Molecular detection and characterisation of circulating tumour cells and micrometastases in solid tumours

European Journal of Cancer

Volumn 36, Issue 13, 2000, Pages 1681-1694

  Ghossein, R A ^a   Bhattacharya, S ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Minimal residual disease; Molecular diagnostics; Polymerase chain reaction; Reverse transcriptase

Indexed keywords

BREAST CARCINOMA; CANCER GENETICS; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; LUNG CARCINOMA; MELANOMA CELL; METASTASIS; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; MALE; MELANOMA; NEOPLASM CIRCULATING CELLS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION;

EID: 0033862569     PISSN: 09598049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00152-0     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Ashworth T.R. A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death. Aust. Med. J. 14:1869;146.
2. Engell HC. Cancer cells in the circulating blood. Acta Chir Scand 1955, Suppl. 201.
3. Christopherson W. Cancer cells in the peripheral blood. a second look Acta. Cytol. 9:1965;169-174.
4. Moss T.J., Sanders D.G. Detection of neuroblastoma cells in blood. J. Clin. Oncol. 8:1990;736-740.
5. Redding W.H., Coombes R.C., Monaghan P. Detection of micrometastases in patients with primary breast cancer. Lancet. 2:1983;1271-1273.
6. Stahel R.A., Mabry M., Skarkin A.T., Speak J., Bernal S.D. Detection of bone marrow metastasis in small-cell lung cancer by monoclonal antibody. J. Clin. Oncol. 3:1985;455-456.
7. Diel I.J., Kaufman M., Goerner R., Costa S.D., Kaul S., Bastert G. Detection of tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with primary breast cancer. a prognostic factor for distant metastasis J. Clin. Oncol. 10:1992;1534-1539.
8. Pantel K., Izbicki J., Passlick B. Frequency and prognostic significance of isolated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with non-small cell lung cancer without overt metastases. Lancet. 347:1996;649-653.
9. Lindemann F., Schlimock G., Dirschedl P., Witte J., Riethmuller G. Prognostic significance of micrometastatic tumor cells in bone marrow of colorectal patients. Lancet. 340:1992;685-689.
10. Pelkey T.J., Frierson H.F., Bruns D.E. Molecular and immunological detection of circulating tumor cells and micrometastases from solid tumors. Clin. Chem. 42:1996;1369-1381.
11. Kirk S.J., Cooper G.G., Hoper M., Watt P.C., Roy A.D., Odling-Smee W. The prognostic significance of marrow micrometastases in women with early breast cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 16:1990;481-485.
12. Salvadori B., Squicciarni P., Rovini D. Use of monoclonal antibody Mbr1 to detect micrometastases in bone marrow specimens of breast cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer. 26A:1990;865-867.
13. Singletary S.E., Larry L., Tucker S.L., Spitzer G. Detection of micrometastatic tumor cells in bone marrow of breast carcinoma patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 47:1991;32-36.
14. Courtemanche D.J., Worth A.J., Coupland R.W., MacFarlane J.K. Detection of micrometastases from primary breast cancer. Can. J. Surg. 34:1991;15-19.
15. Miettinen M. Keratin subsets in spindle cell sarcomas. Keratins are widespread but synovial sarcoma contains a distinctive keratin polypeptide pattern and desmoplakins. Am. J. Pathol. 138:1991;505-513.
16. Thomas P., Battifora H. Keratins versus epithelial membrane antigen in tumor diagnosis- an immunohistochemical comparison of five monoclonal antibodies. Hum. Pathol. 18:1987;728-734.
17. Campana D., Pui C.H. Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemias. methodological advances and clinical significance Blood. 85:1995;1416-1434.
18. Cave H., Guidal P., Rohrlich P.et al. Prospective monitoring and quantitation of residual blasts in childhood acute leukemias by polymerase chain reaction of delta and gamma T-cell receptor genes. Blood. 83:1994;1892-1902.
19. Miyajama Y., Kato K., Numata S., Kudo K., Horibe K. Detection of neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood at diagnosis by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA. Cancer. 75:1995;2757-2761.
20. Gerhard M., Juhl H., Kalthoff H., Schreiber H.W., Wagener C., Neumaier M. Specific detection of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Oncol. 12:1994;725-729.
21. Lee M.S., Chang K.S., Cabanillas F., Freireich E.J., Trujillo J.M., Stass S.A. Detection of minimal residual cells carrying the t(14;18) by DNA sequence amplification. Science. 237:1987;175-178.
22. Komeda T., Fukuda Y., Sando T. Sensitive detection of circulating hepatocellular carcinoma cells in peripheral venous blood. Cancer. 75:1995;2214-2219.
23. Eeles R.A., Janssen J.G.W. Polymerase Chain Reaction. The Technique and its Applications. 1993;R.G. Landes Cie, Austin, TX.
24. Kawasaki E.S., Clark S.S., Coyne M.Y. Diagnosis of chronic myeloid and acute lymphocytic leukemias by detection of leukemia-specific mRNA sequences amplified in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;5698-5702.
25. West D.C., Grier G.E., Swallow M.M., Demetri G.D., Granowetter L., Sklar J. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. J. Clin. Oncol. 15:1997;583-588.
26. Ghossein R.A., Bhattacharya S., Rosai J. Molecular detection of micrometastases and circulating tumour cells in solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;1950-1960.
27. Qiu S.D., Young C.Y., Bilhartz D.L.et al. In situ hybridization of prostatic-specific antigen mRNA in human prostate. J. Urol. 144:1990;1550-1556.
28. Ghossein R.A., Rosai J. Polymerase chain reaction in the detection of micrometastases and circulating tumor cells. Cancer. 78:1996;10-16.
29. Ghossein R.A., Osman I., Bhattacharya S. Detection of prostatic specific membrane antigen mRNA using immunobead reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 8:1999;59-65.
30. Hughes T, Janssen JGW, Morgan G. False-positive results with PCR to detect leukemia-specific transcripts. Lancet 1990, 335, 1037-1078 [letter].
31. Kaplan J.C., Kahn A., Chelly J. Illegitimate transcription. its use in the study of inherited disease Hum. Mutat. 1:1992;357-360.
32. Mattano L.A., Moss T.J., Emerson S.G. Sensitive detection of rare circulating neuroblastoma cells by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res. 52:1992;4701-4705.
33. Sklar J., Costa J.C. Principles of cancer management. molecular pathology De Vita V., Hellman S., Rosemberg S.A. Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology. 5th edn:1997;259-284 Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
34. Smith B., Selby P., Southgate J., Pittman K., Bradley C., Blair G.E. Detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by means of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. Lancet. 338:1991;1227-1229.
35. Olsson C.A., de Vries G.M., Buttyan R., Katz A.E. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate cancer. Urol. Clin. North. Am. 24:1997;367-378.
36. Ghossein R.A., Coit D., Brennan M.et al. Prognostic significance of peripheral blood and bone marrow tyrosinase mRNA in malignant melanoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 4:1998;419-428.
37. Young C.Y.F., Montgomery B.T., Andrews P.E., Qui S.D., Bilhartz D.L., Tindall D.J. Hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen messenger RNA in human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line LNCaP. Cancer Res. 51:1991;3748-3752.
38. Heid C.A., Stevens J., Livak K.J., Mickey Williams P. Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Res. 6:1996;986-994.
39. Johnson P.W.M., Burchill S.A., Selby P.J. The molecular detection of circulating tumor cells. Br. J. Cancer. 72:1995;268-276.
40. Ghossein R.A., Scher H.I., Gerald W.L.et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with localized and metastatic prostatic carcinoma. clinical implications J. Clin. Oncol. 13:1995;1195-1200.
41. Israeli R., Miller W.H., Su S.L.et al. Sensitive nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating prostatic tumor cells. comparison of prostatic-specific menbrane antigen and prostate-specific antigen-based assays Cancer Res. 54:1994;6306-6310.
42. Katz A.E., Olsson C.A., Raffo A.J.et al. Molecular staging of prostate cancer with the use of an enhanced reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. Urology. 43:1994;765-775.
43. Seiden M.V., Kantoff P.W., Krithivas K.et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in men with localized prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 12:1995;2634-2639.
44. Sokoloff M.H., Tso C.L., Kaboo R.et al. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction does not improve preoperative prostate cancer staging. a clinicopathological molecular analysis of 121 patients J. Urol. 156:1996;1560-1566.
45. Corey E., Arfman E.W., Oswin M.M.et al. Detection of circulating prostatic cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of human glandular kallikrein (Hk2) and prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) messages. Urology. 50:1997;184-188.
46. Wood D.P., Banerjee M. Presence of circulating prostate cells in the bone marrow of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy is predictive of disease free survival. J. Clin. Oncol. 15:1997;3451-3457.
47. Gao C.-L., Maheshwari S., Dean R.C.et al. Blinded evaluation of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction prostate-specific antigen peripheral blood assay for molecular staging of prostate cancer. Urology. 53:1999;714-721.
48. Ennis R.D., Katz A.E., de Vries G.M.et al. Detection of circulating prostate carcinoma cells via an enhanced reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay in patients with early stage prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 79:1997;2402-2408.
49. Ellis W.J., Vessella R.L., Corey E.et al. The value of a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay in preoperative staging and follow up of patients with prostate cancer. J. Urol. 159:1998;1134-1138.
50. Loric S., Dumas F., Eschwege P.et al. Enhanced detection of hematogenous circulating prostatic cells in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma by using nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay based on prostate-specific membrane antigen. Clin. Chem. 41:1995;1698-1704.
51. Zhang Y., Zippe C.D., Van Lente F., Klein E.A., Gupta M.K. Combined nested reverse transcription-PCR assay for prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen in detecting circulating prostatic cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 3:1997;1215-1220.
52. Mao H., Hoshi S., Takahashi T.et al. Detection of PSA mRNA from the peripheral blood and pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostatic cancer by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Nippon. Hinyokika. Gakkai. Zasshi. 89:1998;596-603.
53. Saimoto A., Saito S., Murai M. Prostate-specific membrane antigen-derived primers in a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detecting prostatic cancer cells. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 90:1999;233-239.
54. Price D.K., Clontz D.R., Woodard 3rd W.L.et al. Detection and clearance of prostate cells subsequent to ultrasound-guided needle biopsy as determined by multiplex nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. Urology. 52:1998;261-266.
55. Grassa Y.Z., Gupta M.K., Levin H.S., Zippe C.D., Klein E.A. Combined nested RT-PCR assay for prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients. correlation with pathological stage Cancer Res. 58:1998;1456-1459.
56. Olsson C.A., de Vries G.M., Raffo A.J.et al. Preoperative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for prostatic specific antigen predicts treatment failure following radical prostatectomy. J. Urol. 155:1996;1557-1562.
57. de la Taille A, Olsson CA, Buttyan R, et al. Blood based reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays for prostatic specific antigen: long term follow-up confirms the potential utility of this assay in identifying patients more likely to have biochemical recurrence (rising PSA) following radical prostatectomy. Int J Cancer 1999, 20, 84, 360-364.
58. Okegawa T., Nutahara K., Higashihara E. Preoperative nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for prostatic specific membrane antigen predicts biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Br. J. Urol. 84:1999;112-117.
59. Ghossein R., Rosai J., Scher H.I.et al. Prognostic significance of detection of prostate specific antigen transcripts in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic androgen independent prostatic carcinoma. Urology. 50:1997;100-105.
60. Deguchi T., Doi T., Ehara H.et al. Detection of micrometastatic prostate cancer cells in lymph nodes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res. 53:1993;5350-5354.
61. Meyers F., de Vere W.R.W., Larkin E.et al. Bone marrow molecular staging of prostatic carcinoma. does it help? Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 14:1995;230.
62. Edelstein R.A., Zietman A.L., de las Morenas A.et al. Implication of prostatic micrometastases to the pelvic lymph nodes. an archival tissue study Urology. 47:1996;370-375.
63. Price D.K., Woodard W.L., Teigland C.M. Simultaneous detection of prostate specific antigen-expressing and prostate-specific membrane antigen expressing cells by a multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. Urol. Oncol. 1:1995;226-233.
64. Sun Y., Lin J., Katz A.E., Fisher P.B. Human prostatic carcinoma PTI-1 is expressed in human tumor cell lines and prostate carcinoma patient blood samples. Cancer Res. 57:1997;18-23.
65. Elgamal A.A., Holmes E.H., Su S.L.et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). current benefits and future value Semin. Surg. Oncol. 18:2000;10-16.
66. Lintula S., Stenman U.H. The expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen in peripheral blood leukocytes. J. Urol. 157:1997;1969-1972.
67. Shen R., Su Z., Olsson C.A., Fisher P.B. Identification of the human prostatic carcinoma oncogene PTI-1 by rapid expression cloning and differential RNA display. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;6778-6782.
68. Seiden M, Sklar JL. PCR and RT-PCR-based methods of tumor detection: potential applications and clinical implications. In DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Important Advances in Oncology, Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1996, 191-204.
69. Schlimock G., Riethmuller G. Detection, characterization and tumorigenecity of disseminated tumor cells in human bone marrow. Semin. Cancer Biol. 1:1990;207.
70. Ghalie R. The Osborne/Rosen article reviewed. Oncology. 8:1994;36-40.
71. Osborne M.P., Asina S., Wong G.Y., Old L.J., Cote R.J. Immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody detection of breast cancer in bone marrow. sensitivity in a model system Cancer Res. 49:1989;2510-2513.
72. Cote R.J., Rosen P.P., Lesser M.L., Old L.J., Osborne M.P. Prediction of early relapse in patients with operable breast cancer by detection of occult bone marrow micrometastases. J. Clin. Oncol. 9:1991;1749-1756.
73. Fields K.K., Elfenbein G.J., Trudeau W.L., Perkins J.B., Janssen W.E., Moscinski L.C. Clinical significance of bone marrow metastases as detected using the polymerase chain reaction in patients with breast cancer undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. J. Clin. Oncol. 14:1996;1868-1876.
74. Datta Y.H., Adams P.T., Drobyski W.R., Ethier S.P., Terry V.H., Roth M.S. Sensitive detection of occult breast cancer by the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Oncol. 12:1994;475-482.
75. Mori M., Mimori K., Inoue H.et al. Detection of cancer micrometastases in lymph nodes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res. 55:1995;3417-3420.
76. Brown D.C., Purushotam A.D., Birnie G.D., George W.D. Detection of intraoperative tumor cell dissemination in patients with breast cancer by use of the reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. Surgery. 117:1995;96-101.
77. Noguchi S., Aihara T., Nakamori S.et al. The detection of breast carcinoma micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by means of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer. 74:1994;1595-1600.
78. Noguchi S., Aihara T., Motomura K., Inaji H., Imaoka S., Koyama H. Detection of breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by means of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Comparison between MUC1 mRNA and keratin 19 mRNA amplification. Am. J. Pathol. 148:1996;649-656.
79. Mori M., Mimori K., Ueo H.et al. Clinical sigificance of molecular detection of carcinoma cells in lymph nodes and peripheral blood by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in patients with gastrointestinal or breast carcinomas. J. Clin. Oncol. 16:1996;128-132.
80. Min C.J., Tafra L., Verbanac K.M. Identification of superior markers for polymerase chain reaction detection of breast cancer metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer Res. 58:1998;4581-4584.
81. Merrie A.E., Yun K., Gunn J., Phillips L.V., McCall J.L. Analysis of potential markers for detection of submicroscopic node metastases in breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer. 80:1999;2019-2024.
82. Bostick P.J., Huynh K.T., Sarantou T.et al. Detection of metastases in sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients by multiple-marker RT-PCR. Int. J. Cancer. 79:1998;645-651.
83. Eltahir E.M., Mallinson D.S., Birnie G.D., Hagan C., George W.D., Purushotham A.D. Putative markers for the detection of breast carcinoma cells in blood. Br. J. Cancer. 77:1998;1203-1207.
84. Ko Y., Klinz M., Totzke G., Gouni-Berthold I., Sachinidis A., Vetter H. Limitations of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen-positive tumor cells in peripheral blood. Clin. Cancer Res. 4:1998;2141-3146.
85. Krisman M., Todt B., Schroder J.et al. Low specificity of cytokeratin 19 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses for detection of hematogenous lung cancer dissemination. J. Clin. Oncol. 13:1995;2769-2775.
86. Lopez-Guerrero J.A., Gilabert P.B., Gonzalez E.B.et al. Use of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin 19, and maspin in the detection of tumor cells in leukapheresis products from patients with breast cancer. comparison with immunocytochemistry J. Hematotherapy. 8:1999;53-61.
87. De Graaf H., Maelandsmo G.M., Ruud P.et al. Ectopic expression of target genes may represent an inherent limitation of RT PCR assays used for micrometastasis detection. studies on the epithelial glycoprotein gene EGP-2 Int. J. Cancer. 72:1997;191-196.
88. Zach O., Kasparu H., Krieger O., Hehenwarter W., Girschikofsky M., Lutz D. Detection of circulating mammary carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients via a nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for mammaglobin mRNA. J. Clin. Oncol. 17:1999;2015-2019.
89. Soria J.C., Gauthier L.R., Raymond E.et al. Molecular detection of telomerase-positive circulating epithelial cells in metastatic breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;971-975.
90. Slade M.J., Smith B.M., Sinnett H.D., Cross N.C.P., Coombes R.C. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of micrometastases in patients with breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 17:1999;870-879.
91. Watson M.A., Fleming T.P. Mammaglobin, a mammary-specific member of the uteroglobin gene family, is overexpressed in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 56:1996;860-865.
92. Aihara T., Fujiwara Y., Ooka M., Sakita I., Tamaki Y., Monden M. Mammaglobin B as a novel marker for detection of breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 58:1999;137-140.
93. Engel H., Kleespies C., Friedrich J.et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with breast or ovarian cancer by molecular cytogenetics. Br. J. Cancer. 81:1999;1165-1173.
94. Battayani Z., Grob J.J., Xerri L.et al. Polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating melanocytes as a prognostic marker in patients with melanoma. Arch. Dermatol. 131:1995;443-447.
95. Buzaid A.C., Balch C.M. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of melanoma in peripheral blood. too early to assess clinical value J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88:1996;569-570.
96. Hoon D.S.B., Wang Y., Dale P.S.et al. Detection of occult melanoma cells in blood with a multiple-marker polymerase chain reaction assay. J. Clin. Oncol. 13:1995;2109-2116.
97. Kunter U., Buer J., Probst M. Peripheral blood tyrosinase messenger RNA detection and survival in malignant melanoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88:1996;590-594.
98. Brossart P., Keiholz U., Willhauck M., Scheibenbogen C., Mohler T., Hunstein W. Hematogenous spread of malignant melanoma cells in different stages of disease. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101:1993;887-889.
99. Foss A.J., Guille M.J., Occleston N.L., Hykin P.G., Hungerford J.L., Lightman S. The detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Br. J. Cancer. 72:1995;155-159.
100. Pittman K., Burchill S., Smith B. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for expression of tyrosinase to identify malignant melanoma cells in peripheral blood. Ann. Oncol. 7:1996;297-301.
101. Mellado B., Guttierrez L., Castel T.et al. Prognostic significance of the detection of circulating malignant cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in long-term clinically disease-free melanoma patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;1843-1848.
102. Curry B.J., Myers K., Hersey P. Polymerase chain reaction detection of melanoma cells in the circulation. relation to clinical stage, surgical treatment, and recurrence from melanoma J. Clin. Oncol. 16:1998;1760-1769.
103. Farthman B., Eberle J., Krasagakis K.et al. RT PCR for tyrosinase mRNA positive cells in peripheral blood. evaluation strategy and correlation with known prognostic markers in 123 melanoma patients J. Invest. Dermatol. 110:1998;263-267.
104. Cheung I.Y., Cheung N.K.V., Ghossein R.A., Satagopan J.M., Bhattacharya S., Coit D.G. Association between molecular detection of GAGE and survival in patients with malignant melanoma. a retrospective cohort study Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;2042-2047.
105. Schitteck B., Bodingbauer Y., Ellwanger U., Blaheta H.J., Garbe C. Amplification of Melan A messenger RNA in addition to tyrosinase increases sensitivity of melanoma cell detection in peripheral blood and is associated with the clinical stage and prognosis of malignant melanoma. Br. J. Dermatol. 141:1999;30-36.
106. Karpoff H, Ghossein RA, Cheung I, Cheung NK, Bhattacharya S, Coit D. Tyrosinase and GAGE mRNA in peripheral blood and bone marrow predict outcome in Stage III melanoma patients rendered free of disease. Presented at the 1999 annual meeting of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Orlando, FL.
107. Cheung I.Y., Cheung N.K.V. Molecular detection of GAGE expression in peripheral blood and bone marrow. utility as a tumor marker for neuroblastoma Clin. Cancer Res. 3:1997;821-826.
108. Shivers S.C., Wang X., Li W.et al. Molecular staging of malignant melanoma. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 280:1998;1410-1415.
109. Brossart P., Schmier J.W., Kruger S.et al. A polymerase chain reaction based semi-quantitative assessment of malignant melanoma cells in peripheral blood. Cancer Res. 55:1995;4065-4068.
110. Van den Eynde B., Peeters O., De Backer O., Gaugler B., Lucas S., Boon T. A new family of genes coding for an antigen recognized by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. J. Exp. Med. 182:1995;689-698.
111. Curry B.J., Meyers K., Hersey P. MART-1 is expressed less frequently on circulating melanoma patients who develop distant compared with locoregional metastases. J. Clin. Oncol. 17:1999;2562-2571.
112. Muhlbauer M., Langenbach N., Stolz W.et al. Detection of melanoma cells in the blood of melanoma patients by melanoma-inhibitory activity (MIA) reverse transcription PCR. Clin Cancer Res. 5:1999;1099-1105.
113. Wang X., Heller R., VanVoorhis N.et al. Detection of submicroscopic lymph node metastases with polymerase chain reaction in patients with malignant melanoma. Ann. Surg. 220:1994;768-774.
114. Biegliek S.C., Ghossein R.A., Bhattacharya S., Coit D.G. Detection of tyrosinase mRNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in melanoma sentinel nodes. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 6:1999;232-240.
115. Keiljolz U. New prognostic factors in melanoma. mRNA tumour markers Eur. J. Cancer. 34:1998;S37-S41.
116. Castaldo G., Tomaiuolo R., Sanduzzi R.et al. Lung cancer metastatic cells detected in blood by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and dot-blot analysis. J. Clin. Oncol. 15:1997;3388-3393.
117. Dingemans A.M.C., Brakenhoff R.H., Postmus P.E., Giaccone G. Detection of cytokeratin 19 transcripts by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in lung cancer cell lines and blood of lung cancer patients. Lab. Invest. 77:1997;213-220.
118. Salerno C.T., Frizelle S., Niehans G.A.et al. Detection of occult micrometastases in no-small cell carcinoma by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Chest. 113:1998;1526-1532.
119. Peck K., Sher Y.P., Shih J.Y., Roffler S.R., Wu C.W., Yang P.C. Detection and quantification of circulating cancer cells in the peripheral blood of lung cancer patients. Cancer Res. 58:1998;2761-2765.
120. Betz C., Papadopoulos T., Buchwald J., Dammrich J., Muller-Hermelink H.K. Surfactant protein gene expression in micrometastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma and other non-small cell carcinomas. detection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction Cancer Res. 55:1995;4283-4286.
121. Funaki N.O., Tanaka J., Kasamatsu T.et al. Identification of carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA in circulating peripheral blood of pancreatic carcinoma and gastric carcinoma patients. Life Sci. 59:1996;2187-2199.
122. Mori M., Mimori K., Ueo H.et al. Molecular detection of circulating solid carcinoma cells in the peripheral blood. the concept of early systemic disease Int. J. Cancer. 68:1996;739-743.
123. Liefers G.J., Cleton-Jansen A.M., Van de Velde C.J.H.et al. Micrometastases and survival in stage II colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 339:1998;223-228.
124. Bostick PJ, Hoon DSB, Cote RC. Detection of carcinoembryonic antigen messenger RNA in lymph nodes from patients with colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1998, 339, 1643.
125. Zippelius A., Kufer P., Honold G.et al. Limitations of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses for detection of micrometastatic epithelial cancer cells in bone marrow. J. Clin. Oncol. 15:1997;2701-2708.
126. Wharton R.Q., Jonas S.K., Glover C.et al. Increased detection of circulatig tumor cells in the blood of colorectal carcinoma patients using two reverse transcriptase-PCR assays and multiple blood samples. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;4158-4163.
127. Weitz J., Kienle P., Magener A.et al. Detection of disseminated colorectal cancer cells in lymph nodes, blood and bone marrow. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:1999;1830-1836.
128. Champelovier P., Mongelard F., Seigneurin D. CK 20 gene expression. technical limits for the detection of circulating tumor cells Anticancer Res. 19:1999;2073-2078.
129. Martin V.M., Siewert C., Scharl A.et al. Immunomagnetic enrichment of disseminated epithelial tumor cells from peripheral blood by MACS. Exp. Hematol. 26:1998;252-264.
130. Racila E., Euhus D., Weiss A.J.et al. Detection and characterization of carcinoma cells in blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;4589-4594.
131. Benez A., Geiselhart A., Handgretinger R., Schiebel U., Fierlbeck G. Detection of circulating melanoma cells by immunomagnetic cell sorting. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 13:1999;229-233.