Spaces of capital: Bank office building in the City of London, 1830-1870

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 351-375

  Black, Iain S ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BANKING; ECONOMIC HISTORY; NINETEENTH CENTURY; OFFICE LOCATION;

ENGLAND(LONDON); UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 0033886126     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhge.2000.0234     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. W. Bagehot, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (London 1873) 1. I am grateful to Derek Keene for this reference.
2. J. Summerson, The Victorian rebuilding of the City of London, London Journal 3 (1977) 164.
3. See, for examples, D. J. Keene, The financial district of the City of London: continuity and change, 1300-1871, in H. A. Diederiks and D. Reeder (Eds), Cities of Finance (Amsterdam 1996) 279-302; M. H. Port, Destruction, competition and rebuilding: the Royal Exchange, 1838-1884, in A. Saunders (Ed.), The Royal Exchange (London 1997) 279-305; D. J. Olsen, The City as a Work of Art: London. Paris. Vienna (New Haven and London) 26-31; D. Kynaston, A changing workscape: the City of London since the 1840s, London Journal 13 (1987-8) 99-105.
4. See, for examples, D. J. Keene, The financial district of the City of London: continuity and change, 1300-1871, in H. A. Diederiks and D. Reeder (Eds), Cities of Finance (Amsterdam 1996) 279-302; M. H. Port, Destruction, competition and rebuilding: the Royal Exchange, 1838-1884, in A. Saunders (Ed.), The Royal Exchange (London 1997) 279-305; D. J. Olsen, The City as a Work of Art: London. Paris. Vienna (New Haven and London) 26-31; D. Kynaston, A changing workscape: the City of London since the 1840s, London Journal 13 (1987-8) 99-105.
5. See, for examples, D. J. Keene, The financial district of the City of London: continuity and change, 1300-1871, in H. A. Diederiks and D. Reeder (Eds), Cities of Finance (Amsterdam 1996) 279-302; M. H. Port, Destruction, competition and rebuilding: the Royal Exchange, 1838-1884, in A. Saunders (Ed.), The Royal Exchange (London 1997) 279-305; D. J. Olsen, The City as a Work of Art: London. Paris. Vienna (New Haven and London) 26-31; D. Kynaston, A changing workscape: the City of London since the 1840s, London Journal 13 (1987-8) 99-105.
6. See, for examples, D. J. Keene, The financial district of the City of London: continuity and change, 1300-1871, in H. A. Diederiks and D. Reeder (Eds), Cities of Finance (Amsterdam 1996) 279-302; M. H. Port, Destruction, competition and rebuilding: the Royal Exchange, 1838-1884, in A. Saunders (Ed.), The Royal Exchange (London 1997) 279-305; D. J. Olsen, The City as a Work of Art: London. Paris. Vienna (New Haven and London) 26-31; D. Kynaston, A changing workscape: the City of London since the 1840s, London Journal 13 (1987-8) 99-105.
7. M. Domosh, A method for interpreting landscape: a case study of the New York World building, Area 21 (1989) 347-55; idem, Corporate cultures and the modern landscape of New York City, in K. Anderson and F. Gale (Eds), Inventing Places: Studies in Cultural Geography (Melbourne 1992) 72-86.
8. M. Domosh, A method for interpreting landscape: a case study of the New York World building, Area 21 (1989) 347-55; idem, Corporate cultures and the modern landscape of New York City, in K. Anderson and F. Gale (Eds), Inventing Places: Studies in Cultural Geography (Melbourne 1992) 72-86.
9. G. Fenske and D. Holdsworth, Corporate identity and the New York office building: 1895-1915, in D. Ward and O. Zunz (Eds), The Landscape of Modernity: New York City, 1900-1940 (Baltimore 1997) 129-59. See also C. Willis, Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago (New York 1995).
10. G. Fenske and D. Holdsworth, Corporate identity and the New York office building: 1895-1915, in D. Ward and O. Zunz (Eds), The Landscape of Modernity: New York City, 1900-1940 (Baltimore 1997) 129-59. See also C. Willis, Form Follows Finance: Skyscrapers and Skylines in New York and Chicago (New York 1995).
11. K. Dovey, Corporate towers and symbolic capital, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 19 (1992) 173.
12. A. L. Huxtable, The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered (New York 1984) 68-9 (quoted in Dovey, ibid.).
13. A. L. Huxtable, The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered (New York 1984) 68-9 (quoted in Dovey, ibid.).
14. Dovey, op.cit., 178.
15. See J. M. Jacobs, The battle of Bank Junction: the contested iconography of capital, in S. Corbridge, N. Thrift and R. Martin (Eds), Money, Power and Space (Oxford 1994) 356-82.
16. Ibid., 360.
17. Ibid., 361.
18. R. A. Etlin, Symbolic Space: French Enlightenment Architecture and its Legacy (Chicago 1994) xviii.
19. Ibid.
20. G. Simmel, The Philosophy of Money (London 1990).
21. Ibid., 504.
22. D. Harvey, Money, time, space, and the city, in idem, Consciousness and the Urban Experience (Oxford 1985) 3.
23. A. Leyshon and N. Thrift, Money/Space: Geographies of Monetary Transformation (London 1997).
24. Simmel, op.cit., 504.
25. See D. Harvey, The Limits to Capital (Oxford 1982) 239-329.
26. Leyshon and Thrift, op.cit., 3 [emphasis in original].
27. P. L. Cottrell, Banking and finance, in J. Langton and R. Morris (Eds), Atlas of Industrializing Britain (London 1986) 144-55.
28. See I. S. Black, The London agency system in English banking, 1780-1825, London Journal 21 (1996) 112-30.
29. H. V. Bowen and P. L. Cottrell, Banking and the evolution of the British economy, 1694-1878, in A. Teichova, G. Kurgan-Van Hentenryk and D. Ziegler (Eds), Banking, Trade and Industry: Europe, America and Asia from, the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century (Cambridge 1997) 89-112.
30. D. Mitchell, Innovation and the transfer of skill in the goldsmiths' trade in Restoration London, in D. Mitchell (Ed.), Goldsmiths, Silversmiths and Bankers: Innovation and the Transfer of Skill, 1550-1750 (Far Thrupp and London 1995) 5-22.
31. D. M. Joslin, London private bankers 1720-1785, Economic History Review 7 (1954-5) 167-86.
32. Black, London agency system, 114-9.
33. See I. S. Black, Money, information and space: banking in early-nineteenth-century England and Wales, Journal of Historical Geography 21 (1995) 398-412.
34. Ibid.
35. Cottrell, Banking and finance, 148.
36. See T. Alborn, Conceiving Companies (London 1998).
37. See D. Kynaston, The City of London. Volume I: A World of its Own 1815-1890 (London 1994) 85-7.
38. E. Schumann-Bacia, John Soane and the Bank of England (New York 1991); D. Abramson, Moneys architecture: the building of the Bank of England, 1731-1833 (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Harvard 1993).
39. E. Schumann-Bacia, John Soane and the Bank of England (New York 1991); D. Abramson, Moneys architecture: the building of the Bank of England, 1731-1833 (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Harvard 1993).
40. A Brief Architectural History of the Bank of England (Bank of England, London n.d.) 3-15.
41. Ibid., 5.
42. Ibid.
43. See H. M. Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600-1840 (New Haven and London 1995) 904.
44. See C. Walsh, The design of London goldsmiths' shops in the early eighteenth century, in Mitchell, op. cit., 96-111.
45. See M. H. Port, West End palaces: the aristocratic town house in London 1730-1830, London Journal 20 (1995) 17-46.
46. Keene, op. cit., 292, notes that James Martin, of Martin, Stone & Co., was residing in Lombard Street on Census night in 1851.
47. J. Booker, Temples of Mammon: The Architecture of Banking (Edinburgh 1990) 8.
48. Ibid., 13.
49. Ibid., 33-5.
50. Bagehot, op.cit., 268.
51. T. E. Gregory, The Westminster Bank Through a Century, 2 Vols (Oxford 1936). See also I. S. Black, Symbolic capital: the London and Westminster Bank headquarters, 1836-38, Landscape Research 21 (1996) 55-72.
52. T. E. Gregory, The Westminster Bank Through a Century, 2 Vols (Oxford 1936). See also I. S. Black, Symbolic capital: the London and Westminster Bank headquarters, 1836-38, Landscape Research 21 (1996) 55-72.
53. Gregory, op. cit.
54. Ibid., 162-74.
55. Nat West Group Archives (hereafter N.W.G.A.) 10064, London & Westminster Bank (hereafter LWB) Committee Minutes 372.
56. Colvin, op. cit., 256-64.
57. Summerson, op. cit., 168; Booker, op. cit., 46.
58. Summerson, op. cit., 168; Booker, op. cit., 46.
59. See Port, Destruction, competition and rebuilding, op.cit.
60. N.W.G.A. 10306, LWB Annual Report, 6 March 1839.
61. N.W.G.A. 732, Timbs Curiosities of London (n.d.).
62. The Atlas Newspaper, December 29, 1838.
63. Illustrated London News (1847) 313-21.
64. H. R. Hitchcock, Early Victorian Architecture in Britain, Vol. 1 (London 1954) 353.
65. But see D. Watkin, The Life and Work of C.R. Cockerell (London 1974) 223, who claims that Tite was only responsible for certain features of the principal banking hall.
66. Atlas (1838), loc. cit.
67. Illustrated London News (1847), loc. cit.
68. Atlas (1838), loc. cit.
69. Hitchcock, op. cit., 353; Watkin, op. cit., 223-4.
70. Hitchcock, op. cit., 353; Watkin, op. cit., 223-4.
71. Cottrell, Banking and finance, op. cit., 150.
72. Midland Bank Archives (hereafter M.B.A.) at HSBC Group Archives, E5, City Bank (hereafter CB) Board Minutes 34.
73. A. R. Hohnes and E. Green, Midland: 150 Years of Banking Business (London 1986) 96.
74. M.B.A. E5, CB Board Minutes 23.
75. Ibid., 12.
76. Ibid., 12 & 16.
77. Colvin, op. cit., 669-70.
78. M.B.A. E5, CB Board Minutes 37.
79. M.B.A. 117/3, CB Building Committee Minutes 30-5.
80. Companion to the Almanac (1857) 244.
81. See E. I'Anson, Some notice of office buildings in the City of London, Papers Read at the Royal Institute of British Architects (1864-65) 25-36.
82. Gregory, op. cit., 322-91.
83. N.W.G.A. 734, Notes on the premises of Lombard Street Office.
84. N.W.G.A. 10042, London & County Bank (hereafter LCB) Annual Report, 6 February 1840.
85. Ibid.
86. N.W.G.A. 10042, LCB Annual Reports, 31 December 1849 & 31 December 1861.
87. N.W.G.A. 12355, LCB Board Minutes 702.
88. N.W.G.A. 734, Notes on the premises of Lombard Street Office; R. Dixon and S. Muthesius, Victorian Architecture (London 1985) 263.
89. See Booker, op. cit., 169-71.
90. N.W.G.A. 12426, LCB Committee Minutes 447; N.W.G.A. 12357 LCB Board Minutes 215.
91. The Builder, London and County Bank, Lombard Street, 23 August 1862, 604.
92. British Almanac and Companion (London 1862) 273; Building News quoted in Booker, op. cit., 129.
93. British Almanac and Companion (London 1862) 273; Building News quoted in Booker, op. cit., 129.
94. Dixon and Muthesius, op. cit., 263.
95. The Builder, The Architecture of Lombard Street, 22 October 1864, 770.
96. British Almanac, op. cit., 273.
97. P. W. Matthews and A. W. Tuke, History of Barclays Bank Limited (London 1926).
98. Ibid.
99. Builder, Architecture of Lombard Street, op. cit., 769-70.
100. Ibid., 770.
101. Barclays Bank Group Archives (hereafter B.B.G.A.) 27/195 & 27/202, Barclay, Tritton, Bevan & Co., Ledger and private accounts 1863-5.
102. Illustrated Times, Messrs Barclay and Co.'s new banking-house, Lombard Street, 31 December 1864, 437.
103. Builder, Architecture of Lombard Street, op. cit., 769.
104. Ibid.; Illustrated Times (1864) loc. cit.
105. Ibid.; Illustrated Times (1864) loc. cit.
106. B.B.G.A. 38/639, Survey reports on premises belonging to Barclays, Bevan & Co., and Goslings & Co., 1896.
107. Ibid.
108. Illustrated Times (1864) loc. cit.
109. On Dalgety & Co., see M. J. Daunton, Firm and family in the City of London in the nineteenth century: the case of F. G. Dalgety, Historical Research 62 (1989) 154-77.
110. It was not until 1886 that the last resident banker left Lombard Street. See Booker, op. cit., 178.
111. H. Withers, National Provincial Bank: 1833 to 1933 (privately published 1933).
112. Money, information and space, op. cit., 400-3.
113. Withers, op. cit.
114. 7 & 8 Vict., c.32.
115. N.W.G.A. 10720, National Provincial Bank (hereafter NPB) Rotation Committee Minutes 261.
116. Booker, op. cit., 71.
117. Ibid., 71-5.
118. N.W.G.A. 10675, NPB Board Minutes 242.
119. Ibid., 257.
120. Summerson, op. cit., 170.
121. The Builder, The National Provincial Bank of England, 23 December 1865, 902.
122. Ibid.
123. The Builder, The National Provincial Bank of England, 25 November 1865, 834.
124. The Builder, The National Provincial Bank of England, 23 December 1865, 902.
125. Summerson, op. cit., 170.
126. See D. Abramson, A history of bank architecture: the house, the hall, the temple, the vault, and the office, in Bank and Architecture (Geneva 1998) 4-15.