Regularization and the Chinese People's Liberation Army: An assessment of change

Asian Survey

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 456-474

  Bickford, Thomas A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK; POLITICAL SYSTEM; REGULATORY APPROACH;

CHINA;

EID: 0033828009     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3021156     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. The single most comprehensive collection of the PLA's laws and military regulations can be found in the Central Military Commission's Legal Bureau, ed., Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo junshi fagui huibian (ZRGJFH) 1949-1988 (A collection of military laws and regulations of the PRC) (Beijing: Zhongguo minju fazhi chubanshe, 1991). For a description of the role of party work and regularization, see Dangdai Zhongguo jundui qunzhong gongzuo (Contemporary China's military mass work), Contemporary China Series (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1988), vol. 2, pp. 198-214. A good source for terminology and organization is Zhu Yida, ed., Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun junquan shouce: Haijun fence (Chinese People's Liberation Army officers' handbook: Naval section) (Qingdao:Qingdao chubanshe, 1991), pp. 719-57.
2. The single most comprehensive collection of the PLA's laws and military regulations can be found in the Central Military Commission's Legal Bureau, ed., Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo junshi fagui huibian (ZRGJFH) 1949-1988 (A collection of military laws and regulations of the PRC) (Beijing: Zhongguo minju fazhi chubanshe, 1991). For a description of the role of party work and regularization, see Dangdai Zhongguo jundui qunzhong gongzuo (Contemporary China's military mass work), Contemporary China Series (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1988), vol. 2, pp. 198-214. A good source for terminology and organization is Zhu Yida, ed., Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun junquan shouce: Haijun fence (Chinese People's Liberation Army officers' handbook: Naval section) (Qingdao:Qingdao chubanshe, 1991), pp. 719-57.
3. The single most comprehensive collection of the PLA's laws and military regulations can be found in the Central Military Commission's Legal Bureau, ed., Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo junshi fagui huibian (ZRGJFH) 1949-1988 (A collection of military laws and regulations of the PRC) (Beijing: Zhongguo minju fazhi chubanshe, 1991). For a description of the role of party work and regularization, see Dangdai Zhongguo jundui qunzhong gongzuo (Contemporary China's military mass work), Contemporary China Series (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1988), vol. 2, pp. 198-214. A good source for terminology and organization is Zhu Yida, ed., Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun junquan shouce: Haijun fence (Chinese People's Liberation Army officers' handbook: Naval section) (Qingdao:Qingdao chubanshe, 1991), pp. 719-57.
4. Chen Xuehui, ed., Junshi faxue (Military legal studies) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1994), also gives a good overview on military law and provides information on classical Chinese military thought on the subject.
5. See chief editor, Deng Xiaoping jundui zhengguihua jianshe sixiang yanjiu (Fundamentals of Deng Xiaoping's thought on military regularization) (Beijing: Guofang daxue chubanshe, 1997), pp. 2-3.
6. Zhang Aiping, chief editor, Dangdai Zhongguo Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun (Contemporary China's Chinese People's Liberation Army), Contemporary China Series (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo chubanshe, 1994), vol. 1, p. 375. Hereafter abbreviated as DZRJ.
7. Some Chinese scholars blame the extremism of the campaign for allowing "leftism" to dominate in the military during the 1960s. See, for example, Kang Shijian, "Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun dangweizhi de jianli he wanshan" (The establishment and perfection of the party system of the Chinese People's Liberation Army), Junshi lishi (Military history) (September-October 1990), pp. 12-17.
8. "Article Views Placement of Demobilized Officers," Jiefangjun bao (Liberation army daily), May, 9, 1994, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report/China (DR/ CHI), May 10, 1994, p. 19. The officers in question were rehabilitated at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1978.
9. Zhang, DZRJ, vol. 1, p. 375.
10. "Achievements in PLA Reform," Xinhua, December 9, 1998, in FBIS, DR/CHI, December 11, 1998.
11. Information Office of the State Council, White Paper: China's National Defense (in Chinese) (Beijing:Information Office of the State Council, 1998). For the complete text in English, see "China's National Defense," Xinhua, July 27, 1998, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 29, 1998.
12. Information Office of the State Council, White Paper: China's National Defense (in Chinese) (Beijing:Information Office of the State Council, 1998). For the complete text in English, see "China's National Defense," Xinhua, July 27, 1998, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 29, 1998.
13. Ibid.
14. Jeremy T. Paltiel, "PLA Allegience on Parade: Civil-Military Relations in Transition," China Quarterly, no. 143 (September 1995), p. 787.
15. Jin Fazhan, "Wo guo junshifa tixi jin 20 nian de fazhan" (The development of our national military law over the last 20 years), Guofang (National defense), no. 153 (November 1998), p. 18.
16. "Jiang Zemin Signs Civilian Cadre Regulations," Xinhua, July 21, 1999, in FBIS, DR/ CHI, August 11, 1999.
17. For details as to revisions and new regulations see "Revision of Military Service Law," Xinhua, July 11, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 29, 1999; "New Revised Military Service Regulations," Xinhua, July 11, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 29, 1999; and "Army Service System Reform Discussed," Jiefangjun bao, July 13, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, August 13, 1999.
18. For details as to revisions and new regulations see "Revision of Military Service Law," Xinhua, July 11, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 29, 1999; "New Revised Military Service Regulations," Xinhua, July 11, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 29, 1999; and "Army Service System Reform Discussed," Jiefangjun bao, July 13, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, August 13, 1999.
19. For details as to revisions and new regulations see "Revision of Military Service Law," Xinhua, July 11, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 29, 1999; "New Revised Military Service Regulations," Xinhua, July 11, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 29, 1999; and "Army Service System Reform Discussed," Jiefangjun bao, July 13, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, August 13, 1999.
20. See, for example, "CMC Promulgates New PLA Combat Regulations," Liaowang (Outlook weekly) June 7, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, June 7, 1999; and "PLA Head on Studying New Operation Decrees," Jiefangjun bao, February 25, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, February 25, 1999.
21. See, for example, "CMC Promulgates New PLA Combat Regulations," Liaowang (Outlook weekly) June 7, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, June 7, 1999; and "PLA Head on Studying New Operation Decrees," Jiefangjun bao, February 25, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, February 25, 1999.
22. For further on this point, see David M. Finkelstein, "Commentary on Doctrine" (paper presented at the CAPS/RAND joint conference, Washington, D.C., July 1999). On the new logistical management system, see "PLA Logistical System to Be Reformed," Kuang chiao ching (Broad mirror), March 16, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, April 5, 1999. On the new management regulations, see "Jiang Signs Order on Military Establishment Regulations," Xinhua, June 24, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, June 28, 1999.
23. For further on this point, see David M. Finkelstein, "Commentary on Doctrine" (paper presented at the CAPS/RAND joint conference, Washington, D.C., July 1999). On the new logistical management system, see "PLA Logistical System to Be Reformed," Kuang chiao ching (Broad mirror), March 16, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, April 5, 1999. On the new management regulations, see "Jiang Signs Order on Military Establishment Regulations," Xinhua, June 24, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, June 28, 1999.
24. For further on this point, see David M. Finkelstein, "Commentary on Doctrine" (paper presented at the CAPS/RAND joint conference, Washington, D.C., July 1999). On the new logistical management system, see "PLA Logistical System to Be Reformed," Kuang chiao ching (Broad mirror), March 16, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, April 5, 1999. On the new management regulations, see "Jiang Signs Order on Military Establishment Regulations," Xinhua, June 24, 1999, in FBIS, DR/CHI, June 28, 1999.
25. Jiang Siyi, chief ed., Zhongguo Renmin Jiefangjun zhengzhi gongzuo jiaocheng (A course in the political work of the Chinese People's Liberation Army) (Beijing: Guofang daxue chubanshe, 1986).
26. See ZRGJFH. The collection does not contain all relevant materials but it is by far the most comprehensive collection up through the early 1990s.
27. Xue Ya, "Meiguo junshi fazhi shishuyao" (A history of the development of American military law), Guofang, no. 148 (June 1998), pp. 24-25; and Junshi Kexueyuan, ed., Shijie junshi nianjian (World military almanac) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1992, 1994, and 1995).
28. Xue Ya, "Meiguo junshi fazhi shishuyao" (A history of the development of American military law), Guofang, no. 148 (June 1998), pp. 24-25; and Junshi Kexueyuan, ed., Shijie junshi nianjian (World military almanac) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1992, 1994, and 1995).
29. White Paper: China National Defense.
30. See Chen Xuehui, ed., Junshi faxue (Military legal studies) (Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe, 1994), which cites Sun Tzu and other classical Chinese authors at several points throughout the text.
31. For an excellent and extended analysis of doctrinal change, see Paul H. B. Godwin, "From Continent to Periphery: PLA Doctrine, Strategy and Capabilities Toward 2000," China Quarterly, no 146 (June 1996), pp. 464-87.
32. James C. Mulvenon, Professionalization of the Senior Chinese Officer Corps: Trends and Implications (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 1997), pp. 11-34. Not only are there separate career tracks for military officers and commissars, it is also now the norm to serve in the same service arm for their entire careers. In the 1970s, it was not unusual to see a political commissar transfer from the infantry to the navy.
33. Li Cheng and Lynn White, "The Army and the Succession to Deng Xiaoping," Asian Survey 33:8 (August 1993), pp. 757-86.
34. Su Yu quoted in Harlan W. Jencks, From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982) p. 125.
35. See, for example, "Strengthening Army Quality Building," Jiefangjun boo, September 25, 1998, in FBIS, DR/CHI, September 27, 1998.
36. "Article on Strategy of Running Army by Law," Jiefangjun bao, in FBIS, DR/CHI, July 15, 1998.
37. "Editorial Stresses Discipline in Army," Jiefangjun bao, December 17, 1994, in FBIS, DR/CHI, December 20, 1994, p. 22. See also Wang Fengzhou, "Jundui qiye jitaun chanquan guanli tanxi" (Property rights management in military enterprise groups), Junshi jingji yanjiu (Military economic research) 19:4 (April 1998), pp. 35-38.
38. "Editorial Stresses Discipline in Army," Jiefangjun bao, December 17, 1994, in FBIS, DR/CHI, December 20, 1994, p. 22. See also Wang Fengzhou, "Jundui qiye jitaun chanquan guanli tanxi" (Property rights management in military enterprise groups), Junshi jingji yanjiu (Military economic research) 19:4 (April 1998), pp. 35-38.
39. "Army Paper Calls for End to Lip Service," Jiefangjun boo, June 9, 1994, in FBIS, DR/ CHI, June 10, 1994, pp. 45-47.
40. "PLA Leaders Attend Group Discussions," Xinhua, March 7, 1995, in FBIS, DR/CHI, November 18, 1995, p. 21.
41. "Yu Yongbo Discusses Army's Anticorruption Efforts," Xinhua, January 24, 1995, in FBIS, DR/CHI, November 19, 1995, p. 21.
42. "Military Resists Toeing Party Line," South China Morning Post Weekly, July 10-11, 1993.
43. Tai Ming Cheung, "The Tainted Millions: Corruption Raises Its Ugly Head in the Army," Far Eastern Economic Review, August 12, 1993, p. 13.
44. In 1998, Premier Zhu Rongji claimed that at least $12 billion worth of goods was being smuggled into China every year, hurting government revenue. See "Zhu Rongji on Anti-smuggling," Xinhua, August 31, 1998, in FBIS, DR/CHI, September 2, 1998. The $30 billion figure was cited in "Top China Smuggling Official Fired," Associated Press, January 8, 1999.
45. In 1998, Premier Zhu Rongji claimed that at least $12 billion worth of goods was being smuggled into China every year, hurting government revenue. See "Zhu Rongji on Anti-smuggling," Xinhua, August 31, 1998, in FBIS, DR/CHI, September 2, 1998. The $30 billion figure was cited in "Top China Smuggling Official Fired," Associated Press, January 8, 1999.
46. "Hu Jintao on PLA Involvement in Commerce," Xinhua, October 10, 1998, in FBIS, DR/ CHI, October 13, 1998.
47. See, for example, "Zhu Rongji, Others Investigate Xiamen Smuggling Case," November 24, 1999, Ming pao (Hong Kong), in FBIS, DR/CHI, December 12, 1999.
48. For more on this issue, see David Shambaugh, "Commentary on Civil-Military Relations" (paper presented at the Center for Advanced Policy Studies/RAND, joint conference on the state of the PLA on the eve of the millennium, Washington, D.C., July 1999).