China and the selection of Hong Kong's post-colonial political elite

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 163, 2000, Pages 721-741

  Goodstadt, Leo F ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELITE POLITICS; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; POLITICAL SYSTEM; POST-COLONIALISM;

CHINA; HONG KONG;

EID: 0033804821     PISSN: 00094439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0305741000014636     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. This term embraces a concept widely employed and well understood (though not precisely defined) by Hong Kong scholars, whose usage this paper follows. See S.N.G Davies, "One brand of politics rekindled," Hong Kong Law Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1977); Ian Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong (London: Hurst & Co., 1989), ch. 1; Siu-kai Lau, Society and Politics in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1982), pp. 124-27. Alvin So reviews the concept in "The Tiananmen Incident, Patten's electoral reforms, and the roots of contested democracy in Hong Kong," in Ming K. Chan (ed.), The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997), pp. 50, 77-78.
2. This term embraces a concept widely employed and well understood (though not precisely defined) by Hong Kong scholars, whose usage this paper follows. See S.N.G Davies, "One brand of politics rekindled," Hong Kong Law Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1977); Ian Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong (London: Hurst & Co., 1989), ch. 1; Siu-kai Lau, Society and Politics in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1982), pp. 124-27. Alvin So reviews the concept in "The Tiananmen Incident, Patten's electoral reforms, and the roots of contested democracy in Hong Kong," in Ming K. Chan (ed.), The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997), pp. 50, 77-78.
3. This term embraces a concept widely employed and well understood (though not precisely defined) by Hong Kong scholars, whose usage this paper follows. See S.N.G Davies, "One brand of politics rekindled," Hong Kong Law Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1977); Ian Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong (London: Hurst & Co., 1989), ch. 1; Siu-kai Lau, Society and Politics in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1982), pp. 124-27. Alvin So reviews the concept in "The Tiananmen Incident, Patten's electoral reforms, and the roots of contested democracy in Hong Kong," in Ming K. Chan (ed.), The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997), pp. 50, 77-78.
4. This term embraces a concept widely employed and well understood (though not precisely defined) by Hong Kong scholars, whose usage this paper follows. See S.N.G Davies, "One brand of politics rekindled," Hong Kong Law Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1977); Ian Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong (London: Hurst & Co., 1989), ch. 1; Siu-kai Lau, Society and Politics in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1982), pp. 124-27. Alvin So reviews the concept in "The Tiananmen Incident, Patten's electoral reforms, and the roots of contested democracy in Hong Kong," in Ming K. Chan (ed.), The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997), pp. 50, 77-78.
5. On the "state-business, symbiosis," see Stephen Chiu, The Politics of Laissez-faire. Hong Kong's Strategy of Industrialization in Historical Perspective (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1994), pp. 52-63; Alex H. Choi, "State-business relations and industrial restructuring," in Tak-Wing Ngo (ed.), Hong Kong's History. State and Society Under Colonial Rule (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 144, 153-54.
6. On the "state-business, symbiosis," see Stephen Chiu, The Politics of Laissez-faire. Hong Kong's Strategy of Industrialization in Historical Perspective (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1994), pp. 52-63; Alex H. Choi, "State-business relations and industrial restructuring," in Tak-Wing Ngo (ed.), Hong Kong's History. State and Society Under Colonial Rule (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 144, 153-54.
7. Xu Jiatun's two-volume Hong Kong Memoirs convey the impression throughout that in capitalist Hong Kong, it was more important to be in touch with the affluent and the prominent than with the work force and its representatives. Xu Jiatun Xianggang huiyilu (Taipei: Lianhebao, 1993).
8. Benjamin K.P. Leung, "Political development: prospects and possibilities," in Benjamin K.P. Leung (ed.), Social Issues in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 39.
9. See Lee Ming-kwan, "Politicians," in Richard Y.C. Wong and Joseph Y.S. Cheng (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1990 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990); Jane C.Y. Lee, "The 1997 transition and Hong Kong's evolving political leadership," in Donald H. McMillen and Michael E. DeGolyer (eds.), One Culture, Many Systems. Politics in the Reunification of China (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1993); Lo Shiu-hing, "Political opposition, cooptation and democratization: the case of Hong Kong," in Li Pang-kwong (ed.), Political Order and Power Transition in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997); Lo Chi-kin, "From 'through train' to 'second stove'," in Joseph Y. S. Cheng and Sonny S. H. Lo (eds.), From Colony to SAR. Hong Kong's Challenges Ahead (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995), pp. 30-34; Sonny Lo Shiu Hing and Donald Hugh McMillen, Images and Perceptions of the "Pro-China Hong Kong Elite" (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1995). An important exception is Lau Siu-kai, although he too stressed "the preponderant obsession of China with the British threat" in Decolonization Without Independence and the Poverty of Political Leaders in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1990), pp. 25-29.
10. See Lee Ming-kwan, "Politicians," in Richard Y.C. Wong and Joseph Y.S. Cheng (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1990 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990); Jane C.Y. Lee, "The 1997 transition and Hong Kong's evolving political leadership," in Donald H. McMillen and Michael E. DeGolyer (eds.), One Culture, Many Systems. Politics in the Reunification of China (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1993); Lo Shiu-hing, "Political opposition, cooptation and democratization: the case of Hong Kong," in Li Pang-kwong (ed.), Political Order and Power Transition in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997); Lo Chi-kin, "From 'through train' to 'second stove'," in Joseph Y. S. Cheng and Sonny S. H. Lo (eds.), From Colony to SAR. Hong Kong's Challenges Ahead (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995), pp. 30-34; Sonny Lo Shiu Hing and Donald Hugh McMillen, Images and Perceptions of the "Pro-China Hong Kong Elite" (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1995). An important exception is Lau Siu-kai, although he too stressed "the preponderant obsession of China with the British threat" in Decolonization Without Independence and the Poverty of Political Leaders in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1990), pp. 25-29.
11. See Lee Ming-kwan, "Politicians," in Richard Y.C. Wong and Joseph Y.S. Cheng (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1990 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990); Jane C.Y. Lee, "The 1997 transition and Hong Kong's evolving political leadership," in Donald H. McMillen and Michael E. DeGolyer (eds.), One Culture, Many Systems. Politics in the Reunification of China (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1993); Lo Shiu-hing, "Political opposition, cooptation and democratization: the case of Hong Kong," in Li Pang-kwong (ed.), Political Order and Power Transition in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997); Lo Chi-kin, "From 'through train' to 'second stove'," in Joseph Y. S. Cheng and Sonny S. H. Lo (eds.), From Colony to SAR. Hong Kong's Challenges Ahead (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995), pp. 30-34; Sonny Lo Shiu Hing and Donald Hugh McMillen, Images and Perceptions of the "Pro-China Hong Kong Elite" (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1995). An important exception is Lau Siu-kai, although he too stressed "the preponderant obsession of China with the British threat" in Decolonization Without Independence and the Poverty of Political Leaders in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1990), pp. 25-29.
12. See Lee Ming-kwan, "Politicians," in Richard Y.C. Wong and Joseph Y.S. Cheng (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1990 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990); Jane C.Y. Lee, "The 1997 transition and Hong Kong's evolving political leadership," in Donald H. McMillen and Michael E. DeGolyer (eds.), One Culture, Many Systems. Politics in the Reunification of China (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1993); Lo Shiu-hing, "Political opposition, cooptation and democratization: the case of Hong Kong," in Li Pang-kwong (ed.), Political Order and Power Transition in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997); Lo Chi-kin, "From 'through train' to 'second stove'," in Joseph Y. S. Cheng and Sonny S. H. Lo (eds.), From Colony to SAR. Hong Kong's Challenges Ahead (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995), pp. 30-34; Sonny Lo Shiu Hing and Donald Hugh McMillen, Images and Perceptions of the "Pro-China Hong Kong Elite" (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1995). An important exception is Lau Siu-kai, although he too stressed "the preponderant obsession of China with the British threat" in Decolonization Without Independence and the Poverty of Political Leaders in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1990), pp. 25-29.
13. See Lee Ming-kwan, "Politicians," in Richard Y.C. Wong and Joseph Y.S. Cheng (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1990 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990); Jane C.Y. Lee, "The 1997 transition and Hong Kong's evolving political leadership," in Donald H. McMillen and Michael E. DeGolyer (eds.), One Culture, Many Systems. Politics in the Reunification of China (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1993); Lo Shiu-hing, "Political opposition, cooptation and democratization: the case of Hong Kong," in Li Pang-kwong (ed.), Political Order and Power Transition in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997); Lo Chi-kin, "From 'through train' to 'second stove'," in Joseph Y. S. Cheng and Sonny S. H. Lo (eds.), From Colony to SAR. Hong Kong's Challenges Ahead (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995), pp. 30-34; Sonny Lo Shiu Hing and Donald Hugh McMillen, Images and Perceptions of the "Pro-China Hong Kong Elite" (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1995). An important exception is Lau Siu-kai, although he too stressed "the preponderant obsession of China with the British threat" in Decolonization Without Independence and the Poverty of Political Leaders in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1990), pp. 25-29.
14. See Lee Ming-kwan, "Politicians," in Richard Y.C. Wong and Joseph Y.S. Cheng (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1990 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990); Jane C.Y. Lee, "The 1997 transition and Hong Kong's evolving political leadership," in Donald H. McMillen and Michael E. DeGolyer (eds.), One Culture, Many Systems. Politics in the Reunification of China (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1993); Lo Shiu-hing, "Political opposition, cooptation and democratization: the case of Hong Kong," in Li Pang-kwong (ed.), Political Order and Power Transition in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997); Lo Chi-kin, "From 'through train' to 'second stove'," in Joseph Y. S. Cheng and Sonny S. H. Lo (eds.), From Colony to SAR. Hong Kong's Challenges Ahead (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995), pp. 30-34; Sonny Lo Shiu Hing and Donald Hugh McMillen, Images and Perceptions of the "Pro-China Hong Kong Elite" (Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1995). An important exception is Lau Siu-kai, although he too stressed "the preponderant obsession of China with the British threat" in Decolonization Without Independence and the Poverty of Political Leaders in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1990), pp. 25-29.
15. I am happy to record my indebtedness to my former colleague Helen Cheng, previously a Central Policy Unit Member, and to all her team, whose knowledge of the process, personalities and statistical problems involved was unrivalled.
16. E.g. Hong Kong Economic Journal, 29 December 1995, Wenhui bao, 2 November 1996.
17. E.g. Hong Kong Economic Journal, 29 December 1995, Wenhui bao, 2 November 1996.
18. The official reliance on media sources reflected the colonial administration's increasing inhibitions about research dealing with personalities and their backgrounds during the 1990s. Changing public attitudes led to statutory restrictions imposed by the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (1995).
19. The summaries were designed for general information and often used for non-attributable briefings. The colonial administration never undertook an analysis of China's appointees of the sort presented in this article.
20. In the annual Civil and Miscellaneous Lists. Hong Kong Government (Hong Kong: Government Printer). More limited information on public service in China was available from the annual China Directory in Pinyin and Chinese (Kawasaki: Radiopress, Inc.).
21. In the annual Civil and Miscellaneous Lists. Hong Kong Government (Hong Kong: Government Printer). More limited information on public service in China was available from the annual China Directory in Pinyin and Chinese (Kawasaki: Radiopress, Inc.).
22. Principally Lo Chi-kin and Ho On-tat (eds.), Xianggang renminglu. 1995 Who's Who in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Cosmos Books, 1994) but also Kevin Sinclair (ed.), Who's Who in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Asianet Information Services, 1988).
23. Principally Lo Chi-kin and Ho On-tat (eds.), Xianggang renminglu. 1995 Who's Who in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Cosmos Books, 1994) but also Kevin Sinclair (ed.), Who's Who in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Asianet Information Services, 1988).
24. Particularly Joseph Man Chan and Chin-Chuan Lee in Mass Media and Political Transition: The Hong Kong Press in China's Orbit (New York: The Guilford Press, 1991), pp. 54-62. Also Emily Lau, "The early history of the drafting process," in Peter Wesley-Smith and Albert Chen (eds.), The Basic Law and Hong Kong's Future (Hong Kong: Butterworths, 1988), pp. 90-98; William McGurn (ed.), Basic Law, Basic Questions. The Debate Continues (Hong Kong: Review Publishing Company Ltd, 1988), pp. 165-68. Academics generally have relied on the media as the selection process grew more complex (e.g. Benjamin K.P. Leung, Perspectives on Hong Kong Society (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 42-43; Brian Hook, "Political change in Hong Kong," in David Shambaugh (ed.), Greater China: The Next Superpower (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 205).
25. Particularly Joseph Man Chan and Chin-Chuan Lee in Mass Media and Political Transition: The Hong Kong Press in China's Orbit (New York: The Guilford Press, 1991), pp. 54-62. Also Emily Lau, "The early history of the drafting process," in Peter Wesley-Smith and Albert Chen (eds.), The Basic Law and Hong Kong's Future (Hong Kong: Butterworths, 1988), pp. 90-98; William McGurn (ed.), Basic Law, Basic Questions. The Debate Continues (Hong Kong: Review Publishing Company Ltd, 1988), pp. 165-68. Academics generally have relied on the media as the selection process grew more complex (e.g. Benjamin K.P. Leung, Perspectives on Hong Kong Society (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 42-43; Brian Hook, "Political change in Hong Kong," in David Shambaugh (ed.), Greater China: The Next Superpower (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 205).
26. Particularly Joseph Man Chan and Chin-Chuan Lee in Mass Media and Political Transition: The Hong Kong Press in China's Orbit (New York: The Guilford Press, 1991), pp. 54-62. Also Emily Lau, "The early history of the drafting process," in Peter Wesley-Smith and Albert Chen (eds.), The Basic Law and Hong Kong's Future (Hong Kong: Butterworths, 1988), pp. 90-98; William McGurn (ed.), Basic Law, Basic Questions. The Debate Continues (Hong Kong: Review Publishing Company Ltd, 1988), pp. 165-68. Academics generally have relied on the media as the selection process grew more complex (e.g. Benjamin K.P. Leung, Perspectives on Hong Kong Society (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 42-43; Brian Hook, "Political change in Hong Kong," in David Shambaugh (ed.), Greater China: The Next Superpower (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 205).
27. Particularly Joseph Man Chan and Chin-Chuan Lee in Mass Media and Political Transition: The Hong Kong Press in China's Orbit (New York: The Guilford Press, 1991), pp. 54-62. Also Emily Lau, "The early history of the drafting process," in Peter Wesley-Smith and Albert Chen (eds.), The Basic Law and Hong Kong's Future (Hong Kong: Butterworths, 1988), pp. 90-98; William McGurn (ed.), Basic Law, Basic Questions. The Debate Continues (Hong Kong: Review Publishing Company Ltd, 1988), pp. 165-68. Academics generally have relied on the media as the selection process grew more complex (e.g. Benjamin K.P. Leung, Perspectives on Hong Kong Society (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 42-43; Brian Hook, "Political change in Hong Kong," in David Shambaugh (ed.), Greater China: The Next Superpower (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 205).
28. Particularly Joseph Man Chan and Chin-Chuan Lee in Mass Media and Political Transition: The Hong Kong Press in China's Orbit (New York: The Guilford Press, 1991), pp. 54-62. Also Emily Lau, "The early history of the drafting process," in Peter Wesley-Smith and Albert Chen (eds.), The Basic Law and Hong Kong's Future (Hong Kong: Butterworths, 1988), pp. 90-98; William McGurn (ed.), Basic Law, Basic Questions. The Debate Continues (Hong Kong: Review Publishing Company Ltd, 1988), pp. 165-68. Academics generally have relied on the media as the selection process grew more complex (e.g. Benjamin K.P. Leung, Perspectives on Hong Kong Society (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 42-43; Brian Hook, "Political change in Hong Kong," in David Shambaugh (ed.), Greater China: The Next Superpower (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 205).
29. South China Morning Post, 5 September 1997.
30. New China News Agency (NCNA hereafter), 11 December 1996.
31. As recorded by the Shenzhen tequ bao (Shenzhen Daily), 12 December 1996 and Wang Min (comp.), Yi dai chuan wang Dong Jianhua (Tung Chee Hwa: The Shipping Tycoon of His Generation) (Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lianhe chubanshe, 1997), p. 31.
32. As recorded by the Shenzhen tequ bao (Shenzhen Daily), 12 December 1996 and Wang Min (comp.), Yi dai chuan wang Dong Jianhua (Tung Chee Hwa: The Shipping Tycoon of His Generation) (Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lianhe chubanshe, 1997), p. 31.
33. The school was first raided and closed temporarily by the Hong Kong police in 1958 (NCNA, 26 August 1958) and closed permanently in 1968 (NCNA, 27 August 1968), despite grave official Chinese indignation.
34. E.g. John Chan Cho-chak (KMB chairman); Jack So Chak-wong (MTRC chief executive), Yeung Kai-yin (KCR chairman).
35. E.g. Edgar Cheng Wai-kin (medical practitioner), Donald Liao Poon-huai (architect), David Li Kwok-po (accountant).
36. Kenneth Lieberthal, Governing China. From Revolution Through Reform (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995), p. 73.
37. For the polling evidence, see Michael E. DeGolyer, "Political culture and public opinion," in Joseph Y.S. Cheng (ed.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1997 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997), pp. 172-76.
38. Dagong bao, 12 March 1996.
39. Including the "comprador Chinese big bourgeoisie," even though "this class is a class which directly serves imperialism ... and has always been a target of the revolution." Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1967), Vol. II, pp. 288-290, 422-23, 442-48; Vol. I, pp. 13-14.
40. Including the "comprador Chinese big bourgeoisie," even though "this class is a class which directly serves imperialism ... and has always been a target of the revolution." Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1967), Vol. II, pp. 288-290, 422-23, 442-48; Vol. I, pp. 13-14.
41. No more than one third, he laid down, and "on no account should our Party monopolize everything." Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 445.
42. Mao Zedong assumed an identity of interests as well as a natural affinity between the Party and the working class. See Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 19; Selected Readings from the Works of Mao Tsetung, (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1971), pp. 290, 395.
43. Mao Zedong assumed an identity of interests as well as a natural affinity between the Party and the working class. See Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 19; Selected Readings from the Works of Mao Tsetung, (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1971), pp. 290, 395.
44. Selected Works (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1969), Vol. IV, p. 203.
45. Major Documents of the People's Republic of China (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1991), p. 537.
46. William H. Overholt, China. The Next Economic Superpower (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1993), p. 70.
47. They would have to "adhere to the capitalist system" and be "professionally competent." They should include "as few as possible" from the "left." Deng Xiaoping, On the Question of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: New Horizon Press, 1993), pp. 18-19.
48. "Patriots" were defined as individuals who not only "love the motherland and Hong Kong" but would not do anything "detrimental to the interests of the motherland or ... Hong Kong." They should also support China's resumption of sovereignty. Ibid. pp. 19, 11.
49. Ibid. pp. 52-56.
50. Yash Ghai, Hong Kong's New Constitutional Order. The Resumption of Chinese Sovereignty and the Basic Law (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997), especially pp. 139, 270, 465 and 468.
51. These attitudes are exemplified in the two volumes, Hong Kong's Economy, in the official Chinese research series on "The return of Hong Kong," the second of which is simply a directory of 109 of Hong Kong's biggest businessmen. Chen Duo and Cai Chimeng, Xianggang de jingji yi and Yin Chongjing and Cao Huanguang (eds.), Xianggang de jingji er (Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe, 1996).
52. These attitudes are exemplified in the two volumes, Hong Kong's Economy, in the official Chinese research series on "The return of Hong Kong," the second of which is simply a directory of 109 of Hong Kong's biggest businessmen. Chen Duo and Cai Chimeng, Xianggang de jingji yi and Yin Chongjing and Cao Huanguang (eds.), Xianggang de jingji er (Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe, 1996).
53. Ambrose Yeo-chi King, "Administrative absorption of politics in Hong Kong: emphasis on the grass roots level," in Ambrose Y.C. King and Rance P.L. Lee (eds.), Social Life and Development in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1981), pp. 129-130.
54. Benjamin K.P. Leung, "Social inequality and insurgency in Hong Kong," in Benjamin K.P. Leung and Teresa Y.C. Wong (eds.), 25 Years of Social and Economic Development in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, 1994), p. 191.
55. See the interesting analysis of this issue by B. Karin Chai, "The politicization of unions in Hong Kong," in McMillen and DeGolyer, One Culture, Many Systems.
56. See Wong Siu-lun, Emigrant Entrepreneurs. Shanghai Industrialists in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 190-91; Y.C. Jao (ed.), Hong Kong's Banking System in Transition: Problems, Prospects and Policies (Hong Kong: Chinese Bank's Association Ltd, 1988), pp. 237-241; Joseph Y.S. Cheng, "Towards the establishment of a new order," in Beatrice Leung and Joseph Cheng (eds.), Hong Kong SAR: In Pursuit of Domestic and International Order (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997), p. 290.
57. See Wong Siu-lun, Emigrant Entrepreneurs. Shanghai Industrialists in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 190-91; Y.C. Jao (ed.), Hong Kong's Banking System in Transition: Problems, Prospects and Policies (Hong Kong: Chinese Bank's Association Ltd, 1988), pp. 237-241; Joseph Y.S. Cheng, "Towards the establishment of a new order," in Beatrice Leung and Joseph Cheng (eds.), Hong Kong SAR: In Pursuit of Domestic and International Order (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997), p. 290.
58. See Wong Siu-lun, Emigrant Entrepreneurs. Shanghai Industrialists in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 190-91; Y.C. Jao (ed.), Hong Kong's Banking System in Transition: Problems, Prospects and Policies (Hong Kong: Chinese Bank's Association Ltd, 1988), pp. 237-241; Joseph Y.S. Cheng, "Towards the establishment of a new order," in Beatrice Leung and Joseph Cheng (eds.), Hong Kong SAR: In Pursuit of Domestic and International Order (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1997), p. 290.
59. E.g. Lu Ping, Wenhui bao, 26 October 1993; Cheng in Leung and Cheng, Hong Kong SAR, p. 290 .
60. E.g. Lu Ping, Wenhui bao, 26 October 1993; Cheng in Leung and Cheng, Hong Kong SAR, p. 290 .
61. Lo Shiu-hing, "Political opposition, co-optation and democratization: the case of Hong Kong," in Li Pang-kwong, Political Order and Power Transition, p. 135. His discussion of this issue is very perceptive.
62. "During the last six or seven years of the transition period." Deng Xiaoping, On the Question of Hong Kong, p. 18.
63. Lau in Wesley-Smith and Chen, The Basic Law and Hong Kong's Future, pp. 93-104.
64. Dagong bao, 24 January 1992.
65. E.g. Lu Ping, Director of the Hong Kong Macau Affairs Office, Dagong bao, 8 February 1993.
66. Lu Ping, Wenhui bao, 4 January 1993.
67. See Deputy Premier and Foreign Minister Qian Qichen's definition of the PWC's functions in Dagong bao, 17 and 31 July 1993.
68. Notably on a solution to the Court of Final Appeal dispute, for which the colonial administration was attacked. Anthony B.L. Cheung, "The civil service in transition," in Stephen Y.L. Cheung and Stephen M.H. Sze (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1995 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1995), p. 71.
69. The Christian Industrial Committee's Lau Chin-shek. Lo Shiu-hing, The Politics of Democratization in Hong Kong (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 212-13.
70. See Ming K. Chan, "Democracy derailed: realpolitik in the making of the Hong Kong Basic Law, 1985-90," in Ming K. Chan and David J. Clark (eds.), The Hong Kong Basic Law. Blueprint for "Stability and Prosperity" under Chinese Sovereignty? (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1991), pp. 7-8.
71. Norman Miners offers a very persuasive account of the Sino-British encounter in "Moves towards representative government 1984-1988," in Kathleen Cheek-Milby and Miron Mushkat (eds.), Hong Kong. The Challenge of Transformation (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, 1989), pp. 24-31.
72. Anthony Cheung Bing-leung, "The transition of bureaucratic authority: the political role of the senior civil service in the post-1997 governance of Hong Kong," in Li, Political Order and Power Transition in Hong Kong, p. 98.
73. Steve Tsang, "Realignment of Power: The Politics of Transition and Reform in Hong Kong," in Li Pang-kwong, Political Order and Power Transition, p. 48.
74. Chan in Chan, The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration With China, p. 2.
75. Suzanne Pepper, "The 1995 Legislative Council Election. China's response in historical perspective," in Kuan et al. (eds.), The 1995 Legislative Council Elections in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 1996), pp. 327-28.
76. The evidence from opinion polls on this subject is summarized in Michael E. DeGolyer, "Public opinion on Hong Kong's transition," in Ian Scott (ed.), Institutional Change and the Political Transition in Hong Kong (London: Macmillan, 1998) and Robert T.Y. Chung, "Public opinion in the late transition period," in Cheng and Lo, From Colony to SAR.
77. The evidence from opinion polls on this subject is summarized in Michael E. DeGolyer, "Public opinion on Hong Kong's transition," in Ian Scott (ed.), Institutional Change and the Political Transition in Hong Kong (London: Macmillan, 1998) and Robert T.Y. Chung, "Public opinion in the late transition period," in Cheng and Lo, From Colony to SAR.
78. Lee in McMillen and DeGolyer, One Culture, Many Systems, p. 78; Frank Ching, "The implementation of the Sino-British Joint Declaration," in Joseph Y.S. Cheng and Paul C.K. Kwong (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1992 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1992), p. 86.
79. Lee in McMillen and DeGolyer, One Culture, Many Systems, p. 78; Frank Ching, "The implementation of the Sino-British Joint Declaration," in Joseph Y.S. Cheng and Paul C.K. Kwong (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1992 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1992), p. 86.
80. Alvin Y. So, Hong Kong's Embattled Democracy. A Societal Analysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), pp. 241-43; Joseph Y.S. Cheng, "Political participation in Hong Kong: trends in the mid-1990s," in Warren I. Cohen and Li Zhao (eds.), Hong Kong under Chinese Rule. The Economic and Political Implications of Reversion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 167.
81. Alvin Y. So, Hong Kong's Embattled Democracy. A Societal Analysis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), pp. 241-43; Joseph Y.S. Cheng, "Political participation in Hong Kong: trends in the mid-1990s," in Warren I. Cohen and Li Zhao (eds.), Hong Kong under Chinese Rule. The Economic and Political Implications of Reversion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 167.
82. E.g. Wenhui bao, 4 March 1993; NCNA, 8 March 1994; Sammy W. S. Chiu, "Social welfare," in Nyaw Mee-kau and Li Si-ming (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1996 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1996), pp. 431-32.
83. E.g. Wenhui bao, 4 March 1993; NCNA, 8 March 1994; Sammy W. S. Chiu, "Social welfare," in Nyaw Mee-kau and Li Si-ming (eds.), The Other Hong Kong Report 1996 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1996), pp. 431-32.
84. The Chief Executive, C.H. Tung, made this complaint a regular theme in 1998, e.g. Government Information Services, 26 May, 8 October, 7 December 1998.
85. Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 421.
86. "Many business leaders believe that they have the experience and ability to deal with Beijing's appointees, but they lack the confidence to bargain with an elected government." Joseph Y.S. Cheng, "Introduction," in Joseph Y.S. Cheng (ed.), Hong Kong in Transition (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 21. According to public opinion polls in July and August 1997, a majority still favoured Chris Patten's electoral arrangements over the post-colonial administration's proposals and also supported substantially more directly elected seats. ACR Opinion Poll, August 26-28, 1997 (Hong Kong: Asian Commercial Research Ltd, 1997), p. 6.
87. "Many business leaders believe that they have the experience and ability to deal with Beijing's appointees, but they lack the confidence to bargain with an elected government." Joseph Y.S. Cheng, "Introduction," in Joseph Y.S. Cheng (ed.), Hong Kong in Transition (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 21. According to public opinion polls in July and August 1997, a majority still favoured Chris Patten's electoral arrangements over the post-colonial administration's proposals and also supported substantially more directly elected seats. ACR Opinion Poll, August 26-28, 1997 (Hong Kong: Asian Commercial Research Ltd, 1997), p. 6.
88. In 1998, public satisfaction with the Government's performance dropped to the lowest levels ever recorded. Government Information Services, 3 August 1998.
89. Provisional Legislative Council, Financial Affairs Panel, 6 October and 17 November 1997; Proceedings, 13 January 1998.
90. Leo F. Goodstadt, "Hong Kong: an attachment to democracy," The Round Table, Issue 348 (1998), pp. 486-87.
91. Hong Kong's 1996 Census recorded only 0.2% of the working population as employed in agriculture compared with an average 35% employed in "primary industry" for all China's cities. See State Statistical Bureau, China Statistical Yearbook 1997 (Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House, 1997), pp. 344, 332.
92. Milan Tung-wen Sum and Timothy Ka-ying Wong, "Priming and election: an analysis of the 1995 Legislative Council election," in Kuan et al., The 1995 Legislative Council Elections, p. 185; Leung Sai-wing, "The 'China factors' and voters' choice in the 1995 Legislative Council elections," in ibid. pp. 233, 235.
93. Milan Tung-wen Sum and Timothy Ka-ying Wong, "Priming and election: an analysis of the 1995 Legislative Council election," in Kuan et al., The 1995 Legislative Council Elections, p. 185; Leung Sai-wing, "The 'China factors' and voters' choice in the 1995 Legislative Council elections," in ibid. pp. 233, 235.
94. Scott, "An overview of the Hong Kong Legislative Council elections of 1991," in Rowena Kwok et al. (eds.), Votes Without Power. The Hong Kong Legislative Council Elections 1991 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1992), pp. 13, 20; David Newman and Alvin Rabushka, Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: The First Year (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1998), pp. 11-16.
95. Scott, "An overview of the Hong Kong Legislative Council elections of 1991," in Rowena Kwok et al. (eds.), Votes Without Power. The Hong Kong Legislative Council Elections 1991 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1992), pp. 13, 20; David Newman and Alvin Rabushka, Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: The First Year (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1998), pp. 11-16.
96. See Michael Yahuda, "Catalyst for change? The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Chinese politics," in Leung and Cheng, Hong Kong SAR, pp. 27-30.
97. Qian Qichen, NCNA, 8 December 1995.
98. E.g. Baptist University of Hong Kong, The Hong Kong Transition Project (May 1998) and 15 September 1995; SSRC University of Hong Kong, Pop Express, No. 7 (1997).
99. E.g. Baptist University of Hong Kong, The Hong Kong Transition Project (May 1998) and 15 September 1995; SSRC University of Hong Kong, Pop Express, No. 7 (1997).
100. See Cheng in Leung and Cheng, Hong Kong SAR, p. 287.