Model for the air emissions of trace metallic elements from coal combustors equipped with electrostatic precipitators

Fuel processing technology

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 125-147

  Helble, J J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC; CHROMIUM; ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATORS; GAS EMISSIONS; MANGANESE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PULVERIZED FUEL; SELENIUM; TRACE ELEMENTS;

PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION;

COAL COMBUSTION;

EID: 0033888222     PISSN: 03783820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00093-4     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. L.B. Clarke, L.L. Sloss, Trace Elements, Report No. IEACR/49, IEA Coal Research, London, 1992.
2. Devito M.S., Rosendale L.W., Conrad V.B. Comparison of trace-element contents of raw and clean commercial coals. Fuel Process. Technol. 39(1-3):1994;87-106.
3. United States Public Law 101-549, Amendments to the Clean Air Act, 101st Congress, 104 Statutes Part 4, 1990, 2399-2712.
4. Nraigu J.O., Pacyna J.M. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water, and soils by trace metals. Nature. 333:1988;134-139.
5. Nriagu J.O. A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature. 338:1989;47-49.
6. Klein D.H., Andren A.W., Carter J.A., Enery J.F., Feldman C., Fulkerson W., Lyon W.S., Ogle J.C., Talmi Y., Van Hook R.I., Bolton N. Pathways of thirty-seven trace elements through coal-fired power plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9(10):1975;973-979.
7. Gladney E.S., Small J.A., Gordon G.E., Zoller W.H. Composition and size distribution of in-stack particulate material at a coal-fired power plant. Atmos. Environ. 10:1976;1071-1077.
8. Kauppinen E.I., Pakkanen T.A. Coal combustion aerosols: a field study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24(12):1990;1811-1818.
9. B. Sander, Measurements of trace element mass balances in coal-fired power plants equipped with different types of FGD systems, Proceedings of the 2nd EPRI International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants, Washington DC, July, 1993.
10. Meij R. Trace element behavior in coal-fired power plants. Fuel Process. Technol. 39:1994;199-217.
11. Martinez-Tarazona M.R., Spears D.A. The fate of trace elements and bulk minerals in pulverized coal combustion in a power station. Fuel Process. Technol. 47:1996;79-92.
12. Demir I., Hughes R.E., Lytle J.M., Ho K.K. Atmospheric emissions of trace elements at three types of coal-fired power plants. American Chemical Society Division of Fuel Chemistry Preprints. 42(1):1997;1101-1106.
13. Aunela-Tapola A., Hatanpaa E., Hoffren H., Laitinen T., Larjava K., Rasila P., Tolvanen M. A study of trace element behaviour in two modern coal-fired power plants: II. Trace element balances in two plants equipped with semi-dry flue gas desulphurization facilities. Fuel Process. Technol. 55:1998;13-34.
14. Ondov J.M., Ragaini R.C., Biermann A.H. Elemental particle size emissions from coal-fired power plants: use of an inertial cascade impactor. Atmos. Environ. 12:1978;1175-1185.
15. Ondov J.M., Ragaini R.C., Biermann A.H. Elemental emissions from coal-fired power plant. Comparison of a venturi wet scrubber system with a cold-side electrostatic precipitator. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13(5):1979;598-607.
16. Markowski G.R., Ensor D.S., Hooper R.C., Carr R.C. A submicron aerosol mode in flue gas from a pulverized coal utility boiler. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14(11):1980;1400-1402.
17. Shendrikar A.D., Ensor D.S., Cowen S.J., Woffinden G.J., McElroy M.W. Size-dependent penetration of trace elements through a utility baghouse. Atmos. Environ. 17(8):1983;1411-1421.
18. Markowski G.R., Filby R. Trace element concentration as a function of particle size in fly ash from a pulverized coal utility boiler. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19(9):1985;796-804.
19. Querol X., Fernandez-Turiel J.L., Lopez-Soler A. Trace elements in coal and their behaviour during combustion in a large power station. Fuel. 74(3):1995;331-343.
20. James W.D., Acevedo L.E. Trace element partitioning in Texas lignite combustion. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 171(2):1993;287-302.
21. Vassilev S.V. Trace elements in solid waste products from coal burning at some Bulgarian thermoelectric power stations. Fuel. 73(3):1994;367-374.
22. Bogdanovic I., Fazinic S., Itskos S., Jaksic M., Karydas E., Katselis V., Paradellis T., Tadic T., Valkovic O., Valkovic V. Trace element characterization of coal fly ash particles. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B. 99:1995;402-405.
23. Davison R.L., Natusch D.F.S., Wallace J.R., Evans C.A. Jr. Trace elements in fly ash: dependence of concentration on particle size. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8(13):1974;1107-1113.
24. Kaakinen J.W., Jorden R.M., Lawasani M.H., West R.E. Trace element behavior in coal-fired power plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9(9):1975;862-869.
25. Coles D.G., Ragaini R.C., Ondov J.M., FIsher G.L., Silberman D., Prentice B.A. Chemical studies of stack fly ash from a coal-fired power plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13(4):1979;455-459.
26. Smith R.D., Campbell J.A., Nielson K.K. Characterization and formation of submicron particles in coal-fired plants. Atmos. Environ. 13:1979;607-617.
27. Smith R.D., Campbell J.A., Nielson K.K. Volatility of fly ash and coal. Fuel. 59:1980;661-665.
28. Biermann A.H., Ondov J.M. Application of surface deposition models to size-fractionated fly ash. Atmos. Environ. 14:1980;289-295.
29. McElroy M.W., Carr R.C., Ensor D.S., Markowski G.R. Size distribution of fine particles from coal combustion. Science. 215:1981;13-19.
30. P.S. Tumati, M.S. Devito, Retention of condensed/solid phase trace elements in an electrostatic precipitator, Proceedings of the 1st EPRI International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants: State of the Art, Washington DC, November, 1991.
31. W.P. Linak, T.W. Peterson, Mechanisms governing the composition and size distribution of ash aerosol in a laboratory pulverized coal combustor, Proc. of the 21st Symposium (Int'l) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1986, pp. 399-410.
32. Quann R.J., Neville M., Sarofim A.F. A laboratory study of the effect of coal selection on the amount and composition of combustion generated submicron particles. Combust. Sci. Technol. 74:1990;245-265.
33. Helble J.J. Trace element behavior during coal combustion: results of a laboratory study. Fuel Process. Technol. 39:1994;159-172.
34. Bool L.E. III, Helble J.J. A laboratory study of the partitioning of trace elements during pulverized coal combustion. Energy Fuels. 9:1995;880-887.
35. M. Neville, A.F. Sarofim, The stratified composition of inorganic submicron particles produced during coal combustion, Proc. of the 19th Symposium (Int'l) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1982, pp. 1441-1449.
36. Quann R.J., Neville M., Janghorbani M., Mims C.A., Sarofim A.F. Mineral matter and trace element vaporization in a laboratory pulverized coal combustion system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16(11):1982;776-781.
37. Haynes B.S., Neville M., Quann R.J., Sarofim A.F. Factors governing the surface enrichment of fly ash in volatile trace species. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 87(1):1982;266-278.
38. Neville M., McCarthy J.F., Sarofim A.F. Size fractionation of submicrometer coal combustion aerosol for chemical analysis. Atmos. Environ. 17(12):1983;2599-2604.
39. Linak W.P., Wendt J.O.L. Toxic metal emissions from incineration: mechanisms and control. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 19:1993;145-185.
40. Chow W., Miller M.J., Torrens I.M. Pathways of trace elements in power plants: interim research results and implications. Fuel Process. Technol. 39:1994;5-20.
41. Finkelman R.B. Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: levels of confidence. Fuel Process. Technol. 39:1994;21-34.
42. C.L. Senior, L.E. Bool III, J.R. Morency, F.E. Huggins, G.P. Huffman, N. Shah, J.O.L. Wendt, F. Shadman, T.W. Peterson, W. Seames, B. Wu, A.F. Sarofim, I. Olmez, T. Zeng, S. Crowley, A., Kolker, C.A. Palmer, R.B. Finkelman, J.J. Helble, M.J. Wornat, Toxic substance from coal combustion - a comprehensive assessment, Physical Sciences Report No. PSI-1245/TR-1505 submitted to the US Department of Energy as the Final Report under contract DE-AC22-95PC95101, 1997.
43. US Environmental Protection Agency, Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units: Interim Final Report, Vol. 1, EPA Report Number EPA-453/R-96-013a, 1996.
44. US Environmental Protection Agency, Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units: Final Report, Executive Summary, Report to Congress, February, 1998.
45. G. Brooks, Estimating air toxic emissions from coal and oil combustion sources, Radian Report to the US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. EPA-450/2-89-001, 1989.
46. C.B. Szpunar, Projections of air toxic emissions from coal-fired utility combustion: input for hazardous air pollutant regulators, Proceedings of the 2nd EPRI International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants, Washington DC, July, 1993.
47. E.S. Rubin, M.B. Berkenpass, H.C. Frey, B. Toole-O'Neill, Modeling the uncertainty in hazardous air pollutant emissions, Proceedings of the 2nd EPRI International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants, Washington DC, July, 1993.
48. F.B. Meserole, W. Chow, Controlling trace species in the utility industry, Proceedings of the 1st EPRI International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants: State of the Art, Washington DC, November, 1991.
49. Rizeq R.G., Hansell D.W., Seeker W.R. Predictions of metals emissions and partitioning in coal-fired combustion systems. Fuel Process. Technol. 39:1994;219-236.
50. T. Zeng, Transformation of iron and trace elements during coal combustion, Sc.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, March, 1998.
51. Baxter L.L., Mitchell R.E. The release of iron during the combustion of Illinois No. 6 coal. Combust. Flame. 88:1992;1-14.
52. Electric Power Research Institute, Electric Utility Trace Substances Synthesis Report, Report No. EPRI TR-104614, Project 3081, 1994.
53. Helble J.J., Srinivasachar S., Boni A.A. Factors influencing the transformation of minerals during pulverized coal combustion. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 16(4):1990;267-280.
54. Neville M., Sarofim A.F. The fate of sodium during pulverized coal combustion. Fuel. 64:1985;384-390.
55. Barton R.G., Clark W.D., Seeker W.R. Fate of metals in waste combustion systems. Combust. Sci. Technol. 74(6):1990;327-342.
56. G. Wilemski, S. Srinivasachar, Prediction of ash formation in pulverized coal combustion with mineral distribution and char fragmentation models, in: J. Williamson, F. Wigley (Eds.), The Impacty of Ash Deposition on Coal Fired Plants, Taylor and Francis Publishers, London, 1994, pp. 151-164.
57. T. Lind, Ash particle size distributions and electrostatic precipitator penetration data obtained in field measurements were generously provided by Ms. Terttaliisa Lind of the Aerosol Technology Group, VTT, Espoo Finland, Samples were obtained during 1994 measurements at the facility described by Mohr et al., 1996.
58. Schulz E.J., Engdahl R.B., Frankenberg T.T. Submicron particles from a pulverized coal fired boiler. Atmos. Environ. 9:1975;111-119.
59. Schmidt E.W., Gieseke J.A., Allen J.M. Size distribution of fine particulate emissions from a coal-fired power plant. Atmos. Environ. 10:1976;1065-1069.
60. Mohr M., Ylatalo S., Klippel N., Kauppinen E.I., Riccius O., Burtscher H. Submicron fly ash penetration through electrostatic precipitators at two coal power plants. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 24:1996;191-204.
61. Ylatalo S.I., Hautanen J. Electrostatic precipitator penetration function for pulverized coal combustion. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 29:1998;17-30.
62. D. Orr, EPRI database compiled by Radian, Original data taken from J.C. Evans, K.H. Abel, K.B. Olsen, E.A. Lepel, R.W. Sanders, C.L. Wilkerson, D.J. Hayes, 1985, Characterization of trace constituents at Canadian coal-fired plants, Phase I - Final Report, Appendix H to K (data), Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories report to the Canadian Electrical Association, 1996.
63. J.O.L. Wendt, S.D. Davis, T.K. Gale, W.S. Seames, Formation and control of semi-volatile toxic metals in combustion processes, Proc. 12th Members Conference, International Flame Research Foundation, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, May 1998.
64. D.S. Ensor, G. Markowski, G. Woffinden, R. Legg, S. Cowen, M. Murphy, A.D. Shendrikar, R. Pearson, R. Scheck, Evaluation of electrostatic precipitator performance at San Juan Unit number 1, Final Report submitted to the Electric Power Research Institute, report number EPRI CS-3252, Project 780-1, 1983.