Chemistry of iodine in containment

Nuclear Technology

Volumn 129, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 297-325

  Wren, Jungsook Clara ^a   Ball, Joanne M ^a   Glowa, Glenn A ^a  

^a ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; IODINE; REACTION KINETICS;

RADIOLYSIS;

LOSS OF COOLANT ACCIDENTS;

EID: 0033886995     PISSN: 00295450     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.13182/NT129-297     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. F. GARISTO, "Thermodynamics of Iodine, Cesium and Tellurium in the Primary Heat Transport System Under Accident Conditions," AECL-7782, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (1982).
2. D. J. WREN, "Kinetics of Iodine and Cesium Reactions in the CANDU Reactor Primary Heat Transport System Under Accident Conditions," AECL-7781, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (1983).
3. D. CUBICCIOTTI and J. E. SANECKI, "Characterization of Deposits on Inside Surfaces of LWR Cladding," J. Nucl. Mater., 78, 96 (1978).
4. C. V. McISAAC and D. G. KEEFER, "Reactor Building Source Term Measurements," ACS Symp. Ser., 293, 168 (1986).
5. D. J. WREN, J. PAQUETTE, J. C. WREN, P. N. CLOUGH, and H. C. STARKIE, "A Review of Iodine Chemistry Under Severe Accident Conditions," AECL-9089, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (1987).
6. R. M. SELLERS, "A Database for the Reaction Kinetics of Iodine in Aqueous Solution," Proc. Specialists' Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Harwell, United Kingdom, September 1985, AERE-R11974, p. 91, A. M. DEANE and P. E. POTTER, Eds., Atomic Energy Research Establishment (1986).
7. R. J. LEMIRE, J. PAQUETTE, D. F. TORGERSON, D. J. WREN, and D. W. FLETCHER, "Assessment of Iodine Behaviour in Reactor Containment Buildings from a Chemical Perspective," AECL-6812, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (1981).
8. P. P. S. SALUJA, "Iodine Disproportionation Equilibria up to 300°C," Proc. 2nd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Toronto, Canada, 1988, AECL-9923/CSNI-149, p. 151, A. C. VIKIS, Ed., Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (1989).
9. D. A. PALMER, R. W. RAMETTE, and R. S. MESMER, "Triiodide Ion Formation Equilibrium and Activity Coefficients in Aqueous Solution," J. Solution Chem., 13, 673 (1984).
10. L. ASHTON, H. CORTI, and D. J. TURNER, "Some Studies of Aqueous Iodine Chemistry at Elevated Temperatures," Proc. Specialists' Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Harwell, United Kingdom, September 1985, AERE-R11974, p. 11, A. M. DEANE and P. E. POTTER, Eds., Atomic Energy Research Establishment (1986).
11. J. PAQUETTE and R. J. LEMIRE, "A Description of the Chemistry of Aqueous Solutions of Uranium and Plutonium to 200°C Using Potential-pH Diagrams," Nucl. Sci. Eng., 79, 26 (1981).
12. C. C. LIN, "Volatility of Iodine in Dilute Aqueous Solutions," J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 42, 3229 (1980).
13. D. J. WREN and G. G. SANIPELLI, "The Volatility of HOI," Proc. Mtg. Fission-Product Behavior and Source Term Research, Snowbird, Utah, July 15-19, 1984, p. 42-1, American Nuclear Society (1985).
14. I. BARNES, K. H. BECKER, and J. STARCKE, "FTIR Spectroscopic Observation of Gaseous HOI," Chem. Phys. Lett., 196, 578 (1992).
15. 2," AERE R-10767, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Harwell Laboratory (1986).
16. J. SIGALLA and C. HERBO, "Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Iodide by Dissolved Oxygen," J. Chim. Phys., 54, 733 (1957).
17. J. C. WREN, N. H. SAGERT, and H. E. SIMS, "Modelling of Iodine Chemistry: The LIRIC Database," Proc. 3rd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Tokai-mura, Japan, 1991, p. 381, K. ISHIGURE, M. SAEKI, K. SODA, and J. SIGIMOTO, Eds., Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (1992).
18. E. ABEL and K. A. HILFERDING, "Revision of the Kinetics of the Iodic Acid-Hydriodic Acid Reaction II," Z. Phys. Chem., 136, 186 (1928).
19. H. A. LIEBHAFSKY, "The Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide by the Iodine-Iodide Couple II and III: The Rate of Oxidation in Neutral and in Acid Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide by Iodine," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 54, 3449 (1932).
20. J. W. FLETCHER and O. A. MILLER, "Radiolytic Formation and Reactivity of Aqueous Hypoiodous Acid," Proc. Specialists' Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Harwell, United Kingdom, September 1985, AERE-R11974, p. 107, A. M. DEANE and P. E. POTTER, Eds., Atomic Energy Research Establishment (1986).
21. H. SHIRAISHI, H. OKUDA, Y. MORINAGO, and K. ISHIGURE, "Measurement on the Rate of Some Reactions Relevant to Iodine Chemistry in the Aqueous Phase," Proc. 3rd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Tokai-mura, Japan, 1991, p. 152, K. ISHIGURE, M. SAEKI, K. SODA, and J. SIGIMOTO, Eds., Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (1992).
22. M. KASSAI-RABIA, M. GARDES-ALBER, R. JULIEN, and C. FERRADINI, "Etude cinetique de l'action de l'eau oxygenee sur l'iode en milieu neutre ou basique. Application à la radiolyse de l'iode," J. Chim. Phys., 90, 801 (1993).
23. 2 in Aqueous Solution," Proc. 4th Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on the Chemistry of Iodine in Reactor Safety, Wurenlingen, Switzerland, 1996, p. 507, S. GÜNTAY, Ed., Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1997).
24. M. EIGEN and K. KUSTIN, "The Kinetics of Halogen Hydrolysis," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 84, 1355 (1962).
25. D. A. PALMER and R. VAN ELDIK, "Spectral Characterization and Kinetics of Formation of Hypoiodous Acid in Aqueous Solution," Inorg. Chem., 25, 928 (1986).
26. I. LENGEYEL, I. R. EPSTEIN, and K. KUSTIN, "Kinetics of Iodine Hydrolysis," Inorg. Chem., 32, 5880 (1994).
27. W. G. BURNS, M. MATSUDA, and H. E. SIMS, "Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant for Iodine Hydrolysis at Temperatures Between 25 and 120°C," J. Chem. Soc. (London), Faraday Trans., 86, 9, 1443 (1990).
28. J. C. WREN, J. PAQUETTE, S. SUNDER, and B. L. FORD, "Iodine Chemistry in the +1 Oxidation State. II. A Raman and UV-Visible Spectroscopic Study of the Disproportionation of Hypoiodite in Basic Solutions," Can. J. Chem., 61, 2284 (1986).
29. D. A. PALMER and L. J. LYONS, "Kinetics of Iodine Hydrolysis in Unbuffered Solutions," Proc. 2nd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Toronto, Canada, 1988, AECL-9923/CSNI-149, p. 7, A. C. VIKIS, Ed., Atomic Energy of Canada (1989).
30. S. M. ALI, R. J. BAWDEN, A. M. DEANE, K. GARBETT, and N. R. LARGE, "Chemical Data for the Calculation of Fission Product Releases in Design Basis Faults in PWR's," AERE-10494, Atomic Energy Research Establishment (1982).
31. G. V. BUXTON, C. KILNER, and R. M. SELLERS, "Formation and Stability of Hypoiodous Acid in Irradiated Iodide Solution," Proc. Specialists' Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Harwell, United Kingdom, September 1985, AERE-R11974, p. 151, A. M. DEANE and P. E. POTTER, Eds., Atomic Energy Research Establishment (1986).
32. Y. T. CHIA, "Chemistry of +1 Iodine in Alkaline Solution," Thesis, University of California, No. 8311 (1958).
33. S. M. SCHILDCROUT and F. A. FORTUNATO, "A Spectrophotometric Study of the Rate of the Aqueous Iodate-Iodide Reaction," J. Chem. Phys., 79, 31 (1975).
34. R. FURIUICHI, I. MATSUZAKI, R. SIMIC, and H. A. LIEBHAFSKY, "Rate of the Dushman Reaction at Low Iodide Concentrations: Experimental Method and Temperature Coefficient," Inorg. Chem., 11, 952 (1972).
35. C. A. PELLETIER and R. T. HEMPHILL, "Nuclear Power Plant Related Iodine Partition Coefficients," NP-1271, Electric Power Research Institute (1991).
36. J. C. WREN, J. M. BALL, and G. A. GLOWA, "The Interaction of Iodine with Organic Material in Containment," Nucl. Technol., 125, 337 (1999).
37. S. H. PINE, J. B. HENDRICKSON, D. J. CRAM, and G. S. HAMMOND, Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1980).
38. J. C. WREN, J. PAQUETTE, D. J. WREN, and G. G. SANIPELLI, "The Formation and Volatility of Organic Iodides," Proc. Specialists' Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Harwell, United Kingdom, September 1985, AERE-R11974, p. 333, A. M. DEANE and P. E. POTTER, Eds., Atomic Energy Research Establishment (1986).
39. E. GROVENSTEIN, Jr., and D. C. KILBY, "Kinetic Isotope Effect in the Iodination of 2,4,6 Trideuteriophenol," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 2972 (1957).
40. E. GROVENSTEIN, N. S. APRAHAMIAN, C. J. BRYAN, N. S. GNANAPRAGASAM, D. S. KILBY, J. M. McKELVEY, Jr., and R. J. SULLIVAN, "Aromatic Halogenation IV. Kinetics and Mechanism of Iodination of Phenol and 2,6 Dibromophenol," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 95, 4261 (1973).
41. E. BERLINER, "The Current State of Positive Halogenating Agents," J. Chem. Educ., 43, 124 (1966).
42. P. M. LAUGHTON and R. E. ROBERTSON, "Solvolysis in Hydrogen and Deuterium Oxide III: Alkyl Halides," Can. J. Chem., 37, 148 (1959).
43. E. A. MOELWYN-HUGHES, "The Hydrolysis of the Methyl Halides," Proc. R. Soc. (London), Ser. A, 164, 295 (1938).
44. R. A. HASTY, "Partition Coefficient of Methyl Iodide Between Vapour and Water," Can. J. Chem., 46, 1643 (1967).
45. V. V. ZAMASHIKOV and E. S. RUDAKOV, "Kinetics and Mechanism of Ethyl Iodide and Isopropyl Bromide Hydrolysis in the Presence of Silver Ions," Reacts. Sposobnost Org. Soedin, 9, 287 (1972).
46. V. V. ZAMASHIKOV, E. S. RUDAKOV, and V. D. BELYAEV, "Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrolysis of Methyl Iodide Influenced by Silver Ions," Reacts. Sposobnost Org. Soedin, 9, 31 (1972).
47. 2+," Reacts. Sposobnost Org. Soedin, 8, 219 (1971).
48. HCH. BUCHLER and R. E. BUHLER, "The Radical Ion Complex IOH-: Spectrum and Reactions Studied by Pulse Radiolysis of Aqueous Iodide Solutions," Chem. Phys., 16, 9 (1976).
49. G. V. BUXTON and R. M. SELLERS, "Radiation Induced Redox Reactions of Iodine Species in Aqueous Solutions," J. Chem. Soc. (London), Faraday Trans., 81, 449 (1985).
50. 2," Can. J. Chem., 70 , 1658 (1992).
51. K. ISHIGURE, H. SHIRAISHI, H. OKUDA, Y. UCHIDA, and Y. YOSHITANI, "The Effects of Radiolysis on the Chemical Form of Iodine Species," Proc. Specialists' Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Harwell, United Kingdom, September 1985, AERE-R11974, p. 139, A. M. DEANE and P. E. POTTER, Eds., Atomic Energy Research Establishment (1986).
52. 2 and I Atom Reduction Potentials," J. Phys. Chem., 90, 1145 (1986).
53. A. W. BOYD, M. B. CARVER, and R. S. DIXON, "Computed and Experimental Product Concentrations in the Radiolysis of Water," Radiat. Phys. Chem., 15, 177 (1980).
54. G. V. BUXTON, C. L. GREENSTOCK, W. P. HELMAN, and A. B. ROSS, "Critical Review of Rate Constants for Reactions of Hydrated Electrons, Hydrogen Atoms and Hydroxyl Radicals (·OH/·O-) in Aqueous Solution," J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, 513 (1988).
55. J. W. T. SPINKS and R. J. WOOD, An Introduction to Radiation Chemistry, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York (1990).
56. - and ·OH with 2-Butanone and Propanal," Can. J. Chem., 72, 1116 (1994).
57. W. C. H. KUPFERSCHMIDT, A. J. MELNYK, R. PORTMAN, and G. G. SANIPELLI, "A Description of the Radioiodine Test Facility (RTF) and Results of Initial RTF Full-System Tests," Proc. 2nd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, AECL-9923/CSNI-149, p. 292, A. C. VIKIS, Ed., Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (1989).
58. W. C. H. KUPFERSCHMIDT, J. B. BUTTAZONI, G. J. EVANS, B. L. FORD, A. S. PALSON, R. PORTMAN, and G. G. SANIPELLI, "Iodine Chemistry in the Presence of Vinyl Surfaces," Proc. 3rd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Tokai-mura, Japan, September 1991, p. 213, K. ISHIGURE, M. SAEKI, K. SODA, and J. SIGIMOTO, Eds., Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (1992).
59. J. M. BALL, W. C. H. KUPFERSCHMIDT, and J. C. WREN, "Phase 2 Radioiodine Test Facility Experimental Program," Proc. 4th Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on the Chemistry of Iodine in Reactor Safety, Wurenlingen, Switzerland, June 1996, p. 63, S. GÜNTAY, Ed., Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1997).
60. W. C. H. KUPFERSCHMIDT, J. B. BUTTAZONI, A. J. MELNYK, R. PORTMAN, and G. G. SANIPELLI, "The Effects of Zinc Primer Surfaces on Iodine Behavior Within Containment," Proc. 3rd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Tokai-mura, Japan, September 1991, p. 195, K. ISHIGURE, M. SAEKI, K. SODA and J. SIGIMOTO, Eds., Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (1992).
61. J. C. WREN, D. J. JOBE, and G. G. SANIPELLI, "Dissolution of Organic Solvents from Organic-Based Painted Surfaces into Water Under Containment Accident Conditions and Its Potential Impact on Iodine Volatility," Can. J. Chem. (submitted for publication).
62. P. A. DRIVER, G. A. GLOWA, and J. C. WREN, "Steady-State γ-Radiolysis of Aqueous 2-Butanone (MEK) and Its Potential Impact on Iodine Volatility Under Containment Accident Conditions," Rad. Phys. Chem., 57, 37 (2000).
63. G. A. GLOWA, P. A. DRIVER, and J. C. WREN, "Irradiation of MEK Part II: A Detailed Kinetic Model for the Degradation of 2-Butanone in Aerated Aqueous Solutions Under Steady-State γ-Radiolysis Conditions," Rad. Phys. Chem. (to be published); see also J. C. WREN and G. A. GLOWA, "Simplified Model for the Degradation of 2-Butanone in Aerated Aqueous Solutions Under Steady-State γ-Radiolysis Conditions," Radiat. Phys. Chem. (to be published).
64. G. A. GLOWA, P. A. DRIVER, and J. C. WREN, "Irradiation of MEK Part II: A Detailed Kinetic Model for the Degradation of 2-Butanone in Aerated Aqueous Solutions Under Steady-State γ-Radiolysis Conditions," Rad. Phys. Chem. (to be published); see also J. C. WREN and G. A. GLOWA, "Simplified Model for the Degradation of 2-Butanone in Aerated Aqueous Solutions Under Steady-State γ-Radiolysis Conditions," Radiat. Phys. Chem. (to be published).
65. J. C. WREN, G. A. GLOWA, and J. B. BALL, "Modeling Iodine Behavior Using LIRIC 3.0," Proc. 4th Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on the Chemistry of Iodine in Reactor Safety, Wurenlingen, Switzerland, June 1996, p. 507, S. GÜNTAY, Ed., Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1997).
66. +," Can. J. Chem., 63, 2444 (1985).
67. F. GARISTO, "Ideal Gas Thermodynamic Properties of HOI," Thermodyn. Acta, 63, 251 (1983).
68. M. J. KABAT, "Chemical Behavior of Radioiodine Under Loss of Coolant Accident Conditions," Proc. 16th DOE Nuclear Air Cleaning Conf., San Diego, California, October 20-23, 1980, p. 867, M. FIRST, Ed., U.S. Department of Energy (1980).
69. J. F. OGILVIE, V. R. SLARES, and M. J. NEULANDS, "Photooxidation of Iodomethane in Solid Argon," Can. J. Chem., 53, 269 (1975).
70. N. WALKER, D. E. TEVAULT, and R. R. SMARDZEWSKI, "Matrix Reactions of Ozone and Oxygen Atoms with Hydrogen Iodide: Hypoiodous Acid (HOI) Formation," J. Chem. Phys., 69, 564 (1978).
71. J. F. OGILVIE, "Intense Vibrational Absorption Spectra of Trapped Triatomic Radicals," Can. J. Spectrosc., 19, 171 (1974).
72. A. K. POSTMA and R. W. ZAVADOSKI, "Review of Organic Iodide Formation Under Reactor Accident Conditions in Water-Cooled Reactors," WASH-1233, Atomic Energy Commission (1972).
73. R. D. COLLINS, J. J. HILLARY, and J. J. TAYLOR, "Air Cleaning for Reactors with Vented Containment," Proc. 9th Air Cleaning Conf., Boston, Massachusetts, September 13-16, 1966, p. 419, M. FIRST, Ed., U.S. Department of Energy (1967).
74. E. C. BEAHM, W. E. SHOCKLEY, and O. L. CULBERSON, "Organic Iodide Formation Following Nuclear Reactor Accidents," NUREG/CR-4327, ORNL/TM-9627, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1985).
75. E. C. BEAHM, Y.-M. WANG, S. J. WISBEY, and W. E. SHOCKLEY, "Organic Iodide Formation During Severe Accidents in Light Water Nuclear Reactors," Nucl. Technol., 78, 34 (1987).
76. J. WING, "Post-Accident Gas Generation from Radiolysis of Organic Materials," NUREG-1081, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (1984).
77. R. H. BARNES, J. L. McFARLING, J. F. KIRCHER, and C. W. TOWNLEY, BMI-1816, Battelle Memorial Institute (1967).
78. A. CHARAMATHIEU et al., "Influence des rayonnements sur le processus de formation des iodures organiques," CEA-N-1246, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Fontenay-aux-Roses (1970).
79. N. H. SAGERT, "Radiolysis of Iodine in Moist Air: A Computer Study," Proc. 2nd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Toronto, Canada, 1988, AECL-9923/CSNI-149, p. 235, A. C. VIKIS, Ed., Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (1989).
80. F. BUSI, M. D'ANGELANTONIO, Q. G. MULAZZANI, V. RAFFAELLI, and O. TUBERTINI, "Radiation Treatment of Combustion Gases, Formulation and Test of a Reaction Model," Radiat. Phys. Chem., 25, 47 (1985).
81. F. BUSI, M. D'ANGELANTONIO, Q. G. MULAZZANI, V. RAFFAELLI, and O. TUBERTINI, "A Kinetic Model for the Radiation Treatment of Combustion Gases," Sci. Total Environ., 64, 231 (1987).
82. R. T. HEMPHILL and C. A. PELLETIER, "Surface Effects in the Transport of Airborne Radioiodine at Light Water Nuclear Power Plants," NP-876, Electric Power Research Institute (1978).
83. L. F. PARSLY, L. F. FRANZEN, P. P. HOLZ, T. H. ROW, and J. L. WANTLAND, "Behaviour of Iodine in the Nuclear Safety Pilot Plant," Int. Symp. Fission Product Release and Transport Under Accident Conditions, ORNL-P-1265, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1964).
84. M. E. DAVIS, W. E. BROWNING, G. E. CREEK, G. W. PARKER, and L. F. PARSLY, "Behaviour of Radioiodine in the Containment Mockup Facility," Nuclear Safety Program Semiannual Progress Report, December 1964, ORNL-3776, p. 57, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1964).
85. J. F. CROFT, R. S. ILES, and R. E. DAVIS, "Experiments on the Surface Deposition of Airborne Iodine of High Concentration," AEEW R265, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (1963).
86. H. S. ROSENBERG, J. M. GENCO, and D. L. MORRISON, "Fission Product Deposition and Its Enhancement Under Reactor Accident Conditions: Deposition on Containment-System Surfaces," BMI-1865, Battelle Memorial Institute (1969).
87. J. M. GENCO, W. E. BERRY, H. S. ROSENBERG, and D. L. MORRISON, "Fission-Product Deposition and Its Enhancement Under Reactor Accident Conditions: Deposition on Primary-System Surfaces," BMI-1863, Battelle Memorial Institute (1969).
88. H. S. ROSENBERG, G. E. CREMEANS, J. M. GENCO, D. A. BERRY, and D. L. MORRISON, "Fission-Product Deposition and Its Enhancement Under Reactor Accident Conditions: Development of Reactive Coatings," BMI-1874, Battelle Memorial Institute (1969).
89. 2," J. Nucl. Mater., 265, 161 (1999); see also J. C. WREN, G. A. GLOWA, and J. M. BALL, "Kinetics of Gaseous Iodine Uptake on to Stainless Steel During Iodine Assisted Corrosion" (in preparation).
90. 2," J. Nucl. Mater., 265, 161 (1999); see also J. C. WREN, G. A. GLOWA, and J. M. BALL, "Kinetics of Gaseous Iodine Uptake on to Stainless Steel During Iodine Assisted Corrosion" (in preparation).
91. 3I Mixtures," J. Nucl. Mater., 161, 72 (1989).
92. R. L. BENNETT, R. SLUSHER, and R. E. ADAMS, "Reactions of Iodine Vapor with Organic Paint Coatings," ORNL-TM-2760, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1970).
93. A. M. DEANE and C. P. DAVIES, "The Formation of Volatile Species at Surfaces from Iodide Ions," AEA-TRS-2000 (1990); see also A. M. DEANE and C. P. DAVIES, "Organic Iodine Formation Rates on Surfaces in Pressurised Water Reactor Buildings," AERE-R-13526, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (1989).
94. A. M. DEANE and C. P. DAVIES, "The Formation of Volatile Species at Surfaces from Iodide Ions," AEA-TRS-2000 (1990); see also A. M. DEANE and C. P. DAVIES, "Organic Iodine Formation Rates on Surfaces in Pressurised Water Reactor Buildings," AERE-R-13526, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (1989).
95. M. DOLE, "Oxidation of Irradiated Polymers," The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules, p. 263, Academic Press (1973).
96. R. P. SCHWARZENBACH, P. M. GSCHWEND, and D. M. IMBODEN, Environmental Organic Chemistry, p. 224, John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, Canada (1993).
97. D. MACKAY and A. T. K. YEUN, "Mass Transfer Coefficient Correlations for Volatilization of Organic Solutes for Water," Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 4, 211 (1983).
98. C. HUEBER, M. LUCAS, and J. GAUVAIN, "Validation of the IODE Code on Analytical Experiments," Proc. 3rd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Tokai-mura, Japan, 1991, p. 364, K. ISHIGURE, M. SAEKI, K. SODA, and J. SIGIMOTO, Eds., Japan Atomic Energy Institute (1992).
99. J. FERMANDJAN et al., "Presentation of the Results of Exploratory Containment Iodine Chemistry Calculations for PHEBUS FPT-0 (Benchmark Exercise and Realistic Calculation)," Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Containment Design and Operation, Toronto, Canada, October 19-21, 1994, Canadian Nuclear Society (1994).
100. M. FURRER and R. C. CRIPPS, "Validation of IMPAIR 2 Code Using ACE-Test Results from the Radioiodine Test Facility (RTF)," Proc. 3rd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Tokai-mura, Japan, 1991, p. 329, K. ISHIGURE, M. SAEKI, K. SODA, and J. SIGIMOTO, Eds., Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (1992).
101. R. A. BARTON and H. E. SIMS, "A Comparison of the Predictions of the INSPECT Reaction Set with Experimental Data," Proc. 3rd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, Tokai-mura, Japan, 1991, p. 346, K. ISHIGURE, M. SAEKI, K. SODA, and J. SIGIMOTO, Eds., Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (1992).
102. G. J. EVANS, A. MELNYK, J. PAQUETTE, and N. H. SAGERT, "The LIRIC Database/Model," Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Containment Design and Operation, Toronto, Canada, October 14-17, 1990, S. R. LAWRENCE, Ed., Canadian Nuclear Society (1990).
103. J. PAQUETTE, "Modeling the Chemistry of Iodine," Proc. 2nd Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Workshop on Iodine Chemistry in Reactor Safety, AECL-9923/CSNI-149, p. 216, A. VIKIS, Ed., Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (1989).
104. J. M. BALL, J. C. WREN, and G. A. GLOWA, "International Standard Problem (ISP) No. 41, Computer Code Comparison Exercise Based on a Radioiodine Test Facility (RTF) Experiment on Iodine Behavior in Containment Under Severe Accident Conditions," Proc. OECD Workshop Iodine Aspects of Severe Accident Management, Vantaa, Finland, May 18-20, 1999, H. TUOMISTO, Ed., Fortum Engineering Ltd. (in press).
105. C. F. WEBER, T. S. KRESS, E. C. BEAHM, W. E. SHOCKLEY, and S. R. DARSH, "TRENDS: A Code for Modelling Iodine Behaviour in Containment During Severe Accidents," Proc. Int. Cent. Heat Mass Transfer, 30, 665 (1990).