The rural-urban fringe in the late twentieth century

Agricultural History

Volumn 74, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 502-514

  Friedberger, Mark ^a  

^a TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRARIAN CHANGE; GENTRIFICATION; RURAL SOCIETY; RURAL-URBAN COMPARISON;

EID: 0033805079     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (56)

1. William H. Whyte, "Urban Sprawl," in The Exploding Metropolis, ed. William H. Whyte (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 132-56; A. C. Spectorsky, The Exurbanites (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955), 18; Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 349-422; John Fraser Hart, The Rural Landcape (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 326.
2. William H. Whyte, "Urban Sprawl," in The Exploding Metropolis, ed. William H. Whyte (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 132-56; A. C. Spectorsky, The Exurbanites (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955), 18; Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 349-422; John Fraser Hart, The Rural Landcape (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 326.
3. William H. Whyte, "Urban Sprawl," in The Exploding Metropolis, ed. William H. Whyte (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 132-56; A. C. Spectorsky, The Exurbanites (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955), 18; Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 349-422; John Fraser Hart, The Rural Landcape (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 326.
4. William H. Whyte, "Urban Sprawl," in The Exploding Metropolis, ed. William H. Whyte (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 132-56; A. C. Spectorsky, The Exurbanites (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1955), 18; Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 349-422; John Fraser Hart, The Rural Landcape (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 326.
5. Although concern about rural-urban sprawl first surfaced in the 1960s when western states like Oregon passed the first meaningful legislation against it, in the 1990s the northeastern media began to emphasize sprawl significantly. In 1998, The New York Times published 310 articles devoted to the issue.
6. Robert G. Healy and James L. Short, The Market for Rural Land: Trends, Issues, Politics (Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation, 1985), 1-6.
7. Ibid., 31; Thomas L. Daniels and Mark Lapping, "The Two Rural Americas Need More, Not Less, Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association 62, No. 3 (1996): 285-89; Tim Lehman, Public Values, Private Lands: Farmland Preservation Policy, 1933-1985 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 69-156; Rachelle Alterman, "The Challenge of Farmland Preservation: Lessons from a Six-Nation Comparison," Journal of the American Planning Association 63, No. 2 (1992): 224; see also Steven C. Blank, The End of Agriculture in the American Portfolio (Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 1998), 125-30, who suggests that the solution to the greenbelt problem around American cities would be to construct rings of golf courses.
8. Ibid., 31; Thomas L. Daniels and Mark Lapping, "The Two Rural Americas Need More, Not Less, Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association 62, No. 3 (1996): 285-89; Tim Lehman, Public Values, Private Lands: Farmland Preservation Policy, 1933-1985 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 69-156; Rachelle Alterman, "The Challenge of Farmland Preservation: Lessons from a Six-Nation Comparison," Journal of the American Planning Association 63, No. 2 (1992): 224; see also Steven C. Blank, The End of Agriculture in the American Portfolio (Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 1998), 125-30, who suggests that the solution to the greenbelt problem around American cities would be to construct rings of golf courses.
9. Ibid., 31; Thomas L. Daniels and Mark Lapping, "The Two Rural Americas Need More, Not Less, Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association 62, No. 3 (1996): 285-89; Tim Lehman, Public Values, Private Lands: Farmland Preservation Policy, 1933-1985 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 69-156; Rachelle Alterman, "The Challenge of Farmland Preservation: Lessons from a Six-Nation Comparison," Journal of the American Planning Association 63, No. 2 (1992): 224; see also Steven C. Blank, The End of Agriculture in the American Portfolio (Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 1998), 125-30, who suggests that the solution to the greenbelt problem around American cities would be to construct rings of golf courses.
10. Ibid., 31; Thomas L. Daniels and Mark Lapping, "The Two Rural Americas Need More, Not Less, Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association 62, No. 3 (1996): 285-89; Tim Lehman, Public Values, Private Lands: Farmland Preservation Policy, 1933-1985 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 69-156; Rachelle Alterman, "The Challenge of Farmland Preservation: Lessons from a Six-Nation Comparison," Journal of the American Planning Association 63, No. 2 (1992): 224; see also Steven C. Blank, The End of Agriculture in the American Portfolio (Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 1998), 125-30, who suggests that the solution to the greenbelt problem around American cities would be to construct rings of golf courses.
11. Ibid., 31; Thomas L. Daniels and Mark Lapping, "The Two Rural Americas Need More, Not Less, Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association 62, No. 3 (1996): 285-89; Tim Lehman, Public Values, Private Lands: Farmland Preservation Policy, 1933-1985 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 69-156; Rachelle Alterman, "The Challenge of Farmland Preservation: Lessons from a Six-Nation Comparison," Journal of the American Planning Association 63, No. 2 (1992): 224; see also Steven C. Blank, The End of Agriculture in the American Portfolio (Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 1998), 125-30, who suggests that the solution to the greenbelt problem around American cities would be to construct rings of golf courses.
12. Mark B. Lapping, "American Rural Planning, Development Policy, and the Centrality of the Federal State: An Interpretive History," Rural History 3, 2 (1992): 219-42; Anthony Downs, New Visions for Metropolitan America (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), 6-7.
13. Mark B. Lapping, "American Rural Planning, Development Policy, and the Centrality of the Federal State: An Interpretive History," Rural History 3, 2 (1992): 219-42; Anthony Downs, New Visions for Metropolitan America (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), 6-7.
14. Erling D. Solberg, "Rural Zoning in the United States," USDA, Agricultural Information Bulletin, No. 54, January 1952, 8-9.
15. Frank J. Popper, The Politics of Rural Land Use Reform (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 3-6.
16. Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984), 180-206; for a view of a single Georgia county, see John Fraser Hart, "Change in a Piedmont County," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70, No. 2 (1980): 492-527.
17. Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984), 180-206; for a view of a single Georgia county, see John Fraser Hart, "Change in a Piedmont County," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 70, No. 2 (1980): 492-527.
18. Paul F. Mattingly, "Disadaption of Milk Cows by Farms in Illinois, 1930-1978," Professional Geographer 36, No. 1 (1984): 41; Paul F. Farris, "Dairying in Indiana," Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report, No. 665, June 1958, 2-3.
19. Paul F. Mattingly, "Disadaption of Milk Cows by Farms in Illinois, 1930-1978," Professional Geographer 36, No. 1 (1984): 41; Paul F. Farris, "Dairying in Indiana," Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report, No. 665, June 1958, 2-3.
20. Dallas Morning News, 12 September 1995, A9; William H. Whyte, The Last Landscape (New York: Doubleday, 1968), 21-23; Ann Strong, Private Property and the Public Interest: The Brandywine Experience (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 105, 107, 127.
21. Dallas Morning News, 12 September 1995, A9; William H. Whyte, The Last Landscape (New York: Doubleday, 1968), 21-23; Ann Strong, Private Property and the Public Interest: The Brandywine Experience (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 105, 107, 127.
22. Dallas Morning News, 12 September 1995, A9; William H. Whyte, The Last Landscape (New York: Doubleday, 1968), 21-23; Ann Strong, Private Property and the Public Interest: The Brandywine Experience (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 105, 107, 127.
23. New York Times, 19 June 1994, A4, 5; Mannasas Journal Messenger, 20 July 1994; Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie, Changing Places: Rebuilding Community in the Age of Sprawl (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997), 3-35.
24. New York Times, 19 June 1994, A4, 5; Mannasas Journal Messenger, 20 July 1994; Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie, Changing Places: Rebuilding Community in the Age of Sprawl (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997), 3-35.
25. New York Times, 19 June 1994, A4, 5; Mannasas Journal Messenger, 20 July 1994; Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie, Changing Places: Rebuilding Community in the Age of Sprawl (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997), 3-35.
26. For developer strategies, see Hubert B. Stroud, The Promise of Paradise: Recreational and Retirement Communities in the United States since 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 19-25, 40-43, 72-74; Hugh Pitts, interview by author, Brenham, Texas, 5 July 1993. All the interviews in this essay were tape recorded and are in the author's possession; Pierre Roberts, interview by author, Brenham, Texas, 11 July 1993.
27. For developer strategies, see Hubert B. Stroud, The Promise of Paradise: Recreational and Retirement Communities in the United States since 1950 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 19-25, 40-43, 72-74; Hugh Pitts, interview by author, Brenham, Texas, 5 July 1993. All the interviews in this essay were tape recorded and are in the author's possession; Pierre Roberts, interview by author, Brenham, Texas, 11 July 1993.
28. Lehman, Public Values, Private Lands, 156, 158.
29. Charles A. Sargent, "Urbanization of a Rural County," Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin, No. 859, September 1970, 2-9.
30. Ibid., 12-18.
31. For hobby farming see John Fraser Hart, "Non-Farm Farms," Geographical Review 82, No. 2 (1992): 166-79; for hobby cattle enterprises in Texas, see Edward Uvacek Jr. and Ivan W. Schmedemann, "The Cattle Busines: Agricultural Enterprise or Outdoor Recreation?" Texas Agricultural Progress 14 (Winter 1968): 12-14. Rural gentrification is defined as "the displacement of low status individuals by the upper middle class;" see Martin Philips, "Rural Gentrification and the Process of Class Colonisation," Journal of Rural Studies 9, No. 2 (1993): 123-40; Mark Friedberger, "Mink and Manure: Rural Gentrification and Cattle Ranching in Southeast Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 102 (January 1999): 269-80; for blue collar, part-time farmers, see Johannes C. Van Es, et al., "Choosing the Best of Two Worlds: Small Part-time Farmers in Illinois," Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Economics Research Report, No. 185, September 1982, 1-40; for social and economic differences within part-time farmers, see Frederick H. Buttel, "The Political Economy of Part-time Farming," GeoJournal 6, no. 4 (1982): 296-97.
32. For hobby farming see John Fraser Hart, "Non-Farm Farms," Geographical Review 82, No. 2 (1992): 166-79; for hobby cattle enterprises in Texas, see Edward Uvacek Jr. and Ivan W. Schmedemann, "The Cattle Busines: Agricultural Enterprise or Outdoor Recreation?" Texas Agricultural Progress 14 (Winter 1968): 12-14. Rural gentrification is defined as "the displacement of low status individuals by the upper middle class;" see Martin Philips, "Rural Gentrification and the Process of Class Colonisation," Journal of Rural Studies 9, No. 2 (1993): 123-40; Mark Friedberger, "Mink and Manure: Rural Gentrification and Cattle Ranching in Southeast Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 102 (January 1999): 269-80; for blue collar, part-time farmers, see Johannes C. Van Es, et al., "Choosing the Best of Two Worlds: Small Part-time Farmers in Illinois," Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Economics Research Report, No. 185, September 1982, 1-40; for social and economic differences within part-time farmers, see Frederick H. Buttel, "The Political Economy of Part-time Farming," GeoJournal 6, no. 4 (1982): 296-97.
33. For hobby farming see John Fraser Hart, "Non-Farm Farms," Geographical Review 82, No. 2 (1992): 166-79; for hobby cattle enterprises in Texas, see Edward Uvacek Jr. and Ivan W. Schmedemann, "The Cattle Busines: Agricultural Enterprise or Outdoor Recreation?" Texas Agricultural Progress 14 (Winter 1968): 12-14. Rural gentrification is defined as "the displacement of low status individuals by the upper middle class;" see Martin Philips, "Rural Gentrification and the Process of Class Colonisation," Journal of Rural Studies 9, No. 2 (1993): 123-40; Mark Friedberger, "Mink and Manure: Rural Gentrification and Cattle Ranching in Southeast Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 102 (January 1999): 269-80; for blue collar, part-time farmers, see Johannes C. Van Es, et al., "Choosing the Best of Two Worlds: Small Part-time Farmers in Illinois," Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Economics Research Report, No. 185, September 1982, 1-40; for social and economic differences within part-time farmers, see Frederick H. Buttel, "The Political Economy of Part-time Farming," GeoJournal 6, no. 4 (1982): 296-97.
34. For hobby farming see John Fraser Hart, "Non-Farm Farms," Geographical Review 82, No. 2 (1992): 166-79; for hobby cattle enterprises in Texas, see Edward Uvacek Jr. and Ivan W. Schmedemann, "The Cattle Busines: Agricultural Enterprise or Outdoor Recreation?" Texas Agricultural Progress 14 (Winter 1968): 12-14. Rural gentrification is defined as "the displacement of low status individuals by the upper middle class;" see Martin Philips, "Rural Gentrification and the Process of Class Colonisation," Journal of Rural Studies 9, No. 2 (1993): 123-40; Mark Friedberger, "Mink and Manure: Rural Gentrification and Cattle Ranching in Southeast Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 102 (January 1999): 269-80; for blue collar, part-time farmers, see Johannes C. Van Es, et al., "Choosing the Best of Two Worlds: Small Part-time Farmers in Illinois," Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Economics Research Report, No. 185, September 1982, 1-40; for social and economic differences within part-time farmers, see Frederick H. Buttel, "The Political Economy of Part-time Farming," GeoJournal 6, no. 4 (1982): 296-97.
35. For hobby farming see John Fraser Hart, "Non-Farm Farms," Geographical Review 82, No. 2 (1992): 166-79; for hobby cattle enterprises in Texas, see Edward Uvacek Jr. and Ivan W. Schmedemann, "The Cattle Busines: Agricultural Enterprise or Outdoor Recreation?" Texas Agricultural Progress 14 (Winter 1968): 12-14. Rural gentrification is defined as "the displacement of low status individuals by the upper middle class;" see Martin Philips, "Rural Gentrification and the Process of Class Colonisation," Journal of Rural Studies 9, No. 2 (1993): 123-40; Mark Friedberger, "Mink and Manure: Rural Gentrification and Cattle Ranching in Southeast Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 102 (January 1999): 269-80; for blue collar, part-time farmers, see Johannes C. Van Es, et al., "Choosing the Best of Two Worlds: Small Part-time Farmers in Illinois," Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Economics Research Report, No. 185, September 1982, 1-40; for social and economic differences within part-time farmers, see Frederick H. Buttel, "The Political Economy of Part-time Farming," GeoJournal 6, no. 4 (1982): 296-97.
36. For hobby farming see John Fraser Hart, "Non-Farm Farms," Geographical Review 82, No. 2 (1992): 166-79; for hobby cattle enterprises in Texas, see Edward Uvacek Jr. and Ivan W. Schmedemann, "The Cattle Busines: Agricultural Enterprise or Outdoor Recreation?" Texas Agricultural Progress 14 (Winter 1968): 12-14. Rural gentrification is defined as "the displacement of low status individuals by the upper middle class;" see Martin Philips, "Rural Gentrification and the Process of Class Colonisation," Journal of Rural Studies 9, No. 2 (1993): 123-40; Mark Friedberger, "Mink and Manure: Rural Gentrification and Cattle Ranching in Southeast Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 102 (January 1999): 269-80; for blue collar, part-time farmers, see Johannes C. Van Es, et al., "Choosing the Best of Two Worlds: Small Part-time Farmers in Illinois," Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Economics Research Report, No. 185, September 1982, 1-40; for social and economic differences within part-time farmers, see Frederick H. Buttel, "The Political Economy of Part-time Farming," GeoJournal 6, no. 4 (1982): 296-97.
37. Raymond J. Burly and Peter J. May, Making Governments Plan: State Experiments in Managing Land Use (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 66-68; Mark Friedberger, "The Impact of the Gentleman Rancher on a Southeast Texas Community, 1945-1990," Locus 8 (Spring 1996): 235-40.
38. Raymond J. Burly and Peter J. May, Making Governments Plan: State Experiments in Managing Land Use (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 66-68; Mark Friedberger, "The Impact of the Gentleman Rancher on a Southeast Texas Community, 1945-1990," Locus 8 (Spring 1996): 235-40.
39. Mark Friedberger, "Rural Gentrification and Livestock Raising: Texas as a Test Case, 1940-1995," Rural History, 7, no. 1 (1996): 54-57; for the expansion of suburban Houston, see Don Pierce, "Super Suburb: The Miracle of Jackrabbit Road," Houston City Magazine, October 1983, 70, 72-73.
40. Mark Friedberger, "Rural Gentrification and Livestock Raising: Texas as a Test Case, 1940-1995," Rural History, 7, no. 1 (1996): 54-57; for the expansion of suburban Houston, see Don Pierce, "Super Suburb: The Miracle of Jackrabbit Road," Houston City Magazine, October 1983, 70, 72-73.
41. Citizens Commission, Goals for Washington County, Final Report (Brenham, Tex.: Citizens Commission, 1984), 16, 28-30.
42. John Jacobs, interview by author, Brenham, Texas, 11 July 1994.
43. Gabriel Jones, interview by author, Brenham, Texas, 14 July 1995; Lois Jackson, interview by author, Brenham, Texas, 15 July 1995.
44. Denton Record Chronicle, 6 June 1996, A1, 5.
45. Denton Record Chronicle, 27 October 1996, A1, 14; 6 May 1997, A1, 9; 20 May 1997, A1, 7; 17 July 1997, A1, 8; 16 March 1999, A1, 10.
46. Denton Record Chronicle, 27 October 1996, A1, 14; 6 May 1997, A1, 9; 20 May 1997, A1, 7; 17 July 1997, A1, 8; 16 March 1999, A1, 10.
47. Denton Record Chronicle, 27 October 1996, A1, 14; 6 May 1997, A1, 9; 20 May 1997, A1, 7; 17 July 1997, A1, 8; 16 March 1999, A1, 10.
48. Denton Record Chronicle, 27 October 1996, A1, 14; 6 May 1997, A1, 9; 20 May 1997, A1, 7; 17 July 1997, A1, 8; 16 March 1999, A1, 10.
49. Denton Record Chronicle, 27 October 1996, A1, 14; 6 May 1997, A1, 9; 20 May 1997, A1, 7; 17 July 1997, A1, 8; 16 March 1999, A1, 10.
50. Yvonne Jenkins, interview by author, Argyle, Texas, 9 March 1995.
51. For the economic impact of sports stadiums, see Roger G. Noll and Andrew Zimbalist, Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1997), 55-91; Demon Record Chronicle, 4 March 1996, A1, 5; 11 December 1996, A1, 8; 3 April 1997, A9, 12.
52. For the economic impact of sports stadiums, see Roger G. Noll and Andrew Zimbalist, Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1997), 55-91; Demon Record Chronicle, 4 March 1996, A1, 5; 11 December 1996, A1, 8; 3 April 1997, A9, 12.
53. For the economic impact of sports stadiums, see Roger G. Noll and Andrew Zimbalist, Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1997), 55-91; Demon Record Chronicle, 4 March 1996, A1, 5; 11 December 1996, A1, 8; 3 April 1997, A9, 12.
54. For the economic impact of sports stadiums, see Roger G. Noll and Andrew Zimbalist, Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1997), 55-91; Demon Record Chronicle, 4 March 1996, A1, 5; 11 December 1996, A1, 8; 3 April 1997, A9, 12.
55. For federal assistance to preserve open space, see New York Times, 12 January 1999, A16; an editorial listed three causes of rural blight: the need for low-cost housing near growing urban areas; developers with "stunted" social consciences; and the inability of counties to regulate unincorporated land. See Dallas Morning News, 4 January 1999, A10.
56. For federal assistance to preserve open space, see New York Times, 12 January 1999, A16; an editorial listed three causes of rural blight: the need for low-cost housing near growing urban areas; developers with "stunted" social consciences; and the inability of counties to regulate unincorporated land. See Dallas Morning News, 4 January 1999, A10.