Ten years of chaos in Burma: Foreign investment and economic liberalization under the SLORC-SPDC, 1988 to 1998

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 233-262

  McCarthy, Stephen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC REFORM; FOREIGN POLICY; LIBERALIZATION; POLITICAL ECONOMY;

MYANMAR;

EID: 0033847779     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2672179     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. M. Mason, "Foreign Direct Investment in Burma," in R. Rotberg, ed., Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), pp. 209-10.
2. Ibid., p. 210.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. D. Steinberg, "Liberalization in Myanmar: How Real are the Changes?" Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 15, no. 2 Sept. 1993.
6. U.S. Dept. of Commerce (U.S. embassy), Country Commercial Guides-Burma (August 1995).
7. Ibid.
8. G. Eisenstodt, "On the Road to Mandalay," Forbes (22 January 1996).
9. We cannot be sure of this. Steinberg notes that the UNESCO prize won by Burma for claiming a 76.6 percent literacy rate in the 1970s, was denounced by the SLORC themselves, who declared that the true figure was under 20 percent, in order to obtain "least developed nation" status, and thereby receive foreign aid at lower interest rates (D. Steinberg, "Liberalization in Myanmar," p. 171).
10. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Country Commercial Guides, (August 1995).
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Khin Maung Kyi, "Will Forever Flow the Ayeyarwady?" Southeast Asian Affairs (1994), pp. 219-20.
14. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Country Commercial Guides, (August 1995).
15. Shawn W. Crispin, "Burma's Economy Edges Towards Collapse," Far Eastern Economic Review (27 August 1998).
16. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Country Commercial Guides, (August 1995).
17. The Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank, Myanmar Commercial and Investment Bank and the Myanmar Economic Bank.
18. "A Tiger With a Trunk," The Economist (6 January 1996) p. 58.
19. Ibid.
20. J. Silverstein, "Recent Developments in Burma and U.S.-Burma Relations in the Light of the Release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi," Testimony, House International Relations Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific, 104 Congress, 7 September 1995.
21. "A Tiger With a Trunk," p. 58.
22. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Country Commercial Guides, (August 1995).
23. M. Vatikiotis, "Mungbean Economy," Far Eastern Economic Review (16 February 1995), p. 52.
24. Ibid.
25. M. Callahan, "Myanmar in 1994, New Dragon or Still Dragging?" Asian Survey, vol. 35, no. 2, (February 1995), p. 204.
26. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook (1995), p. 69.
27. Callahan, "Myanmar in 1994," p. 203.
28. Ibid.
29. G. Fairclough, "Enter at Own Risk," Far Eastern Economic Review (15 August 1996), p. 64.
30. D. Steinberg, "Liberalization in Myanmar," p. 169.
31. See D. Dapice, Development Prospects for Burma/Myanmar: Cycles and Trends (Medford, MA: Department of Economics, Tufts University, 1996).
32. M. Callahan, "Myanmar in 1994," p. 202.
33. J. Stackhouse, "The Golden Smile of SLORC," World Press Review vol. 42, no. 7 (July 1995), p. 30.
34. M. Callahan, "Myanmar in 1994," p. 202.
35. Ibid.
36. G. Fairclough, "Enter at Own Risk," p. 63.
37. Ibid, p. 65.
38. Kyi, "Will Forever Flow the Ayeryarwady?" p. 219
39. Dapice, Development Prospects.
40. D. Ball, "Burma and Drugs: The Regime's Complicity in the Global Drug Trade," working paper no. 336, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, July 1999, p. 3.
41. Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe, "Burma, the Heroin Trade, and Canada," National Consultative Conference on Burma, Ottawa, April 1998.
42. Ball, "Burma and Drugs," pp. 2-3.
43. Ibid., p. 2.
44. In particular, there is no meaningful change in Burma's budget deficit over the years corresponding to the general arms build-up that reflects the weapons purchases.
45. Fairclough, "Enter at Own Risk," p. 267.
46. Vatikiotis, "Mungbean Economy," p. 50.
47. D. Seekins, "Burma-China Relations," Asian Survey, vol. 37, no. 6 (June 1997), p. 529.
48. Mya Maung, "Burma's Economic Performance Under Military Rule," Asian Survey, vol. 37, no. 6 (June 1997), p. 520.
49. M. Ott, "From Isolation to Relevance," in Rotberg, ed., Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future, p. 74
50. Callahan, "Myanmar in 1994," p. 208.
51. Steinberg, "Liberalization in Myanmar," p. 170.
52. J. Brandon, "Burma: 17 Months after United States Sanctions." Paper delivered at the Burma Studies Conference, Northern Illinois University, October, 1998.
53. Ibid.
54. "The Asian Contagion," The New York Times, 15-17 February 1999.
55. J. D. Stanford, "The Characteristics of the Asian Financial Crisis," working paper, Department of Economics, University of Queensland, Queensland, 1998.
56. J. Brandon, "Burma: 17 Months After."
57. B. Matthews, "Government a la mode - From SLORC to SPDC: A Change of Public Dress-up and Manner?" Paper delivered at the Burma Studies Conference, Northern Illinois University, October 1998.
58. J. Guyot, "Burma in 1997, Survey, vol. 38, no. 2 (February 1998) p. 193.
59. S. Crispin, "Burma's Economy Edges Towards Collapse."
60. Guyot, "Burma in 1997," p. 193
61. Ibid.
62. Myan View, vol. 15, no. 2 (April 1999) ISEAS, Singapore.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. J. Brandon, "Burma: 17 months after."
66. The Nation, 25 February 1998.
67. Guyot, "Burma in 1997," p. 193.
68. See A. Selth, "The Armed Forces and Military Rule in Burma," in Rotberg, Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future; A. Selth, Transforming the Tatmadaw: The Burmese Armed Forces Since 1988, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1996; A. Selth, "Burma's Intelligence Apparatus," working paper no. 308, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma's Defence Expenditure and Arms Industries," working paper no. 309, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Navy," working paper no. 313, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Air Force," working paper no. 315, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma and Weapons of Mass Destruction," working paper no. 334, SDSC, Canberra, 1999.
69. See A. Selth, "The Armed Forces and Military Rule in Burma," in Rotberg, Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future; A. Selth, Transforming the Tatmadaw: The Burmese Armed Forces Since 1988, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1996; A. Selth, "Burma's Intelligence Apparatus," working paper no. 308, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma's Defence Expenditure and Arms Industries," working paper no. 309, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Navy," working paper no. 313, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Air Force," working paper no. 315, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma and Weapons of Mass Destruction," working paper no. 334, SDSC, Canberra, 1999.
70. See A. Selth, "The Armed Forces and Military Rule in Burma," in Rotberg, Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future; A. Selth, Transforming the Tatmadaw: The Burmese Armed Forces Since 1988, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1996; A. Selth, "Burma's Intelligence Apparatus," working paper no. 308, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma's Defence Expenditure and Arms Industries," working paper no. 309, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Navy," working paper no. 313, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Air Force," working paper no. 315, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma and Weapons of Mass Destruction," working paper no. 334, SDSC, Canberra, 1999.
71. See A. Selth, "The Armed Forces and Military Rule in Burma," in Rotberg, Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future; A. Selth, Transforming the Tatmadaw: The Burmese Armed Forces Since 1988, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1996; A. Selth, "Burma's Intelligence Apparatus," working paper no. 308, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma's Defence Expenditure and Arms Industries," working paper no. 309, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Navy," working paper no. 313, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Air Force," working paper no. 315, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma and Weapons of Mass Destruction," working paper no. 334, SDSC, Canberra, 1999.
72. See A. Selth, "The Armed Forces and Military Rule in Burma," in Rotberg, Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future; A. Selth, Transforming the Tatmadaw: The Burmese Armed Forces Since 1988, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1996; A. Selth, "Burma's Intelligence Apparatus," working paper no. 308, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma's Defence Expenditure and Arms Industries," working paper no. 309, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Navy," working paper no. 313, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Air Force," working paper no. 315, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma and Weapons of Mass Destruction," working paper no. 334, SDSC, Canberra, 1999.
73. See A. Selth, "The Armed Forces and Military Rule in Burma," in Rotberg, Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future; A. Selth, Transforming the Tatmadaw: The Burmese Armed Forces Since 1988, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1996; A. Selth, "Burma's Intelligence Apparatus," working paper no. 308, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma's Defence Expenditure and Arms Industries," working paper no. 309, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Navy," working paper no. 313, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Air Force," working paper no. 315, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma and Weapons of Mass Destruction," working paper no. 334, SDSC, Canberra, 1999.
74. See A. Selth, "The Armed Forces and Military Rule in Burma," in Rotberg, Burma, Prospects for a Democratic Future; A. Selth, Transforming the Tatmadaw: The Burmese Armed Forces Since 1988, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 1996; A. Selth, "Burma's Intelligence Apparatus," working paper no. 308, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma's Defence Expenditure and Arms Industries," working paper no. 309, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Navy," working paper no. 313, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "The Burma Air Force," working paper no. 315, SDSC, Canberra, 1997; A. Selth, "Burma and Weapons of Mass Destruction," working paper no. 334, SDSC, Canberra, 1999.
75. Crispin, "Burma's Economy Edges Towards Collapse."
76. Ibid.
77. The Nation, 25 February 1998.
78. Guyot, "Burma in 1997," p. 193
79. Crispin, "Burma's Economy Edges Towards Collapse."
80. Ibid.
81. "Trouble Ahead for Burma," The Nation, 25 February 1998.
82. Matthews, "Government a la mode."
83. On 9 November 1998, the U.S. Federal Court ruled on a suit against the State of Massachusetts brought by the National Foreign Trade Council. The federal court found Massachusetts' law unconstitutional and ruled that only the federal government was constitutionally permitted to legislate on this matter. The State of Massachusetts has been urged to appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.
84. Ibid.
85. Ott, "From Isolation to Relevance," p. 82.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid., p. 82-83.
88. Ibid., p. 83.
89. D. Dapice, "Development Prospects," Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future (Rotberg, ed.), op cit., p. 160.
90. Ibid., p. 161.