Foreign patenting behaviour of small and large firms

International Journal of Technology Management

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 149-164

  Mogee, Mary Ellen ^a,b,c,d  

^a Mogee Res and Analysis Associates   (United States)

^b MACMURRAY COLLEGE   (United States)

^c GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Amer Assoc for the Adv of Science   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INDUSTRY; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT; TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER;

FOREIGN PATENTING; GLOBALIZATION; RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS; SMALL BUSINESS;

PATENTS AND INVENTIONS;

EID: 0033889803     PISSN: 02675730     EISSN: None     Source Type: None    
DOI: 10.1504/ijtm.2000.002807     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Private conversation with the C.E.O. of Competitive Technologies, Inc. (1995).
2. Putnam, J. (1991) 'What can we really learn from international patent systems?' unpublished manuscript.
3. Edwards, K.L. and Gordon, T. (1984) 'Characterization of innovations introduced on the US market in 1982', prepared for the Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy.
4. Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D.B. (1990) Innovation and Small Firms, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
5. Gellman Research Associates (1976) Indicators of International Trends in Technological Innovation, prepared for the National Science Foundation.
6. Freeman, C. (1974) The Economics of Industrial Innovation, Baltimore, Penguin Books.
7. Levin, R., Klevorick, A., Nelson, R. and Winter, S. (1987) 'Survey research on R&D appropriability and technological opportunity', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 3, pp.783-820.
8. Mansfield, Edwin. (1986) 'Patents and innovation: an empirical study', Management Science, February, pp.173-181.
9. Taylor, C.T. and Silberston, Z.A. (1973) The Economic Impact of the Patent System, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
10. Lerner, J. (1995) 'Patenting in the shadosw of competitors'. Journal of Law & Economics, October.
11. Carpenter, M.P., Cooper, M. and Narin, F. (1980) 'Linkage between basic research literature and patents', Research Management, Vol. 23, pp.30-35.
12. Mogee, M. and Kolar, R. (1993) 'International indicators of US position in critical technologies', Report prepared for the Science and Engineering Indicators Unit, Division of Science Resources Studies, of the National Science Foundation, under contract #SRS-9223041.
13. A patent publication may be an issued patent (as in the case of the USA) or a published patent application (as in the case of most other countries).
14. The year 1988 was chosen because patents issued in that year would be old enough to have accumulated significant numbers of citations and have relatively complete international families. These variables are discussed in the next section.
15. The US Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) offers lower patent filing fees to small businesses, individual inventors and not-for-profit organizations. To obtain the lower fee, small businesses must declare their status as a small business. The USPTO definition of small business corresponds to that of the Small Business Administration - i.e., a company and its affiliates must have no more than 500 employees.
16. About 80% of the matched patent pairs are in the same original US Patent Classification (USPC) and issued within two weeks of each other.
17. WPIL is an on-line database of international patenting published by Derwent Publications Ltd. It covers patent publications from about 40 major countries and patent-issuing authoritities such as the European Patent Office (EPO).
18. In some respects it represents an upper bound on the returns the patent owner can expect because the owner may file a patent application but not receive appreciable returns on the invention in a particular country for a variety of reasons.
19. Narin, F., Noma, E. and Perry, R. (1987) 'Patents as indicators of corporate technological strength', Research Policy, Vol. 16, p.144.
20. Carpenter, M., Narin, F. and Woolf, P. (1981) 'Citation rates to technologically important patents', World Patent Information, Vol. 3, pp.160-163.
21. Narin,F., Rosen, M. and Olivastro, D. (1988)'Patent citation analysis: new validation studies and linkage statistics', in A.F.J. van Raan (ed.), Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers.
22. Trajtenberg, M. (1987) 'Patents, citations and innovation: tracing the links', Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 2457.
23. Putnam, J. (1997) 'How many pennies for your quote: estimating the value of patent citations', unpublished paper presented at the 1997 National Bureau of Economic Research Productivity seminar series, Cambridge, MA.
24. Patent citation data were derived from the Patent Citation Analysis Database (PCAD) of Mogee Research & Analysis Associates.
25. This aggregation was based largely on the December 1994 edition of the USPTO's Manual of Classification, the section entitled 'Classes within the US classification system: arranged by related subjects'.
26. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test is a non-parametric test for matched-pairs data.
27. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test is not used here because the pairing of patents broke down when international patents were selected for analysis.
28. SAS®CATMOD procedure, linear response function with response (r) = 5 categories [29].
29. SAS Institute, Inc. (1990) SAS/STAT User's Guide, Vol. 1, 'ACECLUS-FREQ' (Version 6, Fourth Edition) Cary, NC.
30. SAS®CATMOD procedure, logistic regression function with response (r) = 5 categories [29].
31. The top 25% most highly other-cited patents were chosen for this analysis instead of the top 10% or the top 1%, which were used in the preceding analyses, because the individual technology cells were too small to analyse for the 10% and 1% samples.