This little piggy went to market: The commercialization of hog production in Eastern North Carolina from William Shay to Wendell Murphy

Agricultural History

Volumn 74, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 569-584

  Thompson, Michael D ^a,b  

^a MIAMI UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Pfeiffer University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; COMMERCIALIZATION; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; LIVESTOCK FARMING; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

UNITED STATES;

SUS SCROFA;

EID: 0033795876     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (99)

1. "Huge Spill of Hog Waste Fuels an Old Debate in North Carolina," New York Times, 25 June 1995, 13; Michael Satchell, "Hog Heaven - and Hell," U.S. News and World Report, 22 January 1996, 22; Rodney Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood: The Ultimate Biological Threat (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 233-41; Richard Horwitz, Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 34-35, 61-62; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Power of Pork," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 1 (reprint from 19 February 1995); North Carolina Agribusiness Council, "North Carolina Agribusiness: Stewards of the Environment," n.d., Raleigh, 1.
2. "Huge Spill of Hog Waste Fuels an Old Debate in North Carolina," New York Times, 25 June 1995, 13; Michael Satchell, "Hog Heaven - and Hell," U.S. News and World Report, 22 January 1996, 22; Rodney Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood: The Ultimate Biological Threat (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 233-41; Richard Horwitz, Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 34-35, 61-62; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Power of Pork," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 1 (reprint from 19 February 1995); North Carolina Agribusiness Council, "North Carolina Agribusiness: Stewards of the Environment," n.d., Raleigh, 1.
3. "Huge Spill of Hog Waste Fuels an Old Debate in North Carolina," New York Times, 25 June 1995, 13; Michael Satchell, "Hog Heaven - and Hell," U.S. News and World Report, 22 January 1996, 22; Rodney Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood: The Ultimate Biological Threat (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 233-41; Richard Horwitz, Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 34-35, 61-62; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Power of Pork," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 1 (reprint from 19 February 1995); North Carolina Agribusiness Council, "North Carolina Agribusiness: Stewards of the Environment," n.d., Raleigh, 1.
4. "Huge Spill of Hog Waste Fuels an Old Debate in North Carolina," New York Times, 25 June 1995, 13; Michael Satchell, "Hog Heaven - and Hell," U.S. News and World Report, 22 January 1996, 22; Rodney Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood: The Ultimate Biological Threat (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 233-41; Richard Horwitz, Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 34-35, 61-62; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Power of Pork," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 1 (reprint from 19 February 1995); North Carolina Agribusiness Council, "North Carolina Agribusiness: Stewards of the Environment," n.d., Raleigh, 1.
5. "Huge Spill of Hog Waste Fuels an Old Debate in North Carolina," New York Times, 25 June 1995, 13; Michael Satchell, "Hog Heaven - and Hell," U.S. News and World Report, 22 January 1996, 22; Rodney Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood: The Ultimate Biological Threat (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 233-41; Richard Horwitz, Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 34-35, 61-62; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Power of Pork," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 1 (reprint from 19 February 1995); North Carolina Agribusiness Council, "North Carolina Agribusiness: Stewards of the Environment," n.d., Raleigh, 1.
6. "Huge Spill of Hog Waste Fuels an Old Debate in North Carolina," New York Times, 25 June 1995, 13; Michael Satchell, "Hog Heaven - and Hell," U.S. News and World Report, 22 January 1996, 22; Rodney Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood: The Ultimate Biological Threat (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 233-41; Richard Horwitz, Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 34-35, 61-62; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Power of Pork," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 1 (reprint from 19 February 1995); North Carolina Agribusiness Council, "North Carolina Agribusiness: Stewards of the Environment," n.d., Raleigh, 1.
7. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 171-76; Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1933; reprint, Glouchester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 138-43; William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover Publications, 1967), 54.
8. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 171-76; Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1933; reprint, Glouchester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 138-43; William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover Publications, 1967), 54.
9. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 171-76; Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1933; reprint, Glouchester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1958), 138-43; William Byrd, William Byrd's Histories of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina (New York: Dover Publications, 1967), 54.
10. J. Bryan Grimes, Notes on Colonial North Carolina, 1700-1750 (Reprint; Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Association, 1905), 33-34; Gray, History of Agriculture, 150.
11. J. Bryan Grimes, Notes on Colonial North Carolina, 1700-1750 (Reprint; Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Association, 1905), 33-34; Gray, History of Agriculture, 150.
12. Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, "The Antebellum Southern Herdsman: A Reinterpretation," Journal of Southern History 41 (May 1975): 147-66; Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, "The South from Self-Sufficiency to Peonage: An Interpretation," American Historical Review 85 (December 1980): 1095-118; Grady McWhiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 51-79; Jack Temple Kirby, Poquosin: A Study of Rural Landscape and Society (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 119.
13. Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, "The Antebellum Southern Herdsman: A Reinterpretation," Journal of Southern History 41 (May 1975): 147-66; Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, "The South from Self-Sufficiency to Peonage: An Interpretation," American Historical Review 85 (December 1980): 1095-118; Grady McWhiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 51-79; Jack Temple Kirby, Poquosin: A Study of Rural Landscape and Society (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 119.
14. Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, "The Antebellum Southern Herdsman: A Reinterpretation," Journal of Southern History 41 (May 1975): 147-66; Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, "The South from Self-Sufficiency to Peonage: An Interpretation," American Historical Review 85 (December 1980): 1095-118; Grady McWhiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 51-79; Jack Temple Kirby, Poquosin: A Study of Rural Landscape and Society (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 119.
15. Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, "The Antebellum Southern Herdsman: A Reinterpretation," Journal of Southern History 41 (May 1975): 147-66; Forrest McDonald and Grady McWhiney, "The South from Self-Sufficiency to Peonage: An Interpretation," American Historical Review 85 (December 1980): 1095-118; Grady McWhiney, Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988), 51-79; Jack Temple Kirby, Poquosin: A Study of Rural Landscape and Society (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 119.
16. I. O. Schaub, "W. W. Shay: He Made It Respectable to be a Hog in North Carolina," Raleigh News and Observer, 5 April 1959, Biography Collection, North Carolina State University Archives and Special Collections, Raleigh (hereafter cited as NCSUASC).
17. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Robert Curtis, "The History of Livestock in North Carolina," Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 401, 1956, 91.
18. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Robert Curtis, "The History of Livestock in North Carolina," Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 401, 1956, 91.
19. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock 92-93: James Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine Industry and Extension, 1918-1994" (Raleigh, N.C.: Privately printed, 1995), 5-7; Roy Vernon Scott, The Reluctant Farmer: The Rise of Agricultural Extension to 1914 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 210-21; Michael Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers, 1944-1961" (master's thesis, University of Mississippi, 1995), 70-71.
20. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock 92-93: James Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine Industry and Extension, 1918-1994" (Raleigh, N.C.: Privately printed, 1995), 5-7; Roy Vernon Scott, The Reluctant Farmer: The Rise of Agricultural Extension to 1914 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 210-21; Michael Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers, 1944-1961" (master's thesis, University of Mississippi, 1995), 70-71.
21. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock 92-93: James Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine Industry and Extension, 1918-1994" (Raleigh, N.C.: Privately printed, 1995), 5-7; Roy Vernon Scott, The Reluctant Farmer: The Rise of Agricultural Extension to 1914 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 210-21; Michael Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers, 1944-1961" (master's thesis, University of Mississippi, 1995), 70-71.
22. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock 92-93: James Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine Industry and Extension, 1918-1994" (Raleigh, N.C.: Privately printed, 1995), 5-7; Roy Vernon Scott, The Reluctant Farmer: The Rise of Agricultural Extension to 1914 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 210-21; Michael Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers, 1944-1961" (master's thesis, University of Mississippi, 1995), 70-71.
23. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock 92-93: James Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine Industry and Extension, 1918-1994" (Raleigh, N.C.: Privately printed, 1995), 5-7; Roy Vernon Scott, The Reluctant Farmer: The Rise of Agricultural Extension to 1914 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970), 210-21; Michael Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers, 1944-1961" (master's thesis, University of Mississippi, 1995), 70-71.
24. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock, 92-93; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5; Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, 1923, 185-86. On Hertford County's hog demonstration in 1920, see Kirby, Poquosin, 238-39.
25. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock, 92-93; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5; Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, 1923, 185-86. On Hertford County's hog demonstration in 1920, see Kirby, Poquosin, 238-39.
26. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock, 92-93; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5; Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, 1923, 185-86. On Hertford County's hog demonstration in 1920, see Kirby, Poquosin, 238-39.
27. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock, 92-93; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5; Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, 1923, 185-86. On Hertford County's hog demonstration in 1920, see Kirby, Poquosin, 238-39.
28. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Curtis, History of Livestock, 92-93; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5; Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, 1923, 185-86. On Hertford County's hog demonstration in 1920, see Kirby, Poquosin, 238-39.
29. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 6.
30. Schaub, "W. W. Shay"; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 6.
31. Quote in Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, 186; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5-7; Scott, Reluctant Farmer; Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1972), 131-76; David Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979); Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers"; Michael Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares: Veterans Administration Institutional On-Farm Training in Mississippi, 1946-1960," Journal of Mississippi History 59 (Fall 1997): 211-29.
32. Quote in Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, 186; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5-7; Scott, Reluctant Farmer; Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1972), 131-76; David Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979); Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers"; Michael Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares: Veterans Administration Institutional On-Farm Training in Mississippi, 1946-1960," Journal of Mississippi History 59 (Fall 1997): 211-29.
33. Quote in Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, 186; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5-7; Scott, Reluctant Farmer; Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1972), 131-76; David Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979); Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers"; Michael Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares: Veterans Administration Institutional On-Farm Training in Mississippi, 1946-1960," Journal of Mississippi History 59 (Fall 1997): 211-29.
34. Quote in Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, 186; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5-7; Scott, Reluctant Farmer; Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1972), 131-76; David Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979); Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers"; Michael Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares: Veterans Administration Institutional On-Farm Training in Mississippi, 1946-1960," Journal of Mississippi History 59 (Fall 1997): 211-29.
35. Quote in Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, 186; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5-7; Scott, Reluctant Farmer; Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1972), 131-76; David Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979); Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers"; Michael Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares: Veterans Administration Institutional On-Farm Training in Mississippi, 1946-1960," Journal of Mississippi History 59 (Fall 1997): 211-29.
36. Quote in Eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, 186; Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 5-7; Scott, Reluctant Farmer; Jack Temple Kirby, Darkness at the Dawning: Race and Reform in the Progressive South (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1972), 131-76; David Danbom, The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930 (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979); Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers"; Michael Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares: Veterans Administration Institutional On-Farm Training in Mississippi, 1946-1960," Journal of Mississippi History 59 (Fall 1997): 211-29.
37. Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 115-16; David Danbom, Born in the Country: A History of Rural America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 197-202; Fifth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, 1920, 32.
38. Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 115-16; David Danbom, Born in the Country: A History of Rural America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 197-202; Fifth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, 1920, 32.
39. Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 115-16; David Danbom, Born in the Country: A History of Rural America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 197-202; Fifth Annual Report of the Agricultural Extension Service, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, 1920, 32.
40. Earl Hostetler, "Pork on the Farm," memo, 6 January 1923, Swine Research Folder, Research 1921-1929, Animal Industry Division, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NCSUASC; John Willman, "Raise Your Home Pork Supply," Cornell Extension Bulletin No. 728, December 1947, 3; North Carolina State College, Annual Report of the School of Agriculture, 1950-1951, "Corn-Hogs Compared with Cash Crops," Agriculture: Astride the Century, 44, NCSUASC.
41. Earl Hostetler, "Pork on the Farm," memo, 6 January 1923, Swine Research Folder, Research 1921-1929, Animal Industry Division, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NCSUASC; John Willman, "Raise Your Home Pork Supply," Cornell Extension Bulletin No. 728, December 1947, 3; North Carolina State College, Annual Report of the School of Agriculture, 1950-1951, "Corn-Hogs Compared with Cash Crops," Agriculture: Astride the Century, 44, NCSUASC.
42. Earl Hostetler, "Pork on the Farm," memo, 6 January 1923, Swine Research Folder, Research 1921-1929, Animal Industry Division, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NCSUASC; John Willman, "Raise Your Home Pork Supply," Cornell Extension Bulletin No. 728, December 1947, 3; North Carolina State College, Annual Report of the School of Agriculture, 1950-1951, "Corn-Hogs Compared with Cash Crops," Agriculture: Astride the Century, 44, NCSUASC.
43. United States Census of Agriculture. 1910, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1950, 1959, 1964; William Carpenter and Dean Colvard, Knowledge is Power: A History of the School of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University, 1877-1984 (Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 1987), 404-5; McDonald and McWhiney, "The South from Self-Sufficiency to Peonage," 1116-18.
44. United States Census of Agriculture. 1910, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1950, 1959, 1964; William Carpenter and Dean Colvard, Knowledge is Power: A History of the School of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University, 1877-1984 (Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 1987), 404-5; McDonald and McWhiney, "The South from Self-Sufficiency to Peonage," 1116-18.
45. United States Census of Agriculture. 1910, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 1950, 1959, 1964; William Carpenter and Dean Colvard, Knowledge is Power: A History of the School of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University, 1877-1984 (Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 1987), 404-5; McDonald and McWhiney, "The South from Self-Sufficiency to Peonage," 1116-18.
46. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
47. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
48. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
49. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
50. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
51. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
52. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
53. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
54. "Agriculture: A Changing and Expanding Business." North Carolina State University School of Agriculture and Life Sciences (NCSUALS), 1959 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1960, 2-3; "A New Concept of Agriculture," NCSUALS, 1958 Annual Report, Raleigh. 1959, 2-3; "Research Supports Increases in Pork Production," NCSUALS, 1963 Annual Report, Raleigh, 1964, 12-13; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865-1980 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1984); Flowers, Throwed Away, 58-64: Belden, Dirt Rich, Dirt Poor, 23; Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 51-79; Thompson, "Educating Mississippi's Farmers": Thompson, "Swords into Plowshares."
55. John Fraser Hart and Ennis Chestang, "Rural Revolution in East Carolina," Geographical Review 68 (October 1978): 435-58; John Fraser Hart and Ennis Chestang, "Turmoil in Tobaccoland," Geographical Review 84 (October 1996): 550-72; Daniel, Breaking the Land, 184-214, 256-70.
56. John Fraser Hart and Ennis Chestang, "Rural Revolution in East Carolina," Geographical Review 68 (October 1978): 435-58; John Fraser Hart and Ennis Chestang, "Turmoil in Tobaccoland," Geographical Review 84 (October 1996): 550-72; Daniel, Breaking the Land, 184-214, 256-70.
57. John Fraser Hart and Ennis Chestang, "Rural Revolution in East Carolina," Geographical Review 68 (October 1978): 435-58; John Fraser Hart and Ennis Chestang, "Turmoil in Tobaccoland," Geographical Review 84 (October 1996): 550-72; Daniel, Breaking the Land, 184-214, 256-70.
58. Hart and Chestang, "Turmoil in Tobaccoland"; Tom Byrd, "Draft of Article for News Pack," n.d., NCSUALS, Dean's Office Papers, 1963-1965, North Carolina Pork Producers Folder, Box 17, NCSUASC; "Pork Promotion Campaign," NCSUALS, January 1965, Dean's Office Papers, 1963-1956, North Carolina Pork Producers Folder, Box 17, NCSUASC.
59. Hart and Chestang, "Turmoil in Tobaccoland"; Tom Byrd, "Draft of Article for News Pack," n.d., NCSUALS, Dean's Office Papers, 1963-1965, North Carolina Pork Producers Folder, Box 17, NCSUASC; "Pork Promotion Campaign," NCSUALS, January 1965, Dean's Office Papers, 1963-1956, North Carolina Pork Producers Folder, Box 17, NCSUASC.
60. Hart and Chestang, "Turmoil in Tobaccoland"; Tom Byrd, "Draft of Article for News Pack," n.d., NCSUALS, Dean's Office Papers, 1963-1965, North Carolina Pork Producers Folder, Box 17, NCSUASC; "Pork Promotion Campaign," NCSUALS, January 1965, Dean's Office Papers, 1963-1956, North Carolina Pork Producers Folder, Box 17, NCSUASC.
61. "Pork Promotion Campaign," NCSUALS; H. B. Jones, "Suggested Radio Script for Dean James," 8 January 1965, NCSUALS, Dean's Office Papers, 1963-1965, North Carolina Pork Producers Folder, Box 17, NCSUAPC, Raleigh; George Hyatt, speech of the Advisory Budget Commissions on state-owned farms and research programs at State College, 14 September 1960, Department of Animal Industry, North Carolina State College, Box 2, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Research Division, General Records, 1950-1961, NCSUASC.
62. "Pork Promotion Campaign," NCSUALS; H. B. Jones, "Suggested Radio Script for Dean James," 8 January 1965, NCSUALS, Dean's Office Papers, 1963-1965, North Carolina Pork Producers Folder, Box 17, NCSUAPC, Raleigh; George Hyatt, speech of the Advisory Budget Commissions on state-owned farms and research programs at State College, 14 September 1960, Department of Animal Industry, North Carolina State College, Box 2, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Research Division, General Records, 1950-1961, NCSUASC.
63. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine." 33-38; "N.C. Swine Development Center," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, ca. 1990, 3.
64. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine." 33-38; "N.C. Swine Development Center," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, ca. 1990, 3.
65. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 23-24; "N.C. Swine Development Center," 3; Jack Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, March 1964; James Jones and A. J. Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, June 1969; Woody Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?" Successful Farming, September 1980, H8; quotes in J. D. McVean, "Field Observations on Swine Growing Conditions in North Carolina," North Carolina Livestock Producers Third Annual Report, 25-28 January 1916, 15.
66. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 23-24; "N.C. Swine Development Center," 3; Jack Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, March 1964; James Jones and A. J. Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, June 1969; Woody Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?" Successful Farming, September 1980, H8; quotes in J. D. McVean, "Field Observations on Swine Growing Conditions in North Carolina," North Carolina Livestock Producers Third Annual Report, 25-28 January 1916, 15.
67. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 23-24; "N.C. Swine Development Center," 3; Jack Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, March 1964; James Jones and A. J. Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, June 1969; Woody Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?" Successful Farming, September 1980, H8; quotes in J. D. McVean, "Field Observations on Swine Growing Conditions in North Carolina," North Carolina Livestock Producers Third Annual Report, 25-28 January 1916, 15.
68. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 23-24; "N.C. Swine Development Center," 3; Jack Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, March 1964; James Jones and A. J. Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, June 1969; Woody Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?" Successful Farming, September 1980, H8; quotes in J. D. McVean, "Field Observations on Swine Growing Conditions in North Carolina," North Carolina Livestock Producers Third Annual Report, 25-28 January 1916, 15.
69. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 23-24; "N.C. Swine Development Center," 3; Jack Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, March 1964; James Jones and A. J. Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, June 1969; Woody Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?" Successful Farming, September 1980, H8; quotes in J. D. McVean, "Field Observations on Swine Growing Conditions in North Carolina," North Carolina Livestock Producers Third Annual Report, 25-28 January 1916, 15.
70. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 23-24; "N.C. Swine Development Center," 3; Jack Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, March 1964; James Jones and A. J. Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina," North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, June 1969; Woody Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?" Successful Farming, September 1980, H8; quotes in J. D. McVean, "Field Observations on Swine Growing Conditions in North Carolina," North Carolina Livestock Producers Third Annual Report, 25-28 January 1916, 15.
71. Woody Vondracek, "Manufacturing Hogs," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1996, 8 (reprint from 21 February 1995); Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?"; Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Jones and Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Bruce Bullock and Gerald Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture: Projections of 1980 Production (Raleigh: NCSU Department of Economics, 1973), 49-51.
72. Woody Vondracek, "Manufacturing Hogs," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1996, 8 (reprint from 21 February 1995); Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?"; Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Jones and Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Bruce Bullock and Gerald Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture: Projections of 1980 Production (Raleigh: NCSU Department of Economics, 1973), 49-51.
73. Woody Vondracek, "Manufacturing Hogs," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1996, 8 (reprint from 21 February 1995); Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?"; Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Jones and Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Bruce Bullock and Gerald Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture: Projections of 1980 Production (Raleigh: NCSU Department of Economics, 1973), 49-51.
74. Woody Vondracek, "Manufacturing Hogs," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1996, 8 (reprint from 21 February 1995); Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?"; Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Jones and Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Bruce Bullock and Gerald Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture: Projections of 1980 Production (Raleigh: NCSU Department of Economics, 1973), 49-51.
75. Woody Vondracek, "Manufacturing Hogs," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1996, 8 (reprint from 21 February 1995); Upchurch, "Why Sow Confinement?"; Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Jones and Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Bruce Bullock and Gerald Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture: Projections of 1980 Production (Raleigh: NCSU Department of Economics, 1973), 49-51.
76. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 46-75; Bullock and Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture, 49-51; North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, Peoples' Plan 87 (Raleigh: November 1983), 155; United States Census of Agriculture, 1920, 1969, 1992, 1997.
77. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 46-75; Bullock and Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture, 49-51; North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, Peoples' Plan 87 (Raleigh: November 1983), 155; United States Census of Agriculture, 1920, 1969, 1992, 1997.
78. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 46-75; Bullock and Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture, 49-51; North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, Peoples' Plan 87 (Raleigh: November 1983), 155; United States Census of Agriculture, 1920, 1969, 1992, 1997.
79. Jones, "History of North Carolina Swine," 46-75; Bullock and Carlson, North Carolina Agriculture, 49-51; North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, Peoples' Plan 87 (Raleigh: November 1983), 155; United States Census of Agriculture, 1920, 1969, 1992, 1997.
80. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Success Makes Murphy 'Boss Hog,'" Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 11 (reprint from 22 February 1995); Daniel Roth, "The Ray Kroc of Pigsties," Forbes (13 October 1997): 115-20.
81. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Success Makes Murphy 'Boss Hog,'" Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 11 (reprint from 22 February 1995); Daniel Roth, "The Ray Kroc of Pigsties," Forbes (13 October 1997): 115-20.
82. Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 335-60; Warrick and Stith, "Success Makes Murphy," 11; Roth, "Ray Kroc": James Jones, "Why Lease Sows?" North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, February 1971.
83. Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 335-60; Warrick and Stith, "Success Makes Murphy," 11; Roth, "Ray Kroc": James Jones, "Why Lease Sows?" North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, February 1971.
84. Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 335-60; Warrick and Stith, "Success Makes Murphy," 11; Roth, "Ray Kroc": James Jones, "Why Lease Sows?" North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, February 1971.
85. Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 335-60; Warrick and Stith, "Success Makes Murphy," 11; Roth, "Ray Kroc": James Jones, "Why Lease Sows?" North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service, February 1971.
86. Horwitz, Hog Ties, 98-111; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Corporate Takeovers," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 6 (reprint from 21 February 1995); United States Census of Agriculture, 1950, 1997.
87. Horwitz, Hog Ties, 98-111; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Corporate Takeovers," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 6 (reprint from 21 February 1995); United States Census of Agriculture, 1950, 1997.
88. Horwitz, Hog Ties, 98-111; Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Corporate Takeovers," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 6 (reprint from 21 February 1995); United States Census of Agriculture, 1950, 1997.
89. Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Jones and Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina."
90. Kelley, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina"; Jones and Clawson, "Raising Hogs in North Carolina."
91. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Smell of Money," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 14-15 (reprint from 26 February 1995); Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Murphy's Laws," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 9-10 (reprint from 22 February 1995); Robert Bullard, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990); Horwitz, Hog Ties, 110-11.
92. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Smell of Money," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 14-15 (reprint from 26 February 1995); Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Murphy's Laws," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 9-10 (reprint from 22 February 1995); Robert Bullard, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990); Horwitz, Hog Ties, 110-11.
93. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Smell of Money," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 14-15 (reprint from 26 February 1995); Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Murphy's Laws," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 9-10 (reprint from 22 February 1995); Robert Bullard, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990); Horwitz, Hog Ties, 110-11.
94. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "The Smell of Money," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 14-15 (reprint from 26 February 1995); Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "Murphy's Laws," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 9-10 (reprint from 22 February 1995); Robert Bullard, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990); Horwitz, Hog Ties, 110-11.
95. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "New Studies Show that Lagoons are Leaking," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 2-3 (reprint from 19 February 1995); Swine Odor Task Force, "Water Quality and the North Carolina Swine Industry," North Carolina Stale University, 10 March 1995, 1-3; Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood; Catherine Clabby, "Illness May be Linked to Neuse," Raleigh News and Observer, 12 March 1997, 1, 5; James Shiffer and Bob Williams, "Senate Talks of Extending Hog Ban," Raleigh News and Observer, 23 April 1999.
96. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "New Studies Show that Lagoons are Leaking," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 2-3 (reprint from 19 February 1995); Swine Odor Task Force, "Water Quality and the North Carolina Swine Industry," North Carolina Stale University, 10 March 1995, 1-3; Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood; Catherine Clabby, "Illness May be Linked to Neuse," Raleigh News and Observer, 12 March 1997, 1, 5; James Shiffer and Bob Williams, "Senate Talks of Extending Hog Ban," Raleigh News and Observer, 23 April 1999.
97. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "New Studies Show that Lagoons are Leaking," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 2-3 (reprint from 19 February 1995); Swine Odor Task Force, "Water Quality and the North Carolina Swine Industry," North Carolina Stale University, 10 March 1995, 1-3; Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood; Catherine Clabby, "Illness May be Linked to Neuse," Raleigh News and Observer, 12 March 1997, 1, 5; James Shiffer and Bob Williams, "Senate Talks of Extending Hog Ban," Raleigh News and Observer, 23 April 1999.
98. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "New Studies Show that Lagoons are Leaking," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 2-3 (reprint from 19 February 1995); Swine Odor Task Force, "Water Quality and the North Carolina Swine Industry," North Carolina Stale University, 10 March 1995, 1-3; Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood; Catherine Clabby, "Illness May be Linked to Neuse," Raleigh News and Observer, 12 March 1997, 1, 5; James Shiffer and Bob Williams, "Senate Talks of Extending Hog Ban," Raleigh News and Observer, 23 April 1999.
99. Joby Warrick and Pat Stith, "New Studies Show that Lagoons are Leaking," Raleigh News and Observer, 19 March 1995, 2-3 (reprint from 19 February 1995); Swine Odor Task Force, "Water Quality and the North Carolina Swine Industry," North Carolina Stale University, 10 March 1995, 1-3; Barker, And the Waters Turned to Blood; Catherine Clabby, "Illness May be Linked to Neuse," Raleigh News and Observer, 12 March 1997, 1, 5; James Shiffer and Bob Williams, "Senate Talks of Extending Hog Ban," Raleigh News and Observer, 23 April 1999.