K. Fieldhouse, Unilever Overseas: The Anatomy of a Multinational, 1895-1965 (London, 1978), Table 3.1, p.71. We owe the point that the assets of these two companies would exceed the amount of capital employed so pushing them both further up the list to Mira Wilkins.
22. Shell in Australia: The Story of a Great Achievement (Melbourne, 1928), p.33, and D.K. Fieldhouse, Unilever Overseas: The Anatomy of a Multinational, 1895-1965 (London, 1978), Table 3.1, p.71. We owe the point that the assets of these two companies would exceed the amount of capital employed so pushing them both further up the list to Mira Wilkins.
23. N.G. Butlin, A. Barnard and J.J. Pincus, Government and Capitalism: Public and Private Choice in Twentieth Century Australia (North Sydney, 1982).
24. For example, in 1930 the workforces of New South Wales railways and the Australian Post Office were 44, 365 and 43, 872, respectively. These far exceeded that of BHP and its subsidiaries at 10, 288 (1935) or GM Holden at about 6, 000 (1936). Commonwealth of Australia Yearbook (1930), B.H.P. Review Jubilee (1935), and GMH Annual Report (1936). Railway companies were among the largest enterprises in most countries, such as Britain, the USA and Canada, where they were private sector organisations.
25. For example, in 1930 the workforces of New South Wales railways and the Australian Post Office were 44, 365 and 43, 872, respectively. These far exceeded that of BHP and its subsidiaries at 10, 288 (1935) or GM Holden at about 6, 000 (1936). Commonwealth of Australia Yearbook (1930), B.H.P. Review Jubilee (1935), and GMH Annual Report (1936). Railway companies were among the largest enterprises in most countries, such as Britain, the USA and Canada, where they were private sector organisations.
26. For example, in 1930 the workforces of New South Wales railways and the Australian Post Office were 44, 365 and 43, 872, respectively. These far exceeded that of BHP and its subsidiaries at 10, 288 (1935) or GM Holden at about 6, 000 (1936). Commonwealth of Australia Yearbook (1930), B.H.P. Review Jubilee (1935), and GMH Annual Report (1936). Railway companies were among the largest enterprises in most countries, such as Britain, the USA and Canada, where they were private sector organisations.
27. Hannah, Corporate Economy, for example, analyses only manufacturing firms. More recent changes in attitude are reflected in Mary Rose's observation that, 'there can be no doubting the necessity to move beyond the Chandlerian school's preoccuptaion with manufacturing industry'. M.W. Kirby and M.B. Rose, 'Introduction', in M.W. Kirby and M.B. Rose (eds.), Business Enterprise in Modern Britain (London, 1994), p.24. For an example of a wider perspective, see G. Jones, 'Great Britain: Big Business, Management and Competitiveness in Twentieth-Century Britain', in Chandler, Amatori and Hikino (eds.), Big Business, pp. 102-38.
28. Hannah, Corporate Economy, for example, analyses only manufacturing firms. More recent changes in attitude are reflected in Mary Rose's observation that, 'there can be no doubting the necessity to move beyond the Chandlerian school's preoccuptaion with manufacturing industry'. M.W. Kirby and M.B. Rose, 'Introduction', in M.W. Kirby and M.B. Rose (eds.), Business Enterprise in Modern Britain (London, 1994), p.24. For an example of a wider perspective, see G. Jones, 'Great Britain: Big Business, Management and Competitiveness in Twentieth-Century Britain', in Chandler, Amatori and Hikino (eds.), Big Business, pp. 102-38.
29. Hannah, Corporate Economy, for example, analyses only manufacturing firms. More recent changes in attitude are reflected in Mary Rose's observation that, 'there can be no doubting the necessity to move beyond the Chandlerian school's preoccuptaion with manufacturing industry'. M.W. Kirby and M.B. Rose, 'Introduction', in M.W. Kirby and M.B. Rose (eds.), Business Enterprise in Modern Britain (London, 1994), p.24. For an example of a wider perspective, see G. Jones, 'Great Britain: Big Business, Management and Competitiveness in Twentieth-Century Britain', in Chandler, Amatori and Hikino (eds.), Big Business, pp. 102-38.
30. On this basis, nine of the top ten and 18 of the top 25 firms in 1910 would have been banks. In 1930 the top ten would all be banks, as would 20 out of the top 25. In 1952 it would again be all financial institutions in the top ten and 15 of 25. Although pastoral agency and land investment firms were involved in lending, they have been included because their activities spread well beyond finance.
31. For example, taking 1940 market values of equity would put four banks in the top ten companies and six in the top 25.
32. Australian Investment Digest, Vol.1 No.1 (Jan. 1920), p.3.
33. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
34. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
35. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
36. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
37. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
38. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
39. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
40. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
41. These include R.L. Nash, The Australasian Joint Stock Companies Year Book (Sydney), which was published between 1896 and 1914; A. Jobson and A.M. Pooley, The Digest Year Book of Public Companies of Australia and New Zealand (Sydney), published between 1920 and 1966; H.Y. Braddon, Australian Company Law (Adelaide, 1912); A.R. Hall, The London Capital Market and Australia, 1870-1914 (Canberra, 1963); H.L. Wilkinson, The Trust Movement in Australia (Melbourne, 1914); E.L. Wheelwright and J. Miskelly, Anatomy of Australian Manufacturing Industry (Sydney, 1967). Information on share prices can be found in The 'Wild Cat' Monthly published by the Bulletin magazine. Sporadic information on workforce sizes can be found in a number of publications, including Jobson's, J.B. Were's Statistical Service (Melbourne), and A. Pratt, The National Handbook of Australian Industries (Melbourne, 1934).
42. Professor Mira Wilkins has recently indicated to us some additional 'invisible' subsidiaries of American multinationals whose asset values are not revealed in Australian sources but which possess extant archives. We hope to add these to our database subsequently, along with any Australian firms missing from national sources but subsequently revealed through company records.
43. M. Stichtenoth, 'The 100 Largest Australian Domiciled Companies, 1920-52: Evidence and Conjectures' (unpublished honours thesis, Monash University, 1986).
44. For estimates of entry by foreign firms, see G.N. Blainey, 'The History of Multinational Factories in Australia', in A. Okochi and T. Inoue (eds.), Overseas Business Activities (Proceedings of the Fuji Conference, Tokyo, 1984), pp.183-210; C. Forster, Industrial Development in Australia, 1920-1930 (Canberra, 1964), appendix III, pp.230-32; D.T. Brash, American Investment in Australian Industry (Canberra, 1966), appendix A, 'Survey of American-Affiliated Companies Known to be Manufacturing in Australia at 30 June 1962', pp.289-327. The Australian government did not collect or disseminate data on the operations of foreign firms before the 1960s. See, for instance, the Department of Trade and Industry, Directory of Overseas Investment in Australian Manufacturing Industry 1966 (Canberra, 1966), and Commonwealth Treasury, Treasury Economic Paper No. 1, Overseas Investment in Australia (Canberra, 1972).
45. For estimates of entry by foreign firms, see G.N. Blainey, 'The History of Multinational Factories in Australia', in A. Okochi and T. Inoue (eds.), Overseas Business Activities (Proceedings of the Fuji Conference, Tokyo, 1984), pp.183-210; C. Forster, Industrial Development in Australia, 1920-1930 (Canberra, 1964), appendix III, pp.230-32; D.T. Brash, American Investment in Australian Industry (Canberra, 1966), appendix A, 'Survey of American-Affiliated Companies Known to be Manufacturing in Australia at 30 June 1962', pp.289-327. The Australian government did not collect or disseminate data on the operations of foreign firms before the 1960s. See, for instance, the Department of Trade and Industry, Directory of Overseas Investment in Australian Manufacturing Industry 1966 (Canberra, 1966), and Commonwealth Treasury, Treasury Economic Paper No. 1, Overseas Investment in Australia (Canberra, 1972).
46. For estimates of entry by foreign firms, see G.N. Blainey, 'The History of Multinational Factories in Australia', in A. Okochi and T. Inoue (eds.), Overseas Business Activities (Proceedings of the Fuji Conference, Tokyo, 1984), pp.183-210; C. Forster, Industrial Development in Australia, 1920-1930 (Canberra, 1964), appendix III, pp.230-32; D.T. Brash, American Investment in Australian Industry (Canberra, 1966), appendix A, 'Survey of American-Affiliated Companies Known to be Manufacturing in Australia at 30 June 1962', pp.289-327. The Australian government did not collect or disseminate data on the operations of foreign firms before the 1960s. See, for instance, the Department of Trade and Industry, Directory of Overseas Investment in Australian Manufacturing Industry 1966 (Canberra, 1966), and Commonwealth Treasury, Treasury Economic Paper No. 1, Overseas Investment in Australia (Canberra, 1972).
47. For estimates of entry by foreign firms, see G.N. Blainey, 'The History of Multinational Factories in Australia', in A. Okochi and T. Inoue (eds.), Overseas Business Activities (Proceedings of the Fuji Conference, Tokyo, 1984), pp.183-210; C. Forster, Industrial Development in Australia, 1920-1930 (Canberra, 1964), appendix III, pp.230-32; D.T. Brash, American Investment in Australian Industry (Canberra, 1966), appendix A, 'Survey of American-Affiliated Companies Known to be Manufacturing in Australia at 30 June 1962', pp.289-327. The Australian government did not collect or disseminate data on the operations of foreign firms before the 1960s. See, for instance, the Department of Trade and Industry, Directory of Overseas Investment in Australian Manufacturing Industry 1966 (Canberra, 1966), and Commonwealth Treasury, Treasury Economic Paper No. 1, Overseas Investment in Australia (Canberra, 1972).
48. For estimates of entry by foreign firms, see G.N. Blainey, 'The History of Multinational Factories in Australia', in A. Okochi and T. Inoue (eds.), Overseas Business Activities (Proceedings of the Fuji Conference, Tokyo, 1984), pp.183-210; C. Forster, Industrial Development in Australia, 1920-1930 (Canberra, 1964), appendix III, pp.230-32; D.T. Brash, American Investment in Australian Industry (Canberra, 1966), appendix A, 'Survey of American-Affiliated Companies Known to be Manufacturing in Australia at 30 June 1962', pp.289-327. The Australian government did not collect or disseminate data on the operations of foreign firms before the 1960s. See, for instance, the Department of Trade and Industry, Directory of Overseas Investment in Australian Manufacturing Industry 1966 (Canberra, 1966), and Commonwealth Treasury, Treasury Economic Paper No. 1, Overseas Investment in Australia (Canberra, 1972).
49. Stichtenoth, 'Australian Domiciled Companies', pp.46-9 discusses these problems.
50. N.G. Butlin, 'Australian National Accounts', in W. Vamplew (ed.), Australians: Historical Statistics, (Sydney, 1987), p.133.
51. Also see P.H. Karmel and M. Brunt, The Structure of the Australian Economy (Melbourne, 1962), Chapter 3.
52. Wardley, 'Anatomy', pp.283-4. He also includes finance and conglomerates/holding companies.
53. G.D. Taylor and P.A. Baskerville, A Concise History of Business in Canada (Oxford, 1994), pp.313, 441.
54. Blainey, 'Multinational Factories', pp.183-210; C. Forster, Industrial Development in Australia 1920-1930 (Canberra, 1964), appendix III, pp.230-32.
55. Blainey, 'Multinational Factories', pp.183-210; C. Forster, Industrial Development in Australia 1920-1930 (Canberra, 1964), appendix III, pp.230-32.
56. Our data are in Australian currency. The number of British pounds required to buy an Australian pound were .992, .943, .797 and .797 in 1910, 1930, 1952 and 1964 respectively. The comparable rates for United States dollars are 4.833, 4.586, 2.226 and 2.225. D. Pope, 'Private Finance', in W. Vamplew (ed.), Australians: Historical Statistics (Sydney, 1987), Table PF 47-56, pp.244-5.
57. Schmitz, 'Companies of 1912', pp.87-90; Schmitz, Big Business, pp.32-3.
58. Schmitz, 'Companies of 1912', pp.87-90; Schmitz, Big Business, pp.32-3.
59. Schmitz, Big Business, p.34. These calculations also required reworking the data of Chandler, Scale and Scope, pp.638-58, and Fruin, Japanese Enterprise System, pp.328-41. Calculations relating market capitalisation to national income for America produced very similar results to those for assets.
60. Schmitz, Big Business, p.34. These calculations also required reworking the data of Chandler, Scale and Scope, pp.638-58, and Fruin, Japanese Enterprise System, pp.328-41. Calculations relating market capitalisation to national income for America produced very similar results to those for assets.
61. Schmitz, Big Business, p.34. These calculations also required reworking the data of Chandler, Scale and Scope, pp.638-58, and Fruin, Japanese Enterprise System, pp.328-41. Calculations relating market capitalisation to national income for America produced very similar results to those for assets.
62. Wardley, 'Anatomy', p. 283 identifies an opposite movement in his top 50 firms; comparing the top and bottom company, concentration rises to 1934/35 and thenceforth declines.
63. For example, A.G. Lowndes, South Pacific Enterprise: The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney, 1956), p.25; K. Dunstan, The Amber Nectar: A Celebration of Beer and Brewing in Australia (Melbourne, 1987), pp.7-39; A. Barnard, The Australian Wool Market (Melbourne, 1958), p.72.
64. For example, A.G. Lowndes, South Pacific Enterprise: The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney, 1956), p.25; K. Dunstan, The Amber Nectar: A Celebration of Beer and Brewing in Australia (Melbourne, 1987), pp.7-39; A. Barnard, The Australian Wool Market (Melbourne, 1958), p.72.
65. For example, A.G. Lowndes, South Pacific Enterprise: The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited (Sydney, 1956), p.25; K. Dunstan, The Amber Nectar: A Celebration of Beer and Brewing in Australia (Melbourne, 1987), pp.7-39; A. Barnard, The Australian Wool Market (Melbourne, 1958), p.72.
66. Chandler, Scale and Scope.
67. K. Anderson and R. Garnaut, Australian Protectionism: Extent, Causes and Consequences (Sydney, 1987), Tables 2.1 and 2.2, pp.7-8.
68. T. Hewat, The Plastics Revolution: The Story of Nylex (South Melbourne, 1983), p.26.
69. G. Williams, 'The National Policy Tariffs: Industrial Development through Import Substitution', Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol.12 (1979), pp.333-68.
70. Wilkinson, Trust Movement.
71. Canadian governments have also been viewed as holding back from the trust-busting policies of the United States. Taylor and Baskerville, Business in Canada, p.364.
72. J.A. Bushnell, Australian Company Mergers 1946-1959 (Melbourne, 1961); I.C. Stewart, 'Australian Company Mergers, 1960-1970', Economic Record, Vol.53 No.141 (March 1977), pp.1-29; I.C. Stewart, 'Company Merger Characteristics and the Institutional Environment: An Analysis of Australia and Overseas Nations, 1960-1970' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, 1974, 2 volumes).
73. J.A. Bushnell, Australian Company Mergers 1946-1959 (Melbourne, 1961); I.C. Stewart, 'Australian Company Mergers, 1960-1970', Economic Record, Vol.53 No.141 (March 1977), pp.1-29; I.C. Stewart, 'Company Merger Characteristics and the Institutional Environment: An Analysis of Australia and Overseas Nations, 1960-1970' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, 1974, 2 volumes).
74. J.A. Bushnell, Australian Company Mergers 1946-1959 (Melbourne, 1961); I.C. Stewart, 'Australian Company Mergers, 1960-1970', Economic Record, Vol.53 No.141 (March 1977), pp.1-29; I.C. Stewart, 'Company Merger Characteristics and the Institutional Environment: An Analysis of Australia and Overseas Nations, 1960-1970' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, 1974, 2 volumes).
75. G.N. Blainey, unpublished history of ICIANZ in possession of the authors; W.J. Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, volume two: The First Quarter Century (London, 1975), pp.206-12; G.N. Blainey, Jumping over the Wheel (St Leonards, 1993), chapter 8; J. Poynter, Russell Grimwade (Melbourne, 1967); and Fieldhouse, Unilever Overseas.
76. G.N. Blainey, unpublished history of ICIANZ in possession of the authors; W.J. Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, volume two: The First Quarter Century (London, 1975), pp.206-12; G.N. Blainey, Jumping over the Wheel (St Leonards, 1993), chapter 8; J. Poynter, Russell Grimwade (Melbourne, 1967); and Fieldhouse, Unilever Overseas.
77. G.N. Blainey, unpublished history of ICIANZ in possession of the authors; W.J. Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, volume two: The First Quarter Century (London, 1975), pp.206-12; G.N. Blainey, Jumping over the Wheel (St Leonards, 1993), chapter 8; J. Poynter, Russell Grimwade (Melbourne, 1967); and Fieldhouse, Unilever Overseas.
78. G.N. Blainey, unpublished history of ICIANZ in possession of the authors; W.J. Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, volume two: The First Quarter Century (London, 1975), pp.206-12; G.N. Blainey, Jumping over the Wheel (St Leonards, 1993), chapter 8; J. Poynter, Russell Grimwade (Melbourne, 1967); and Fieldhouse, Unilever Overseas.
79. G.N. Blainey, unpublished history of ICIANZ in possession of the authors; W.J. Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries: A History, volume two: The First Quarter Century (London, 1975), pp.206-12; G.N. Blainey, Jumping over the Wheel (St Leonards, 1993), chapter 8; J. Poynter, Russell Grimwade (Melbourne, 1967); and Fieldhouse, Unilever Overseas.
80. Chandler, Scale and Scope, pp.38-40.
81. Ibid., pp.644-50, 673-9, 705-13; Fruin, Japanese Enterprise System, p.21.
82. Ibid., pp.644-50, 673-9, 705-13; Fruin, Japanese Enterprise System, p.21.
83. Taylor and Baskerville, Business in Canada, p.311, note that all manufacturing and extractive firms in the top 20 of 1929 were vertically integrated at least in part.
84. P. Stubbs. The Australian Motor Industry: A Study in Protection and Growth (Melbourne, 1972), pp.166-76, 219-20.
85. H. Mortimer Franklin, A Glance at Australia in 1880 (Melbourne, 1881), see 'Some of the Leading Mercantile Houses in Australia', pp.196-414; R.W. Dalton, Economic and Trade Conditions in Australia (London, 1930), pp.181-99.
86. H. Mortimer Franklin, A Glance at Australia in 1880 (Melbourne, 1881), see 'Some of the Leading Mercantile Houses in Australia', pp.196-414; R.W. Dalton, Economic and Trade Conditions in Australia (London, 1930), pp.181-99.
87. H. Mortimer Franklin, A Glance at Australia in 1880 (Melbourne, 1881), see 'Some of the Leading Mercantile Houses in Australia', pp.196-414; R.W. Dalton, Economic and Trade Conditions in Australia (London, 1930), pp.181-99.
88. M. Edelstein, 'Professional Engineers in Australia: Institutional Response in a Developing Economy, 1860-1980', Australian Economic History Review, Vol.28 No.2 (1988), pp.8-32; C.B. Schedvin, Shaping Science and Industry: A History of Australia's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1926-49 (St Leonards, 1987).
89. M. Edelstein, 'Professional Engineers in Australia: Institutional Response in a Developing Economy, 1860-1980', Australian Economic History Review, Vol.28 No.2 (1988), pp.8-32; C.B. Schedvin, Shaping Science and Industry: A History of Australia's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1926-49 (St Leonards, 1987).
90. E.L. Wheelwright, Ownership and Control of Australian Companies (Sydney, 1957), pp.4, 119.
91. Poynter, Russell Grimwade; C.D. Kemp, Big Businessmen: Four Biographical Studies (Melbourne, 1964); International Press Service Association, Who's Who in Australia 1929 (Sydney, n.d.).
92. Poynter, Russell Grimwade; C.D. Kemp, Big Businessmen: Four Biographical Studies (Melbourne, 1964); International Press Service Association, Who's Who in Australia 1929 (Sydney, n.d.).
93. Poynter, Russell Grimwade; C.D. Kemp, Big Businessmen: Four Biographical Studies (Melbourne, 1964); International Press Service Association, Who's Who in Australia 1929 (Sydney, n.d.).
94. G. Blainey, The Steel Master: Essington Lewis (South Melbourne, 1971); B.H.P. Review Jubilee, 1935.
95. G. Blainey, The Steel Master: Essington Lewis (South Melbourne, 1971); B.H.P. Review Jubilee, 1935.
96. Lowndes, South Pacific, Chapter 12; L.J. Harnett, Big Wheels and Little Wheels (Melbourne, 1964); organisational chart in 24th Annual Report of ICIANZ, 1952, in author's possession.
97. Lowndes, South Pacific, Chapter 12; L.J. Harnett, Big Wheels and Little Wheels (Melbourne, 1964); organisational chart in 24th Annual Report of ICIANZ, 1952, in author's possession.
98. Lowndes, South Pacific, Chapter 12; L.J. Harnett, Big Wheels and Little Wheels (Melbourne, 1964); organisational chart in 24th Annual Report of ICIANZ, 1952, in author's possession.
99. Taylor and Baskerville, Business in Canada, p.312.
100. R.H. Chenhall, 'Some Elements of Organisational Control in Australian Divisionalised Firms', Australian Journal of Management, Vol.4 (1979), pp. 1-36; N. Capon et al., 'A Comparative Analysis of the Strategy and Structure of United States and Australian Corporations', Journal of International Business, Vol. 18 (Spring 1987), pp.51-74. Also see K. Sheridan, The Firm in Australia: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Size, Growth and Profitability (Melbourne, 1974), pp.132-6.
101. R.H. Chenhall, 'Some Elements of Organisational Control in Australian Divisionalised Firms', Australian Journal of Management, Vol.4 (1979), pp. 1-36; N. Capon et al., 'A Comparative Analysis of the Strategy and Structure of United States and Australian Corporations', Journal of International Business, Vol. 18 (Spring 1987), pp.51-74. Also see K. Sheridan, The Firm in Australia: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Size, Growth and Profitability (Melbourne, 1974), pp.132-6.
102. R.H. Chenhall, 'Some Elements of Organisational Control in Australian Divisionalised Firms', Australian Journal of Management, Vol.4 (1979), pp. 1-36; N. Capon et al., 'A Comparative Analysis of the Strategy and Structure of United States and Australian Corporations', Journal of International Business, Vol. 18 (Spring 1987), pp.51-74. Also see K. Sheridan, The Firm in Australia: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Size, Growth and Profitability (Melbourne, 1974), pp.132-6.