Retreating to the Hill: Population Replacement in the Arkansas Ozarks

Agricultural History

Volumn 74, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 475-489

  Blevins, Brooks ^a  

^a MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRARIAN CHANGE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RESIDENTIAL LOCATION; RURAL POPULATION;

ARKANSAS; OZARKS; UNITED STATES;

VIOLA (ANGIOSPERM);

EID: 0033800612     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00021482-74.2.475     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. For the purposes of this article, a native of the Ozarks is any person born and raised in the region. A stricter definition of nativity, one utilized by most local historical societies and genealogists, is any person whose ancestry in the region predates World War I, which is generally considered the cut-off for the century-long phase of settlement by upland southerners. This also roughly marks the period when automobile travel induced what geographer Milton Rafferty refers to as the third, or cosmopolitan, phase of Ozark occupancy, the phase about which this paper is primarily concerned. Milton Rafferty, The Ozarks: Land and Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), 72.
2. The author gathered the information in this paragraph in a rural resettlement survey conducted on Izard County Road 25 in and near Violet Hill.
3. Vance Randolph, The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society (New York: Vanguard Press, 1931), 300. See also Evalena Berry, Sugar Loaf Springs: Heber's Elegant Watering Place (Conway, Ark.: River Road Press, 1985): Lois Snelling, Coin Harvey, Prophet of Monte Ne (Point Lookout, Mo.: School of the Ozarks Press, 1973); and Gilbert C. Fite, From Vision to Reality: A History of Bella Vista Village, 1915-1993 (Rogers, Ark.: RoArk Printing, 1993).
4. Vance Randolph, The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society (New York: Vanguard Press, 1931), 300. See also Evalena Berry, Sugar Loaf Springs: Heber's Elegant Watering Place (Conway, Ark.: River Road Press, 1985): Lois Snelling, Coin Harvey, Prophet of Monte Ne (Point Lookout, Mo.: School of the Ozarks Press, 1973); and Gilbert C. Fite, From Vision to Reality: A History of Bella Vista Village, 1915-1993 (Rogers, Ark.: RoArk Printing, 1993).
5. Vance Randolph, The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society (New York: Vanguard Press, 1931), 300. See also Evalena Berry, Sugar Loaf Springs: Heber's Elegant Watering Place (Conway, Ark.: River Road Press, 1985): Lois Snelling, Coin Harvey, Prophet of Monte Ne (Point Lookout, Mo.: School of the Ozarks Press, 1973); and Gilbert C. Fite, From Vision to Reality: A History of Bella Vista Village, 1915-1993 (Rogers, Ark.: RoArk Printing, 1993).
6. Vance Randolph, The Ozarks: An American Survival of Primitive Society (New York: Vanguard Press, 1931), 300. See also Evalena Berry, Sugar Loaf Springs: Heber's Elegant Watering Place (Conway, Ark.: River Road Press, 1985): Lois Snelling, Coin Harvey, Prophet of Monte Ne (Point Lookout, Mo.: School of the Ozarks Press, 1973); and Gilbert C. Fite, From Vision to Reality: A History of Bella Vista Village, 1915-1993 (Rogers, Ark.: RoArk Printing, 1993).
7. T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), 74.
8. Walter F. Lackey, History of Newton County, Arkansas (1950; reprint Salem, Mass.: Higginson Book Company, n.d.), 149, 150.
9. The thirteen rural Ozark counties include Baxter, Boone, Carroll, Cleburne, Fulton, Izard, Madison, Marion, Newton, Searcy, Sharp, Stone, and Van Buren.
10. June Westphal and Catharine Osterhage, A Fame Not Easily Forgotten: An Autobiography of Eureka Springs (Conway, Ark.: River Road Press, 1970), 214; Otto Ernest Rayburn, The Eureka Springs Story (1954; Eureka Springs: Wheeler Printing, 1982), 51, 72.
11. June Westphal and Catharine Osterhage, A Fame Not Easily Forgotten: An Autobiography of Eureka Springs (Conway, Ark.: River Road Press, 1970), 214; Otto Ernest Rayburn, The Eureka Springs Story (1954; Eureka Springs: Wheeler Printing, 1982), 51, 72.
12. Frances Shiras, "Norfork Dam," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 4 (Spring 1945): 151, 153, 156, 157; Mary Ann Messick, History of Baxter County, 1873-1973 (Mountain Home, Ark.: Chamber of Commerce, 1973), 316, 319. 320, 325; Baxter Bulletin, 8 January 1943, 1; John Fleming, The White River of the Ozarks: From Saber-Tooth Tigers to Fighting Rainbows (Conway, Ark.: Gallinule Publishing Company, 1973), 53.
13. Frances Shiras, "Norfork Dam," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 4 (Spring 1945): 151, 153, 156, 157; Mary Ann Messick, History of Baxter County, 1873-1973 (Mountain Home, Ark.: Chamber of Commerce, 1973), 316, 319. 320, 325; Baxter Bulletin, 8 January 1943, 1; John Fleming, The White River of the Ozarks: From Saber-Tooth Tigers to Fighting Rainbows (Conway, Ark.: Gallinule Publishing Company, 1973), 53.
14. Frances Shiras, "Norfork Dam," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 4 (Spring 1945): 151, 153, 156, 157; Mary Ann Messick, History of Baxter County, 1873-1973 (Mountain Home, Ark.: Chamber of Commerce, 1973), 316, 319. 320, 325; Baxter Bulletin, 8 January 1943, 1; John Fleming, The White River of the Ozarks: From Saber-Tooth Tigers to Fighting Rainbows (Conway, Ark.: Gallinule Publishing Company, 1973), 53.
15. Frances Shiras, "Norfork Dam," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 4 (Spring 1945): 151, 153, 156, 157; Mary Ann Messick, History of Baxter County, 1873-1973 (Mountain Home, Ark.: Chamber of Commerce, 1973), 316, 319. 320, 325; Baxter Bulletin, 8 January 1943, 1; John Fleming, The White River of the Ozarks: From Saber-Tooth Tigers to Fighting Rainbows (Conway, Ark.: Gallinule Publishing Company, 1973), 53.
16. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 74; Timely Club, The Hardy History (Hardy, Ark.: Timely Club, 1981), 83; Larry Ault, "Retirement Community Pioneer Dies," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, 25 January 1998, 1B, 6B.
17. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 74; Timely Club, The Hardy History (Hardy, Ark.: Timely Club, 1981), 83; Larry Ault, "Retirement Community Pioneer Dies," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, 25 January 1998, 1B, 6B.
18. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 74; Timely Club, The Hardy History (Hardy, Ark.: Timely Club, 1981), 83; Larry Ault, "Retirement Community Pioneer Dies," Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, 25 January 1998, 1B, 6B.
19. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 74, 75; Ault, "Retirement Community Pioneer," IB; Timely Club, Hardy History, 83; Cherokee Villager, Special Edition, 1956, 1.
20. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 74, 75; Ault, "Retirement Community Pioneer," IB; Timely Club, Hardy History, 83; Cherokee Villager, Special Edition, 1956, 1.
21. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 74, 75; Ault, "Retirement Community Pioneer," IB; Timely Club, Hardy History, 83; Cherokee Villager, Special Edition, 1956, 1.
22. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 74, 75; Ault, "Retirement Community Pioneer," IB; Timely Club, Hardy History, 83; Cherokee Villager, Special Edition, 1956, 1.
23. Audrey Thompson, interview by author, Cherokee Village, Arkansas, 4 August 1993, Ozark Oral History Project, Ozark Cultural Resource Center, Ozark Folk Center, Mountain View, Arkansas (hereafter cited as OOHP).
24. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 196, 75; Timely Club, Hardy History, 84; Narrative Report of County Extension Workers - Sharp County, 1963, Box 470, Federal Extension Service Records - Arkansas, National Archives, Fort Worth, Texas.
25. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 196, 75; Timely Club, Hardy History, 84; Narrative Report of County Extension Workers - Sharp County, 1963, Box 470, Federal Extension Service Records - Arkansas, National Archives, Fort Worth, Texas.
26. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 196, 75; Timely Club, Hardy History, 84; Narrative Report of County Extension Workers - Sharp County, 1963, Box 470, Federal Extension Service Records -Arkansas, National Archives, Fort Worth, Texas.
27. Timely Club, Hardy History, 87, 88, 89.
28. Horseshoe Progress, 30 August 1969, 1.
29. Ibid., Winter 1968, 4.
30. Ibid., 19 December 1969, 3; January 1970, 3.
31. Ibid., 19 December 1969, 3; January 1970, 3.
32. Ibid., January 1970, 3; March 1970, 2, 10; 29 June 1970, 4, 5; 26 August 1970, 9; 21 October 1970, 9; 25 November 1970, 11; 16 December 1970, 16, 17. The list of homeowners was compiled using the monthly editions of the Horseshoe Progress from 1968 through 1971.
33. Ibid., January 1970, 3; March 1970, 2, 10; 29 June 1970, 4, 5; 26 August 1970, 9; 21 October 1970, 9; 25 November 1970, 11; 16 December 1970, 16, 17. The list of homeowners was compiled using the monthly editions of the Horseshoe Progress from 1968 through 1971.
34. Ibid., January 1970, 3; March 1970, 2, 10; 29 June 1970, 4, 5; 26 August 1970, 9; 21 October 1970, 9; 25 November 1970, 11; 16 December 1970, 16, 17. The list of homeowners was compiled using the monthly editions of the Horseshoe Progress from 1968 through 1971.
35. Ibid., January 1970, 3; March 1970, 2, 10; 29 June 1970, 4, 5; 26 August 1970, 9; 21 October 1970, 9; 25 November 1970, 11; 16 December 1970, 16, 17. The list of homeowners was compiled using the monthly editions of the Horseshoe Progress from 1968 through 1971.
36. Ibid., January 1970, 3; March 1970, 2, 10; 29 June 1970, 4, 5; 26 August 1970, 9; 21 October 1970, 9; 25 November 1970, 11; 16 December 1970, 16, 17. The list of homeowners was compiled using the monthly editions of the Horseshoe Progress from 1968 through 1971.
37. Ibid., January 1970, 3; March 1970, 2, 10; 29 June 1970, 4, 5; 26 August 1970, 9; 21 October 1970, 9; 25 November 1970, 11; 16 December 1970, 16, 17. The list of homeowners was compiled using the monthly editions of the Horseshoe Progress from 1968 through 1971.
38. Ibid., January 1970, 3; March 1970, 2, 10; 29 June 1970, 4, 5; 26 August 1970, 9; 21 October 1970, 9; 25 November 1970, 11; 16 December 1970, 16, 17. The list of homeowners was compiled using the monthly editions of the Horseshoe Progress from 1968 through 1971.
39. Hugh Tanner, interview by author, Wiseman, Arkansas, 6 November 1997, OOHP; Thompson interview by author.
40. Fite, From Vision to Reality, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89.
41. Ibid., 145, 177. The Cherokee Village Development Company was renamed Cooper Communities, Incorporated, in 1971 and has since developed three additional retirement communities: Hot Springs Village, Arkansas; Tellico Village, Tennessee; and Savannah Lakes Village, South Carolina.
42. Bern Keating, "Arkansas Retirement: God's Own Country," 50 Plus, (August 1988): 56.