Importance of structure in the longer-term dynamics of landscapes

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 105, Issue D15, 2000, Pages 20065-20075

  Shugart, H H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; VEGETATION STRUCTURE;

EID: 0033792333     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900096     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Aber, J. D., D. B. Botkin, and J. M. Melillo, Predicting the effects of differing harvest regimes on forest floor dynamics in northern hardwoods, Can. J. For. Res., 8, 306-315, 1978.
2. Acevedo, M. F., Tropical rain forest dynamics: A simple mathematical model, Tropical Ecology and Development, edited by J. I. Furtado, pp. 219-227, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1980.
3. Acevedo, M. F., On Horn's Markovian model of forest dynamics with particular reference to tropical forests, Theor. Population Biol., 19, 230-250, 1981.
4. Assmann, E., The Principles of Forest Yield Study, 506 pp., Pergamon, New York, 1970.
5. Atkinson, P. M., and F. M. Danson, Spatial resolution for remote sensing of forest plantations, in Proceedings of the IGARSS '88 Symposium, pp. 221-223, Eur. Space Agency Publ. Div., Paris, 1988.
6. Bonan, G. B., Environmental factors and ecological processes controling vegetation patterns in boreal forests, Landscape Ecol., 3, 111-130, 1989.
7. Bonan, G. B., Carbon and nitrogen cycling in North American boreal forests, I, Litter quality and soil thermal effects in interior Alaska, Biogeochem., 10, 1-28, 1990a.
8. Bonan, G. B., Carbon and nitrogen cycling in North American boreal forests, II, Biogeographic patterns, Can. J. For. Res., 20, 1077-1088, 1990b.
9. Bonan, G. B., and B. P. Hayden, Using a forest stand simulation model to examine the ecological and climatic significance of the late-Quaternary Pine/Spruce pollen Zone in eastern Virginia, Quat. Res., 33, 204-218, 1990.
10. Bonan, G. B., H. H. Shugart, and D. L. Urban, The sensitivity of some high-latitude boreal forests to climatic parameters, Clim. Change, 16, 9-29, 1990.
11. Bormann, F. H., and G. E. Likens, Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979.
12. Botkin, D. B., J. F. Janak, and J. R. Wallis, Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth, J. Ecol., 60, 849-872, 1972.
13. Box, E. O., Geographical dimensions of terrestrial net and gross primary productivity, Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 15, 305-322, 1978.
14. Brokaw, N. V. L., Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest, Ecology, 66, 682-687, 1985.
15. Bugmann, H., and P. Martin, How physics and biology matter in forest gap models, Clim. Change, 29, 251-257, 1995.
16. Bugmann, H., and A. M. Solomon, The use of a European forest model in North America: A study of ecosystem response to climate gradients, J. Biogeogr., 22, 477-484, 1995.
17. Bugmann, H., and A. M. Solomon, Explaining forest biomass and species composition across multiple biogeographical regions, Ecol. Appl., 10(1), 95-114, 2000.
18. Bugmann, H., X. Yan, M. T. Sykes, P. Martin, M. Lindner, P. V. Desanker, and S. G. Cumming, A comparison of forest gap models: Model structure and behaviour, Clim. Change, 34, 231-237, 1996.
19. Bugmann, H., R. Grote, P. Lasch, M. Lindner, and F. Suckow, A new forest gap model to study the effects of environmental change on forest structure and functioning, in Global Change Impacts on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems, edited by G. M. J. Mohren, K. Kramer, and S. Sabaté, pp. 255-261, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1997.
20. Busing, R. T., and E. E. C. Clebsch, Application of a spruce-fir forest canopy gap model, For. Ecol. Manage., 20, 151-169, 1987.
21. Cohen, W. B., and T. A. Spies, Estimating attributes of Douglas fir/ western hemlock forest stands from satellite imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 41, 1-18, 1992.
22. Cohen, W. B., T. A. Spies, and G. A. Bradshaw, Semivariograms of digital imagery for analysis of conifer canopy structure, Remote Sens. Environ., 34, 167-178, 1990.
23. Curran, P. J., The semivariogram in remote sensing, Remote Sens. Environ., 24, 493-507, 1988.
24. Dale, V. H., and M. A. Hemstrom, CLIMACS: A computer model of forest stand development for western Oregon and Washington, Res. Pap. PNW-327, U.S. Dep. of Agric./For. Serv., Washington, D. C., 1984.
25. Davis, M. B., and D. B. Botkin, Sensitivity of cool-temperate forests and their fossil pollen record to rapid temperature change, Quat. Res., 23, 327-340, 1985.
26. DeLiocourt, F., De l'Amenagement des Sapienieres, Bull. Soc. For. Franch-Conte Belfort, Besançon, France, 1898.
27. Develice, R. L., Test of a forest dynamics simulator in New Zealand, N. Z. J. Bot., 26, 387-392, 1988.
28. Doyle, T. W., The role of disturbance in the gap dynamics of a montane rain forest: An application of a tropical forest succession model, in Forest Succession: Concepts and Application, edited by D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, pp. 56-73, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981.
29. Dubayah, R., et al., The Vegetation Canopy Lidar Mission, in Land Satellite Information in the Next Decade II: Sources and Applications, pp. 100-112, ASPRS, Washington, D. C., 1997.
30. El Bayoumi, M. A., H. H. Shugart, and R. W. Wein, Modeling succession of the eastern Canadian mixed-wood forest, Ecol. Modell., 21, 175-198, 1984.
31. Gimingham, C. H., R. J. Hobbs, and A. U. Mallik, Community dynamics in relation to management of heathland vegetation in Scotland, Vegetatio, 46, 149-155, 1981.
32. Harper, J. L., Population Biology of Plants, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1977.
33. Hobbs, R. J., and C. J. Legg, Markov models and initial floristic composition in heathland vegetation dynamics, Vegetatio, 56, 31-43, 1983.
34. Horn, H. S., Forest succession, Sci. Am., 232, 90-98, 1975a.
35. Horn, H. S., Markovian properties of forest succession, in Ecology and Evolution in Communities, edited by M. L. Cody and J. M. Diamond, pp. 196-211, Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1975b.
36. Horn, H. S., Succession, in Theoretical Ecology, edited by R. M. May, pp. 187-204, Blackwell Sci., Malden, Mass., 1976.
37. Huntley, B., Studying global change - The contribution of Quaternary palynology, Global Planet. Change, 82, 53-61, 1990.
38. Hyppa, J., and M. Hallikainen, Applicability of airborne profile radar to forest inventory, Remote Sens. Environ., 57, 39-57, 1996.
39. Isagi, Y., and N. Nakagoshi, A Markov approach for describing postfire succession of vegetation, Ecol. Res., 5, 163-171, 1990.
40. Kercher, J. R., and M. C. Axelrod, A process model of fire ecology and succession in a mixed-conifer forest, Ecology, 65, 1725-1742, 1984.
41. Kienast, F., and N. Kuhn, Simulating forest succession along ecological gradients in southern central Europe, Vegetatio, 79, 7-20, 1989.
42. Knuchel, H., Planning and Control in the Managed Forest, 360 pp., Oliver and Boyd, White Plains, N. Y., 1953.
43. 2 fertilization: The great uncertainty in future vegetation development, in Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change, edited by A. M. Solomon and H. H. Shugart, pp. 53-70, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1993.
44. Leemans, R., and I. C. Prentice, Description and simulation of tree-layer composition and size distributions in a primaeval Picea-Pinus forest, Vegetatio, 69, 147-156, 1987.
45. Lefsky, M. A., D. Harding, G. Parker, and H. H. Shugart, Lidar remote sensing of forest canopy and stand attributes, Remote Sens. Environ., 67, 83-98, 1999a.
46. Lefsky, M. A., W. B. Cohen, S. A. Acker, G. C. Parker, T. A. Spies, and D. Harding, Lidar remote sensing of the canopy structure and biophysical properties of Douglas-fir Western Hemlock Forests, Remote Sens. Environ., 70, 339-361, 1999b.
47. Leith, H., Modeling the primary productivity of the world in Primary Productivity of the Biosphere, edited by H. Leith and R. H. Whittaker, pp. 237-263, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975.
48. Lindner, M., R. Sievänen, and H. Pretzsch, Improving the simulation of stand structure in a forest gap model through a flexible height growth function, For. Ecol. Manage., 95, 183-195, 1997a.
49. Lindner, M., H. Bugmann, P. Lasch, M. Flechsig, and W. Cramer, Regional impacts of climatic change on forests in the state of Brandenburg, Germany, Agr. For. Meteorol., 84, 123-135, 1997b.
50. Lippe, E., J. T. de Smidt, and D. C. Glenn-Lewin, Markov models and succession: A test from a heathland in The Netherlands, J. Ecol., 73, 775-791, 1985.
51. Mankin, J. B., R. V. O'Neill, H. H. Shugart, and B. W. Rust, The importance of validation in ecosystem analysis, in New Directions in the Analysis of Ecological Systems, Part I, edited by G. S. Innis, pp. 63-71, Simul. Counc. of Am., La Jolla, Calif., 1977.
52. Means, J. E., et al., Use of large footprint scanning airborne lidar to estimate stand characteristics in the western Cascades of Oregon, Remote Sens. Environ., 67, 298-308, 1999.
53. Meentenmeyer, V., Macroclimate and lignin control of litter decomposition rates, Ecology, 59, 465-472, 1978.
54. Menaut, J. C., J. Gignoux, C. Prado, and J. Clobert, Tree community dynamics in a humid savanna of the Côte-d'Ivoire: Modelling the effects of fire and competition with grass and neighbors, J. Biogeogr., 17, 471-481, 1990.
55. Meyer, H. A., Structure, growth and drain in balanced unevenaged forests, J. For., 50, 85-92, 1952.
56. Mielke, D. L., H. H. Shugart, and D. C. West, A stand model for upland forests of southern Arkansas, ORNL/TM-6225, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1978.
57. Nasset, E., Estimating timber volume using airborne laser scanner data, Remote Sens. Environ., 61, 246-253, 1997.
58. Nelson, R., R. Odewald, and T. G. Gregoire, The effects of fixed plot-area width on forest canopy height simulation, For. Sci., 44, 438-444, 1998.
59. Nilsson, M., Estimation of tree heights and stand volume using an airborne lidar system, Remote Sens. Environ., 56, 1-7, 1996.
60. O'Brien, S. T., B. P. Hayden, and H. H. Shugart, Global change, hurricanes, and a tropical forest, Clim. Change, 22, 175-190, 1992.
61. Oja, T., Metsa suktsessiooni ja tasandilise struktuuri imiteerimisest, Yearb. Estonian Nat. Soc., 69, 110-117, 1983.
62. Ojima, D. (Ed.), Modeling the Earth System, UCAR/Off. for Interdisciplinary Earth Stud., Boulder, Colo., 1992.
63. Overpeck, J. T., D. Rind, and R. Goldberg, Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation, Nature, 343, 51-53, 1990.
64. Pacala, S. W., C. D. Canham, and J. A. Silander Jr., Forest models defined by field measurements, I, The design of a northeastern forest simulator, Can. J. For. Res., 23, 1980-1988, 1993.
65. Palmer, M. W., Fractal geometry: A tool for describing spatial pattern of plant communities, Vegetation, 75, 91-102, 1988.
66. Parresol, B. R., Assessing tree and stand biomass: A review with examples and critical comparisons, For. Sci., 45, 573-593, 1999.
67. Pastor, J., and W. M. Post, Influences of climate, soil moisture, and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles, Biogeochemistry, 2, 3-27, 1986.
68. 2 induced climate change, Nature, 334, 55-58, 1988.
69. Pearlstine, L., H. McKellar, and W. Kitchens, Modeling the impacts of river diversion on bottomland forest communities in the Santee River Floodplain, South Carolina, Ecol. Modell., 29, 283-302, 1985.
70. Phipps, R. L., Simulation of wetlands forest dynamics, Ecol. Modell., 7, 257-288, 1977.
71. Robertson, G. P., Geostatistics in ecology: Interpolating with known variance, Ecology, 78, 340-355, 1987.
72. Rosenzweig, M. L., Net primary productivity of terrestrial communities: Prediction from climatological data, Am. Nat., 102, 67-74, 1968.
73. Running, S. W., R. R. Nemani, D. L. Peterson, L. E. Band, D. F. Potts, L. L. Peirce, and M. A. Spanner, Mapping regional forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis by coupling satellite data with ecosystem simulation, Ecology, 70, 1090-1101, 1989.
74. Sammi, J. C., Graphic stand tables, J. For., 67, 498-500, 1969.
75. Schenk, H. J., Modeling the effects of temperature on growth and persistence of tree species: A critical review of tree population models, Ecol. Modell., 92, 1-32, 1996.
76. Shao, G., Moisture-therm indices and optimum-growth modeling for the main species in Korean pine/deciduous mixed forests, Sci. Silvae Sin., 21, 21-27, 1991.
77. Shao, G., S. Zhao, and G. Zhao, Application of GIS in simulation of forested landscape communities: A case study in Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve, Chin. J. Appl. Ecol., 2, 103-107, 1991.
78. Shao, G., P. Schall, and J. F. Weishampel, Dynamic simulations of mixed broadleaved-Pinus koraiensis forests in the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve of China, For. Ecol. Manage., 70, 169-181, 1994.
79. Shugart, H. H., A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The Ecological Implications of Forest Succession Models, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.
80. Shugart, H. H., Terrestrial Ecosystems in Changing Environments, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1998.
81. Shugart, H. H., and W. R. Emanuel, Carbon dioxide increase: The implications at the ecosystem level, Plant Cell Environ., 8, 381-386, 1985.
82. Shugart, H. H., and I. R. Noble, A computer model of succession and fire response to the high altitude Eucalyptus forest of the Brindabella Range, Australian Capital Territory, Austr. J. Ecol., 6, 149-164, 1981.
83. Shugart, H. H., and D. C. West, Development of an Appalachian deciduous forest succession model and its application to assessment of the impact of the chestnut blight, J. Environ. Manage., 5, 161-179, 1977.
84. Shugart, H. H., and D. C. West, Forest succession models, BioScience, 30, 308-313, 1980.
85. Shugart, H. H., T. R. Crow, and J. M. Hett, Forest succession models: A rationale and methodology for modeling forest succession over large regions, For. Sci., 19, 203-212, 1973.
86. Shugart, H. H., M. S. Hopkins, I. P. Burgess, and A. T. Mortlock, The development of a succession model for subtropical rain forest and its application to assess the effects of timber harvest at Wiangaree State Forest, New South Wales, J. Environ. Manage., 11, 243-265, 1980.
87. Shugart, H. H., T. M. Smith, and W. M. Post, The application of individual-based simulation models for assessing the effects of global change, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 23, 15-38, 1992.
88. Shugart, H. H., W. R. Emanuel, and G. Shao, Models of forest structure for conditions of climatic change, Common. For. Rev., 75, 51-64, 1996.
89. Smith, T. M., and H. H. Shugart, The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate, Nature, 361, 523-526, 1993.
90. Smith, J. B., and D. A. Terpak (Eds.), The potential effects of global climate change on the U.S.: Appendix D - Forests, Off. of Policy, Plann. and Eval., U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, D. C., 1989.
91. Smith, T. M., and D. L. Urban, Scale and the resolution of forest structural pattern, Vegetatio, 74, 143-150, 1988.
92. Smith, T. M., H. H. Shugart, G. B. Bonan, and J. B. Smith, Modeling the potential response of vegetation to global climate change, Adv. Ecol. Res., 22, 93-116, 1992.
93. Solomon, A. M., Comparison of taxon calibrations, modern analog techniques, and forest-stand simulation models for the quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation: A critique, Earth Surface Process Landforms, 11, 681-685, 1986a.
94. 2-induced climate change: Simulation experiments in eastern North America, Oecologia, 68, 567-79, 1986b.
95. Solomon, A. M., and H. H. Shugart, Integrating forest-stand simulations with paleoecological records to examine long-term forest dynamics, in State and Change of Forest Ecosystems: Indicators in Current Research, edited by G. I. Årgren, pp. 333-357, Rep. 13, Swed. Univ. of Agric. Sci., Upsalla, 1984.
96. Solomon, A. M., and T. Webb III, Computer-aided reconstruction of late Quaternary landscape dynamics, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 16, 63-84, 1985.
97. Solomon, A. M., H. R. Delcourt, D. C. West, and T. J. Blasing, Testing a simulation model for reconstruction of prehistoric forest-stand dynamics, Quat. Res., 14, 275-293, 1980.
98. Solomon, A. M., D. C. West, and J. A. Solomon, Simulating the role of climate change and species immigration in forest succession, in Forest Succession: Concepts and Application, edited by D. C. West, H. H. Shugart, and D. B. Botkin, pp. 154-177, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981.
99. Spies, T. A., and J. F. Franklin, Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, Ecology, 70, 543-545, 1989.
100. Spies, T. A., J. F. Franklin, and M. Klopsch, Gap characteristics and vegetation response in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, Ecology, 70, 543-545, 1990.
101. Spurr, S. H., Forest Inventory, 476 pp., Ronald Press, New York, 1952.
102. Tharp, M. L., Modeling major perturbations on a forest ecosystem, M.S. thesis, Univ. of Tenn., Knoxville, 1978.
103. Turner, M. G., V. H. Dale, and R. H. Gardner, Predicting across scales: Theory development and testing, Landscape Ecol., 3, 245-252, 1989a.
104. Turner, M. G., R. V. O'Neill, R. H. Gardner, and B. T. Milne, Effects of changing spatial scale on the analysis of landscape pattern, Landscape Ecol., 2, 153-162, 1989b.
105. Urban, D. L., and H. H. Shugart, Individual-based models of forest succession, in Plant Succession: Theory and Prediction, edited by D. C. Glenn-Lewin, R. K. Peet, and T. T. Veblen, pp. 249-293, Chapman and Hall, New York, 1992.
106. Urban, D. L., G. B. Bonan, T. M. Smith, and H. H. Shugart, Spatial applications of gap models, For. Ecol. Manage., 42, 95-110, 1991.
107. van Daalen, J. C., and H. H. Shugart, OUTENIQUA - A computer model to simulate succession in the mixed evergreen forests of the southern Cape, South Africa, Landscape Ecol., 24, 255-267, 1989.
108. van Hulst, R., On the dynamics of vegetation: Succession in model communities, Vegetatio, 39, 85-96, 1979.
109. Waggoner, P. E., and G. R. Stephens, Transition probabilities for a forest, Nature, 225, 93-114, 1971.
110. Weins, J. A., Spatial scaling in ecology, Functional Ecol., 3, 385-397, 1989.
111. Weinstein, D. A., and H. H. Shugart, Ecological modelling of landscape dynamics, in Disturbance and Ecosystems, edited by H. A. Mooney and M. Godron, pp. 29-45, Springer-Verlas, New York, 1983.
112. Weishampel, J. F., D. L. Urban, H. H. Shugart, and J. B. Smith, A comparison of semivariograms from a forest transect gap model and remotely sensed data, J. Vegetation Sci., 3, 521-526, 1992.
113. Weishampel, J. F., K. J. Ranson, and D. A. Harding, Remote sensing of forest canopies, Selbyana, 17, 6-14, 1996.
114. 2 from pre-industrial levels, Nature, 327, 617-618, 1987.