An analysis of the fifty-first session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on the promotion and protection of Human Rights

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 788-837

  Weissbrodt, David ^a,b   Gómez, Mayra ^c   Thiele, Bret ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UN Sub Commn Prom Protect Hum R ^*

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL LAW; UNITED NATIONS;

EID: 0033888530     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2000.0039     Document Type: Article

References (293)

1. The Sub-Commission was formerly known as the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. Pursuant to a recommendation of the Commission on Human Rights of 28 April 1999, the Economic and Social Council in July 1999 decided to change the name. See Commission on Human Rights: Report on the Fifty-fifth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., at 27, U.N. Doc. E/1999/23, E/CN.4/1999/167 (1999), available in 〈http://www.un.org/esa/coordination/ ecosoc/doc99-23.htm〉.
2. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
3. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
4. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
5. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
6. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
7. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
8. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
9. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
10. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
11. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
12. See David Weissbrodt et al., Highlights of the 50th Session of the U.N. Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 17 LAW & INEQ. J. 445 (1999); ACLU INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TASK FORCE, 1999 INT'L CIVIL LIBERTIES REPORT, SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS AT THE 50TH SESSION OF THE U.N. SUB-COMMISSION ON PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MINORITIES 59 (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., Brief Summary of the 50th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 16 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 553 (1998); David Weissbrodt et al., U.N. Sub-Commission on Human Rights, 32 HUM. RTS. ADVOCATES 1 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, No. 55, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 51ST SESSION, GENEVA, 2-27 AUGUST 1999: RESULTS OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1999); David Weissbrodt et al., An Analysis of the Forty-ninth Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 11 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 221 (1998); INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, U.N. SUB-COMMISSION, 50TH SESSION, GENEVA, 3-28 AUGUST 1998: LIST OF RESOLUTIONS & DECISIONS (1998); David Weissbrodt & Sosamma Samuel, Review of Developments at the 48th Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 15 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 103 (1997); David Weissbrodt & Jennifer Prestholdt, 1995 Developments at the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 13 NETH. Q. HUM. RTS. 481 (1995).
13. For further details on the mandate of the Sub-Commission, see the terms of reference of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities as defined by the Commission and its particular responsibilities established, inter alia, in Commission Resolutions 8 (16 March 1967) and 17 (10 March 1981); Economic and Social Council Resolutions 1235 (6 June 1967) and 1503 (27 May 1970). See E.S.C. Res. 8, U.N. ESCOR, 42d Sess., Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 23d Sess., Supp. No. 6, U.N. Doc. E/4322 (1967); E.S.C. Res. 17, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 37th Sess.; E.S.C. Res. 1235, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 42d Sess., Supp. No. 1, U.N. Doc. E/ 4393 (1967); E.S.C. Res. 1503, U.N. ESCOR, 48th Sess., Supp. No. 1A, U.N. Doc. E/ 4832/Add.1 (1970) [hereinafter Resolution 1503].
14. See FRANK NEWMAN & DAVID WEISSBRODT, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: LAW, POLICY, AND PROCESS 11 (2d ed. 1996).
15. See id.
16. Several Sub-Commission members believe that most international human rights standards have been established. The new challenge lies, for the Sub-Commission as well as other international and regional human rights bodies, in ensuring that these standards are implemented.
17. It is important to note the significant role public criticism can play with respect to the assurance of human rights. Countries are often very motivated to avoid negative international attention. Indeed, as a result, government delegates launch extensive lobbying efforts to prevent resolutions criticizing or even mentioning their countries. In turn, international public attention can strengthen local human rights advocacy, just as local advocacy has strengthened the human rights movement at the international level. See MARGARET KECK & KATHRYN SIKKINK, ACTIVISTS BEYOND BORDERS: ADVOCACY NETWORKS IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS (1998).
18. The use of such a negotiated approach in 1999 was encouraged by the success of the Sub-Commission in 1998 in withdrawing a resolution on Bahrain on condition that the Government of Bahrain would agree to rescind its reservation to Article 20 of the Convention Against Torture, Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment and would invite the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to visit the country. The Government of Bahrain fulfilled both agreements prior to the beginning of the Sub-Commission's 1999 session. See Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted 10 Dec. 1984, G.A. Res. 39/46, U.N. GAOR, 39th Sess., Supp. No. 51, at art. 20, U.N. Doc. A/39/51 (1985) (entered into force 26 June 1987), reprinted in 23 I.L.M. 1027 (1984), substantive changes noted in 24 I.L.M. 535 (1985).
19. See Situation of Human Rights in Belarus, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. OHCHR/STM/99/36 (1999).
20. See Situation of Human Rights in Indonesia, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. OHCHR/STM/99/35 (1999).
21. See Situation of Human Rights in Mexico, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. OHCHR/STM/99/34 (1999).
22. See Situation of Human Rights in Togo, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. OHCHR/STM/99/33 (1999).
23. See Persons in Nepal Claiming to be Refugees from Bhutan, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. OHCHR/STM/ 99/31 (1999).
24. See Kidnapping and Hostage Taking, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. OHCHR/STM/99/32 (1999).
25. See Situation of Human Rights in Belarus, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/ 1999/L.6 (1999).
26. See Situation of Long-Term Refugees and Internally-Displaced Persons, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/1999/L.18 (1999).
27. See Situation of Human Rights in Indonesia, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/1999/L.19 (1999).
28. See Situation of Human Rights in Togo, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/ L.7 (1999).
29. See Situation of Human Rights in Belarus, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1998/1 (1998); Report of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on its Fiftieth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., at 15-16, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/45 (1998) [hereinafter Report of the Sub-Commission].
30. See Situation of Human Rights in Belarus, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1998/1 (1998); Report of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on its Fiftieth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., at 15-16, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/45 (1998) [hereinafter Report of the Sub-Commission].
31. See European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, opened for signature 4 Nov. 1950, 213 U.N.T.S. 221, Europ. T.S. No. 5 (entered into force 3 Sept. 1953).
32. See Situation of Human Rights in Belarus, supra note 10.
33. See id.
34. See Situation of Human Rights in Togo, supra note 13.
35. See Amnesty International, Togo: Rule of Terror, Al Doc. AFR 57/01/99 (5 May 1999) 〈http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aipub/1999/AFR/15700199.htm〉.
36. See Amnesty International, Togo: Amnesty International Rejects Categorically Accusations of Manipulation, Al Doc. AFR 57/26/99 (23 July 1999) 〈http://www.amnesty.org/ news/1999/15702699.htm〉.
37. See Situation of Human Rights in Togo, supra note 13.
38. See Situation of Human Rights in Indonesia, supra note 11.
39. See Situation of Human Rights in Mexico, supra note 12.
40. Situation of Human Rights in Indonesia, supra note 11.
41. Id.
42. See id.
43. See Developments in the Situation in Mexico, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 26th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1998/4 (1998); Report of the Sub-Commission, supra note 20, at 23-24.
44. See Developments in the Situation in Mexico, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 26th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1998/4 (1998); Report of the Sub-Commission, supra note 20, at 23-24.
45. See Situation of Human Rights in Mexico, supra note 12.
46. Id.
47. See id.
48. See Persons in Nepal Claiming to be Refugees from Bhutan, supra note 14.
49. See Report of the Sub-Commission, supra note 20, at 92-93.
50. See Situation of Long-Term Refugees and Internally-Displaced Persons, supra note 17.
51. See id. at 3.
52. The Sub-Commission had issued a chair statement in 1998, but there had been very little progress in the negotiations between Bhutan and Nepal during the year. See id. at 4.
53. See Persons in Nepal Claiming to be Refugees from Bhutan, supra note 14.
54. See Kidnapping and Hostage Taking, supra note 15.
55. Id.
56. See Situation of Human Rights in the Congo, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 24th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1999/1 (1999).
57. See id.
58. See Situation of Human Rights in the Congo, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 49th Sess., 23rd mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1997/1 (1997); Report of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on its Forty-Ninth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., ¶ 54-57, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/50 (1997).
59. See Situation of Human Rights in the Congo, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 49th Sess., 23rd mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1997/1 (1997); Report of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on its Forty-Ninth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., ¶ 54-57, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/50 (1997).
60. See Situation of Human Rights in the Congo, supra note 45.
61. See Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders in All Countries, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 26th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1998/3 (1998) [hereinafter Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders (1998)]; Report of the Sub-Commission, supra note 20, at 18-19.
62. See Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders in All Countries, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 26th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1998/3 (1998) [hereinafter Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders (1998)]; Report of the Sub-Commission, supra note 20, at 18-19.
63. See Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders in All Countries, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 26th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1998/3 (1998) [hereinafter Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders (1998)]; Report of the Sub-Commission, supra note 20, at 18-19.
64. See Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders in All Countries, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/3 (1999) [hereinafter Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders (1999)].
65. See Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders in All Countries, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/3 (1999) [hereinafter Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders (1999)].
66. See Continuing of Obligations Under International Human Rights Treaties, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 31st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/5 (1999).
67. See The Death Penalty, Particularly in Relation to Juvenile Defenders, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 30th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/4 (1999) [hereinafter The Death Penalty].
68. See The Death Penalty, Particularly in Relation to Juvenile Defenders, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 30th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/4 (1999) [hereinafter The Death Penalty].
69. The resolution identified individuals in Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ecuador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Iran, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, former Yugoslavia (Kosovo), and Zimbabwe. See Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders (1998), supra note 49.
70. See id.
71. See Violation of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders (1999), supra note 50.
72. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976), reprinted in 6 I.L.M. 383 (1967).
73. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976).
74. The first vote addressed the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and their attempted withdrawal from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the withdrawal of Jamaica from the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the denunciation by Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago of their obligations under the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which was followed by Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago reacceding to the treaty, but with new reservations relating to the death penalty. All of these cases were included in this vote on the theory that they all dealt with international human rights treaties. This first vote decided whether to keep the text found in preambular paragraphs 11-13, and operative paragraphs 4, 5, and 6. The SubCommission voted to keep the original text with seventeen in favor, eight against, zero abstentions. The second vote dealt with the text in preambular paragraph 14 and operative paragraph 7, which addressed the withdrawal of Trinidad and Tobago from the American Convention on Human Rights. The Sub-Commission again voted to keep the original text with seventeen in favor, eight against, zero abstentions. The third vote dealt with the text found in preambular paragraph 15 and operative paragraph 8, which noted that the Government of Peru had sought to withdraw from the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Again, the Sub-Commission voted to keep the original text with a vote of fourteen in favor, ten against, one abstention.
75. See UNITED NATIONS, THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1993).
76. Additional Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, OAU/LEG/ MIN/AFCHPR/PROT.1 rev.2 (1997).
77. See Situation of Human Rights in the Congo, supra note 45.
78. Id. at 4-6.
79. The first proposal failed on a vote of twelve in favor, twelve against, and one abstention. The second failed on a vote of eleven in favor, twelve against, and two abstentions.
80. See Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted 20 Nov. 1989, G.A. Res. 44/25, U.N. GAOR, 44th Sess., Supp. No. 49, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989) (entered into force 2 Sept. 1990), reprinted in 28 I.L.M. 1448 (1989).
81. Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in All Countries, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/2 (1999).
82. See, e.g., Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1994/23 (1994); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., 52d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1995/26 (1995); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 52d Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1996/25 (1996); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 53d Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1997/22 (1997) [hereinafter Work of the Sub-Commission (1997)]; Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/28 (1998).
83. See, e.g., Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1994/23 (1994); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., 52d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1995/26 (1995); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 52d Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1996/25 (1996); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 53d Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1997/22 (1997) [hereinafter Work of the Sub-Commission (1997)]; Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/28 (1998).
84. See, e.g., Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1994/23 (1994); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., 52d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1995/26 (1995); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 52d Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1996/25 (1996); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 53d Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1997/22 (1997) [hereinafter Work of the Sub-Commission (1997)]; Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/28 (1998).
85. See, e.g., Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1994/23 (1994); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., 52d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1995/26 (1995); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 52d Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1996/25 (1996); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 53d Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1997/22 (1997) [hereinafter Work of the Sub-Commission (1997)]; Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/28 (1998).
86. See, e.g., Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1994/23 (1994); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., 52d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1995/26 (1995); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 52d Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1996/25 (1996); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 53d Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1997/22 (1997) [hereinafter Work of the Sub-Commission (1997)]; Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/28 (1998).
87. See, e.g., Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 25th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1994/23 (1994); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., 52d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1995/26 (1995); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 52d Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1996/25 (1996); Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 53d Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1997/22 (1997) [hereinafter Work of the Sub-Commission (1997)]; Work of the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/28 (1998).
88. Work of the Sub-Commission (1997), supra note 66, at 89 ¶ 2.
89. Id. ¶ 3(b).
90. Methods of Work of the Sub-Commission Regarding Agenda Item 2, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Sub-Comm'n on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/1997/113 (1997).
91. See Methods of Work of the Sub-Commission Regarding Agenda Item 2, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/28 (1998).
92. See Enhancement of International Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., 60th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/81 (1999).
93. This resolution, while dealing with a specific country situation, was adopted under Sub-Commission Agenda Item 5, which gives particular attention to the human rights of women. See Annotations to the Provisional Agenda, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/1998/1/Add.1 (1998).
94. See Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 32d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1999/14 (1999) [hereinafter Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (Resolution 1999/14)].
95. See Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 32d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1999/14 (1999) [hereinafter Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (Resolution 1999/14)].
96. See id.
97. See id.
98. See Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., 50th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/9 (1999) [hereinafter Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (1999)]; Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 57th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1998/70 (1998); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 53d Sess., 67th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1997/65 (1997); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 52d Sess., 60th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1996/75 (1996).
99. See Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., 50th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/9 (1999) [hereinafter Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (1999)]; Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 57th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1998/70 (1998); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 53d Sess., 67th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1997/65 (1997); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 52d Sess., 60th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1996/75 (1996).
100. See Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., 50th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/9 (1999) [hereinafter Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (1999)]; Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 57th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1998/70 (1998); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 53d Sess., 67th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1997/65 (1997); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 52d Sess., 60th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1996/75 (1996).
101. See Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., 50th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/9 (1999) [hereinafter Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (1999)]; Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 57th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1998/70 (1998); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 53d Sess., 67th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1997/65 (1997); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 52d Sess., 60th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1996/75 (1996).
102. See Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., 50th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/9 (1999) [hereinafter Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (1999)]; Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 57th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/ 1998/70 (1998); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 53d Sess., 67th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1997/65 (1997); Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 52d Sess., 60th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1996/75 (1996).
103. See Traffic in Women and Girls, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., 55th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1999/40 (1999).
104. This resolution urged "all the Afghan parties, in particular the Taliban to take urgent measures to ensure: (a) The repeal of all legislative and other measures which discriminate against women; (b) The effective participation of women in civil, cultural, economic, political and social life throughout the country; (c) Respect for the right of women to work, and reintegration in their employment; (d) The right of women and girls to education without discrimination, the reopening of schools and the admission of women and girls to all levels of education; (e) Respect for women's right to security of person, and to ensure that those responsible for physical attacks on women are brought to justice; (f) Respect for women's freedom of movement and effective and equal access to facilities necessary to protect their right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, supra note 76, ¶ 10.
105. See Humanitarian Situation in Iraq, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 55th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/1999/110 (1999).
106. See Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (Resolution 1999/14), supra note 73; Situation of Human Rights in Iraq, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/65 (1998).
107. See Situation of Women and Girls in Afghanistan (Resolution 1999/14), supra note 73; Situation of Human Rights in Iraq, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/65 (1998).
108. See Humanitarian Situation in Iraq, supra note 79.
109. See Violations of the Rights of Human Rights Defenders (1999), supra note 50.
110. See Continuing of Obligations Under International Human Rights Treaties, supra note 51.
111. See The Death Penalty, supra note 52.
112. See Situation of Human Rights in Togo, supra note 13.
113. See Situation of Human Rights in Belarus, supra note 10.
114. See Situation of Human Rights in Indonesia, supra note 11.
115. See Situation of Human Rights in Mexico, supra note 12.
116. See Kidnapping and Hostage Taking, supra note 15.
117. See Final Report of Mr. José Bengoa, Special Rapporteur on the Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 49th Sess., Provisional Agenda Item 4, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/1997/9 (1997), addendum E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/8 (1998).
118. See Forum on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: the Social Forum, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., 56th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/53 (1999).
119. See The Social Forum, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 32d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/10 (1999).
120. See id.
121. See id.
122. Final Report of Mr. José Bengoa, supra note 90, ¶ 96(a).
123. Id. ¶ 96(b).
124. Id. ¶ 96(c).
125. Id. ¶ 96(d).
126. Id. ¶ 96(e).
127. See The Relationship Between the Enjoyment of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Right to Development and the Working Methods and Activities of Transnational Corporations, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Human Rights, 50th Sess., 26th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1998/ 8 (1998).
128. See El Hadji Guissé, Working Document on the Impact of the Activities of Transnational Corporations on the Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Human Rights, 50th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/6 (1998).
129. See id.
130. See J. Oloka-Onyango & Deepika Udagama, Human Rights as the Primary Objective of International Trade, Investment & Finance Policy and Practice, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/1999/11 (1999).
131. See id. ¶ 3.
132. See Statement of Joseph Oloka-Onyango (expert from Uganda), UN Press Release, U.N. Doc. HR/SC/99/10 (11 Aug. 1999).
133. See id.
134. See Trade Liberalization and its Impact on Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 55th Sess., 33d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/30 (1999).
135. See Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., 51st mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/26 (1998).
136. Id.
137. See Housing and Property Restitution in the Context of the Return of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/1999/108 (1999).
138. See id.
139. See, e.g., Mustapha Mehedi, The Realization of the Right to Education, Including Education in Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/10 (1999).
140. See, e.g., The Right to Adequate Food and to be Free from Hunger, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 32d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/12 (1999).
141. See, e.g., Promotion of the Realization of the Right to Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Services, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/1999/107 (1999).
142. See Mehedi, supra note 112.
143. See The Realization of the Right to Education, Including Education in Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 32d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/11 (1999).
144. See The Right to Adequate Food and to be Free from Hunger: Updated Study on the Right to Food, Submitted by Mr. Asbjorn Eide in Accordance with Sub-Commission Decision 1998/106, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/12 (1999).
145. See id.
146. See The Right to Adequate Food and to be Free from Hunger, supra note 113.
147. Id. at 1.
148. See id. at 4.
149. See Promotion of the Realization of the Right to Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Services, supra note 114.
150. See id.
151. See J. Oloka-Onyango, Globalization in the Context of Increased Incidents of Racism, Racial Discrimination & Xenophobia, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/8 (1999).
152. Id. ¶ 37.
153. See Globalization and its Impact on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 32d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/8 (1999). At the request of Mr. Guissé, the Sub-Commission also requested Mr. Oloka-Onyango to make sure that the Commission will have a paper to review in 2001, but that separate paper will probably coincide with the joint study of Mr. Oloka-Onyango and Ms. Udagama. See Globalization and its Impact on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 33d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/ 1999/29 (1999).
154. See Globalization and its Impact on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 32d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/8 (1999). At the request of Mr. Guissé, the Sub-Commission also requested Mr. Oloka-Onyango to make sure that the Commission will have a paper to review in 2001, but that separate paper will probably coincide with the joint study of Mr. Oloka-Onyango and Ms. Udagama. See Globalization and its Impact on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 33d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/ 1999/29 (1999).
155. See Final Report of the Special Rapporteur, Ms. Gay J. McDougall on Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery and Slavery-like Practices During Armed Conflict, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., Provisional Agenda Item 6, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13 (1998).
156. See Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery, and Slavery-like Practices, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 33rd mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/16 (1999). There was considerable debate on this resolution, and operative paragraphs 4, 6, 13, 14, and 16 were submitted to separate votes. In all cases, the Sub-Commission voted to retain the original language and the resolution eventually proceeded to a final vote with only minor changes. For a summary of these discussions, see UN Press Release HR/SC/99/30 (26 Aug. 1999).
157. Id.
158. Id.
159. Id.
160. See id.
161. See The Concept and Practice of Affirmative Action, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/DEC/1999/107 (1999).
162. See Working Paper on the Concept of Affirmative Action, Prepared by Mr. Marc Bossuyt, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., Provisional Agenda Item 3, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/5 (1998).
163. See The Concept and Practice of Affirmative Action, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/ 1999/106 (1999).
164. See The Concept and Practice of Affirmative Action, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 54th Sess., 26th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1998/5 (1998).
165. See David Weissbrodt, The Rights of Non-citizens, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/ 7, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/7/Add.1 (1999).
166. See Note by the Secretariat, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/31 (1997).
167. See Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who Are Not Nationals of the Country in Which They Live, adopted 13 Dec. 1985, G.A. Res. 40/144, GAOR 40th Sess., 116th plen. mtg. U.N. Doc. A/Res/40/144 (1985), available on 〈gopher:// gopher.un.org:70/00/ga/recs/40/a40r144.txt〉.
168. See International Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, adopted 18 Dec. 1990, G.A. Res. 45/150, GAOR 45th Sess., 69th plen. mtg. U.N. Doc. A/Res/45/158 (1990), available on 〈gopher;//gopher.un.org:70/00/ga/ recs/45/158〉.
169. See The Rights of Non-citizens, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 32d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/7 (1999).
170. See The Human Rights Problems and Protections of the Roma, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/1999/109 (1999).
171. See Reservations to Human Rights Treaties, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1998/113 (1998).
172. See Françoise Hampson, Reservations to Human Rights Treaties, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/1999/28 (1999).
173. See Reservations to Human Rights Treaties, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 33d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1999/26 (1999).
174. See Hampson, supra note 144, ¶ 5.
175. See id.
176. See id. ¶ 9.
177. See Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.39/27 (1969), 1155 U.N.T.S. 331 (entered into force 27 Jan. 1980),
178. reprinted in RICHARD B. LILLICH, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS 540.1 (2d ed. 1990).
179. See Hampson, supra note 144, ¶¶ 10-30.
180. Id. ¶ 33.
181. Id.
182. See Reservations to Human Rights Treaties, supra note 145.
183. 5ee Working Paper on Terrorism and Human Rights, Submitted by Ms. Kalliopi K. Koufa in Accordance with Sub-Commission Resolution 1996/20, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., Provisional Agenda Item 11, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/28 (1997).
184. Human Rights and Terrorism, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., 37th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1997/39 (1997).
185. Human Rights and Terrorism, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., 35th mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1998/29 (1998).
186. See Kalliopi K. Koufa, Terrorism and Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/ 27 (1999).
187. See UN Press Release, U.N. Doc. HR/SC/99/26 (23 Aug 1999).
188. See id.
189. See id.
190. See id.
191. See Statements of Mr. Gooneskere (expert from Sri Lanka) & Mr. Sorabjee (expert from India), UN Press Release, U.N. Doc. HR/SC/99/26 (23 Aug. 1999); Statement of Mr. Ahmed Khalil (alternate from Egypt), UN Press Release, U.N. Doc. HR/SC/99/25 (23 Aug. 1999).
192. See Terrorism and Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 33d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/26 (1999).
193. For general rules regarding working groups, see Rules of Procedure of the Functional Commissions of the Economic and Social Council, U.N. Doc. E/5975/Rev.1 (1983).
194. See Rationalization of the Work of the Commission, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1999/104 (1999).
195. See Report of the Working Group on Minorities on its Fifth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 1 4, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/21 (1999).
196. See id.
197. Report of the Working Group on Minorities on its Fourth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 49th Sess., ¶ 4, U.N. Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/18 (1998).
198. See, e.g., Report of the Working Group on Minorities on its Fifth Session, supra note 166.
199. See id.
200. See id. ¶ 4.
201. See id.
202. For a complete list of participants, see id. ¶¶ 6-11.
203. See id. ¶¶ 16-56.
204. See Asbjorn Eide, Commentary to the Declaration on the Rights of Person Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minority, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., Working Group on Minorities, 4th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1998/WP.1 (1998).
205. See Observations to the Commentary to the Declaration on the Rights of Person Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minority, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 51st Sess., Working Group on Minorities, 5th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1999/WP.1 (1999).
206. See Report of the Working Group on Minorities on its Fifth Session, supra note 166, ¶¶ 26-27 (1999).
207. See id. ¶ 26.
208. See id. ¶¶ 28-29.
209. See id. ¶¶ 30-33.
210. See id. ¶¶ 40-44.
211. See Asbjorn Eide, Citizenship and the Minority Rights of Non-citizens, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1999/WP.3 (1999).
212. See Vladimir Kartashkin, Universal and Regional Mechanisms for Minority Protection, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1999/WP.6 (1999).
213. See Report of the Working Group on Minorities on its Fifth Session, supra note 166, ¶¶ 47-51.
214. See id. ¶¶ 52-56.
215. See id.
216. See id.
217. See id. ¶ 56.
218. See id. ¶¶ 57-60.
219. See Rationalization of the Work of the Commission, supra note 165, at 7.
220. International Centre for Ethnic Studies, The Future Role of the Working Group, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/1999/WP.9 (1999).
221. See Report of the Working Group on Minorities on its Fifth Session, supra note 166, ¶¶ 63-64.
222. Id. ¶ 65.
223. See Draft Declaration, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 46th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/2/Add. 1 (1994).
224. See Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Sixteenth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., ¶¶ 49-89, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/16 (1998); Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Fifteenth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., sec. III, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/14 (1997).
225. See Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Sixteenth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., ¶¶ 49-89, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/16 (1998); Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Fifteenth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., sec. III, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/14 (1997).
226. The Working Group is a subsidiary organ of the Sub-Commission and Commission and was established pursuant to Economic and Social Council Resolution 1982/34 of 7 May 1982.
227. See Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Seventeenth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/19 (1999).
228. Id. ¶ 1.
229. Senator John Herron, Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, represented the Government of Australia. Mr. Robert Watts, Assistant Deputy Minister, Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, represented the Government of Canada.
230. For a complete list of participants, see Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Seventeenth Session, supra note 197, ¶¶ 6-13.
231. See id. ¶ 13.
232. Id. ¶ 20.
233. Erica-Irene A. Daes, Indigenous People and Their Relationship to the Land, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/18 (1999).
234. Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Seventeenth Session, supra note 197, ¶¶ 29-74.
235. See id.
236. See Daes, supra note 203.
237. See Erica-Irene Daes, Indigenous People and Their Relationship to the Land, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 49th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/17 (1997).
238. See Erica-Irene Daes, Indigenous People and Their Relationship to the Land, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, 50th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/15 (1998).
239. See Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Seventeenth Session, supra note 197, ¶ 75.
240. See id ¶ 76.
241. See id.
242. See Working Paper on Indigenous People and Their Relationship to the Land, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 33d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/21 (1999).
243. See Miguel Alfonso Martinez, Study on Treaties, Agreements and Other Constructive Arrangements Between States and Indigenous Populations, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20 (1999).
244. See Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Seventeenth Session, supra note 197, ¶ 133.
245. See id. ¶¶ 140-41.
246. See Report of the Working Group Established in Accordance with Commission of Human Rights Resolution 1995/32, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., ¶ 1, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1999/82 (1999).
247. See Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Seventeenth Session, supra note 197, ¶ 145.
248. For further information regarding the establishment of a Permanent Forum for Indigenous Peoples, see Report of the Open-ended Inter-sessional Ad Hoc Workshop on a Permanent Forum for Indigenous People in the United Nations System, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 55th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1999/83 (1999).
249. See Rationalization of the Work of the Commission, supra note 165, recommendation 12(e)(ii).
250. See id.
251. See Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its Seventeenth Session, supra note 197, ¶ 145.
252. See id.
253. See Working Group on Indigenous Populations, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 33d mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ Sub.2/RES/1999/20 (1999).
254. See id.
255. See id.
256. See Prevention of Discrimination Against and the Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., 33rd mtg., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/RES/1999/23 (1999).
257. See id.
258. See Report of the Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery on its Twenty-fourth Session, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., ¶ 2, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/17 (1999).
259. See id.
260. See id. ¶ 1.
261. See id.
262. Id.
263. For a complete list of attendees, see id. ¶¶ 6-11.
264. See id. ¶¶ 13-34.
265. See Stephanie Farrior, The International Law on Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution: Making it Live up to its Potential, 10 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 213 (1997).
266. See Report of the Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery on its Twenty-fourth Session, supra note 228, ¶¶ 16-20.
267. The recommendations of the forum are available in Annex II to the Report of the Working Group. See id.
268. See id.
269. See id.
270. The Working Group noted that international instruments relating to slavery include, inter alia: The relevant provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the 1926 Slavery Convention; the 1949 Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Other; the 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and the Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery; and International Labour Organization Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour. See id.
271. See id. ¶ 4.
272. See id.
273. See id. ¶ 41 (1999).
274. See id.
275. See id.
276. Id. ¶ 107.
277. See id. ¶¶ 53-97.
278. See id. ¶ 107.
279. See Rationalization of the Work of the Commission, supra note 165.
280. See Report of the Inter-Sessional Working Group on Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Mechanisms of the Commission on Human Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 56th Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2000/112 (2000).
281. See Resolution 1503, supra note 4, at 8.
282. See Establishment of a Sessional Working Group on the Methods of Work of the Sub-Commission, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/1999/102 (1999).
283. See Organization of Work, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/2 (1999).
284. See Report of the Sessional Working Group, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/ 22 (1999).
285. Methods of Work of the Sub-Commission, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/DEC/1999/114 (1999).
286. The main proposals submitted to the working group were those proposed by the Bureau of the fifty-fourth session of the Commission. See Rationalization of the Work of the Commission, supra note 165.
287. See Common Position of the Sub-Commission on Future Tasks, Length of Session, Working Methods, Composition and Election of Members, U.N. ESCOR, Sub-Comm'n on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 51st Sess., UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/ 1999/47 (1999).
288. Id.
289. Id.
290. Tables containing the comparisons can be found in Annex II of the Note by the Chairman of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. See id.
291. According to data received from the UNOG Budget Section, the cost of one session of the Commission is approximately US $6.1 million and that of one session of the Sub-Commission is US $2.2 million.
292. For the complete accounting, see Common Position of the Sub-Commission on Future Tasks, Length of Session, Working Methods, Composition and Election of Members, supra note 257, Annex II.
293. For a complete list of proposals of the Commission's working group, see Report of the Inter-Sessional Open-Ended Working Group on Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Mechanisms of the Commission on Human Rights, supra note 250.