Free radical pathways in CNS injury

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 17, Issue 10, 2000, Pages 871-890

  Lewen A ^a   Matz, P ^a   Chan, P H ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Cell death; Hydrogen peroxide; Hydroxyl radical; Necrosis; Nitric oxide; RNS; ROS; Superoxide; TBI

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CASPASE; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; CYTOCHROME C; FREE RADICAL; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PHOSPHOLIPASE; PROTEIN BCL 2; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR;

APOPTOSIS; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LIPID OXIDATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW;

EID: 0033789565     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2000.17.871     Document Type: Review

References (230)

1. Bcl-2 protects from oxidative damage and apoptotic cell death without interfering with activation of NF-kappa B by TNF
2. The use of salicylate hydroxylation to detect hydroxyl radical generation in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Reversal by tirilazad mesylate (U-74006F)
3. Effect of a superoxide dismutase derivative on cold-induced brain edema
4. Removal of serum from primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons induces oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation: Protection with antioxidants and glutamate receptor antagonists
5. Oxidative stress following traumatic brain injury in rats
6. Impaired mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and altered antioxidant enzyme activities following traumatic spinal cord injury
7. Lipid peroxidation in experimental spinal cord injury: Time-level relationship
8. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide
9. Changes of biological reducing activity in rat brain following closed head injury: A cyclic voltammetry study in normal and heat-acclimated rats
10. Identification of hypoxanthine transport and xanthine oxidase activity in brain capillaries
11. Superoxide production in rat hippocampal neurons: Selective imaging with hydroethidine
12. Free radical-induced lipoperoxidation and severe head injury. A clinical study
13. The relationship between excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in the central nervous system
14. Reduced fertility and postischaemic brain injury in mice deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A2
15. Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation
16. Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmoduline-requiring enzyme
17. Altered neuronal an microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors
18. Cytochrome c release and caspase activation in traumatic axonal injury
19. Early redox changes during rat thymocyte apoptosis
20. Superoxide in apoptosis. Mitochondrial generation triggered by cytochrome c loss
21. Protection against oxidative damage to CNS by alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) and other spin-trapping agents: A novel series of nonlipid free radical scavengers
22. The parkinsonian neurotoxin MPP+ opens the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and releases cytochrome c in isolated mitochondria via an oxidative mechanism
23. SOD-1 transgenic mice as a model for studies of neuroprotection in stroke and brain trauma
24. Transgenic mice and knockout mutants in the study of oxidative stress in brain injury
25. Brain infarction is not reduced in SOD-1 transgenic mice after a permanent focal cerebral ischemia
26. Overexpression of SOD1 in transgenic rats protects vulnerable neurons against ischemic damage after global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion
27. Protective effects of liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase on posttraumatic brain edema
28. Cold-induced brain edema and infarction are reduced in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase
29. Effects of moderate hypothermia on constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities after traumatic brain injury in the rat
30. Oxidative mechanisms involved in kainate-induced cytotoxicity in cortical neurons
31. DNA damage and repair in central nervous system injury: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Workshop Summary
32. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cerebrovascular smooth muscle and neutrophils after traumatic brain injury in immature rats
33. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in the cerebral microvasculature after traumatic brain injury in the rat
34. Apoptotic morphology of dentate gyrus granule cells following experimental cortical impact injury in rats: Possible role in spatial memory deficits
35. Delayed, selective neuronal death following experimental cortical impact injury in rats: Possible role in memory deficits
36. Experimental brain injury induces regionally distinct apoptosis during the acute and delayed post-traumatic period
37. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures
38. Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NADPH-diaphorase are identical in brain and peripheral tissue
39. Brain injury after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia is exacerbated in copper/zinc superoxide dismutase transgenic mice
40. Increased free radical production due to subdural hematoma in the rat: Effect of increased inspired oxygen fraction
41. Very delayed infarction after mild focal cerebral ischemia: A role for apoptosis?
42. Effect of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-alphaphenylnitrone on protein oxidation and life span
43. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species in cortical neurons following exposure to N-methyl-D-aspartate
44. APE/Ref-1 responses to ischemia in rat brain
45. Intracellular ATP levels determine cell death by apoptosis or necrosis
46. Caspase pathways, neuronal apoptosis and CNS injury
47. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase activation and peroxynitrite formation in ischemic stroke linked to neural damage
48. A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD
49. Stroke protection by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase inhibitors mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase
50. Transgenic mice with increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity: Animal model of dosage effects in Down syndrome
51. The 21-aminosteroid U-74389G reduces cerebral superoxide anion concentration following fluid percussion injury of the brain
52. The role of exitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury
53. Reduction of post-traumatic brain injury and free radical production by inhibition of the caspase-1 cascade
54. Mitochondrial participation in ischemic and traumatic neuronal cell death
55. Use of salicylate with high pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection (LCED) as a sensitive measure of hydroxyl free radical in adriamycin-treated rats
56. Sensitive assay of hydroxyl free radical formation utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of phenol and salicylate hydroxylation products
57. Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase
58. Superoxide dismutases
59. Early decrease of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice
60. Manganese superoxide dismutase mediates the early release of mitochondrial cytochrome C and subsequent DNA fragmentation after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice
61. Cytosolic redistribution of cytochrome c after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats
62. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase prevents the early decrease of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease and subsequent DNA fragmentation after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice
63. The cytosolic antioxidant copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase prevents the early release of mitochondrial cytochrome c in ischemic brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice
64. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase transgenic brain accumulates hydrogen peroxide after perinatal hypoxia ischemia
65. Apoptotic vs. nonapoptotic cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide
66. Early appearance of activated matrix metalloproteinase-9 after focal cerebral ischemia in mice: A possible role in blood-brain barrier dysfunction
67. Mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase stimulation causes cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria. Evidence for intramitochondrial peroxynitrite formation
68. Glutamate release and free radical production following brain injury: Effects of posttraumatic hypothermia
69. Transgenic animal methodologies and their applications
70. The antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and catalase increase following traumatic brain injury in the rat
71. Bcl-2 family gene products in cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury
72. 2,3-Dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-ols as analogues of alpha-tocopherol that inhibit in vitro and ex vivo lipid autoxidation and protect mice against central nervous system trauma
73. Aromatic hydroxylation as a potential measure of hydroxyl-radical formation in vivo
74. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and nitric oxide synthase-2 following cerebral trauma
75. Differential requirement for caspase 9 in apoptotic pathways in vivo
76. Effects of the 21-aminosteroid U74006F on posttraumatic spinal cord ischemia in cats
77. Effect of the 21-aminosteroid U74006F on experimental head injury in mice
78. High-dose glucocorticoid treatment improves neurological recovery in head-injured mice
79. Beneficial effects of acute intravenous ibuprofen on neurological recovery of head-injured mice: Comparison of cyclooxygenase inhibition with inhibition of tromboxane A2 synthetase or 5-lipooxygenase
80. The role of oxygen radicals in traumatic injury: Clinical implications
81. Brain hydroxyl radical generation in acute experimental head injury
82. U-78517F: A potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation with activity in experimental brain injury and ischemia
83. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced changes in membrane proteins and lipids of gerbil cortical synaptosomes
84. Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system
85. The effect of postinjury administration of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase (pegorgotein, Dismutec) or lidocaine on behavioral function following fluid-percussion brain injury in rats
86. Alteration of protein kinase C activity after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice using in vitro [(3)H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate binding autoradiography
87. Reduced brain edema and infarction volume in mice lacking the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase after transient MCA occlusion
88. Targeted disruption of the bcl-2 gene in mice exacerbates focal ischemic brain injury
89. Trauma-induced increase of extracellular ascorbate in rat cerebral cortex
90. Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death
91. Neuronal NADPH diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase
92. The time course and regional variations of lipid peroxidation after diffuse brain injury in rats
93. Enlarged infarcts in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice are attenuated by nitro-L-arginine
94. Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase
95. 2 in vitro
96. Delayed reduction of ischemic brain injury and neurological deficits in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene
97. Effect of superoxide dismutase in cats with cold-induced edema
98. Oxygen-free radicals in traumatic brain oedema
99. Comparative effects of direct and indirect hydroxyl radical scavengers on traumatic brain oedema
100. The molecular basis of brain injury and brain edema: The role of oxygen free radicals
101. Liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase reduces cerebral infarction in cerebral ischemia in rats
102. Time-level relationship for lipid peroxidation and the protective effect of alpha-tocopherol in experimental mild and severe brain injury
103. Synaptic remodeling and free radical formation after brain contusion injury in the rat
104. Bax directly induces release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria
105. Expression of c-fos mRNA after a mild focal cerebral ischemia in SOD-1 transgenic mice
106. Prolonged expression of hsp70 mRNA following transient focal cerebral ischemia in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase
107. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on brain infarction in SOD-1-transgenic mice following transient focal cerebral ischemia
108. Bcl-2 inhibition of neural death: Decreased generation of reactive oxygen species
109. Antioxidant, OPC-14117, attenuates edema formation and behavioral deficits following cortical contusion in rats
110. Reduction of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease expression after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats: Implication of the failure of DNA repair in neuronal apoptosis
111. Exacerbation of delayed cell injury after transient global ischemia in mutant mice with CuZn superoxide dismutase deficiency
112. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents neural apoptosis and reduces ischemic brain injury: Suppression of peroxynitrite production, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction
113. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, impairs glutamate transport and mitochondrial function in synaptosomes
114. Attenuation of focal cerebral ischemic injury in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn superoxide dismutase
115. Amelioration of hippocampal neuronal damage after global ischemia by neuronal overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice
116. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry identifies isolated endothelial cells at sites of traumatic injury in the adult rat brain
117. Lipid peroxidation and oedema in experimental brain injury: Comparison of treatment with methylprednisolone, tirilazad mesylate and vitamin E
118. Expression of hsp70 mRNA is induced in the brain of transgenic mice overexpressing human CuZn-superoxide dismutase following transient global cerebral ischemia
119. Reduction of CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity exacerbates neuronal cell injury and edema formation after transient focal cerebral ischemia
120. Edema formation exacerbates neurological and histological outcomes after focal cerebral ischemia in CuZn-superoxide dismutase gene knockout mutant mice
121. Oxygen radicals in brain injury
122. Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123
123. Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization: Role of coenzyme Q redox state
124. Mitochondrial damage induced by conditions of oxidative stress
125. Reduced apoptosis and cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in mice lacking caspase 9
126. NMDA-dependent superoxide production and neurotoxicity
127. Overexpression of Bcl-2 with herpes simplex virus vectors protects CNS neurons against neurological insults in vitro and in vivo
128. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in membrane phospholipid breakdown and energy perturbation after traumatic brain injury in the rat
129. Temporal profile of in situ DNA fragmentation after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat
130. Dilated cardiomyopathy and neonatal lethality in mutant mice lacking manganese superoxide dismutase
131. Graded ATP depletion can cause necrosis or apoptosis of cultured mouse proximal tubular cells
132. Elevation of hydrogen peroxide after spinal cord injury detected by using the Fenton reaction
133. Superoxide production after spinal injury detected by microperfusion of cytochrome c
134. Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: Requirments for dATP and cytochrome c
135. Temporal correlation mapping analysis of the hemodynamic penumbra in mutant mice deficient in endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression
136. Deferoxamine improves spatial memory performance following experimental brain injury in rats
137. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase potentiates hypertension and increases mortality in traumatically brain-injured rats
138. A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats. Part I: Pathophysiology and biomechanics
139. Overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia
140. Evidence for apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage in rat striatum
141. Subarachnoid hemolysate produces DNA fragmentation in a pattern similar to apoptosis in mouse brain
142. Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury
143. Mitochondrial DNA deletions in acute brain injury
144. The novel 21-aminosteroid U74006F attenuates cerebral edema and improves survival after brain injury in the rat
145. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is increased in Alzheimer's disease
146. Attenuation of acute and chronic damage following traumatic brain injury in copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase transgenic mice
147. Expression of c-fos and hsp70 mRNA after traumatic brain injury in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase
148. Loss of essential membrane lipids and ascorbic acid from rat brain following cryogenic injury and protection by methylprednisolone
149. Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology
150. Antioxidant, OPC-14117, attenuates edema formation, and subsequent tissue damage following cortical contusion in rats
151. Overexpression of copper and zinc superoxide dismutase in transgenic mice prevents the induction and activation of matrix metalloproteinases after cold injury-induced brain trauma
152. Improving the outcome of severe head injury with the oxygen radical scavenger polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase: A phase II trial
153. Overexpression of CuZn-superoxide dismutase reduces hippocampal injury after global ischemia in transgenic mice
154. Mitochondrial susceptibility to oxidative stress exacerbates cerebral infarction that follows permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mutant mice with manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency
155. Mitochondria in neurodegeneration: Bioenergetic function in cell life and death
156. The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 ameliorates ischemic brain injury in wild-type mice but not in mice with deletion of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene
157. Overexpression of Bcl-2 is neuroprotective after experimental brain injury in transgenic mice
158. Activation and cleavage of caspase-3 in apoptosis induced by experimental cerebral ischemia
159. Bax interacts with the permeability transition pore to induce permeability transition and cytochrome c release in isolated mitochondria
160. Changes in cortical extracellular levels of energy-related metabolites and amino acids following concussive brain inury in rats
161. Detection of lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl radicals in brain contusion of rats
162. Interaction between inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 after cerebral ischemia
163. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction
164. Oxidative damage to brain proteins, loss of glutamine synthetase activity, and production of free radicals during ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to gerbil brain
165. Localization of extracellular superoxide dismutase in adult mouse brain
166. Cold-induced brain edema in mice. Involvement of extracellular superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide
167. Attenuated hippocampal damage after global cerebral ischemia in mice mutant in neuronal nitric oxide synthase
168. Overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 is neuroprotective in a model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in transgenic mice
169. Requirement for superoxide in excitotoxic cell death
170. Excitatory amino acid release and free radical formation may cooperate in the genesis of ischemia-induced neuronal damage
171. Reduction of traumatic brain injury-induced cerebral oedema by a free radical scavenger
172. N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonists and apoptotic cell death triggered by head trauma in developing rat brain
173. Interrelationship between the functional state of the central nervous system and lipid peroxidation level in brain following craniocerebral trauma
174. BCL-2 overexpression attenuates cortical cell loss after traumatic brain injury in transgenic mice
175. Fluorometric assay of nitrite and nitrate in brain tissue after traumatic brain injury and cerebral ischemia
176. Evidence of apoptotic cell death after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat
177. Progesterone protects against lipid peroxidation following traumatic brain injury in rats
178. Effects of mild hypothermia on nitric oxide synthesis following contusion trauma in the rat
179. Thiol-mediated redox regulation of apoptosis. Possible roles of cellular thiols other than glutathione in T cell apoptosis
180. Differential acute and chronic responses of tumor necrosis factor-deficient mice to experimental brain injury
181. Inactivation of mammalian brain glutamine synthetase by oxygen radicals
182. Peroxynitrite production and activation of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) synthetase in spinal cord injury
183. Oxypurinol inhibits free radical release from the cerebral cortex of closed head injured rats
184. alpha-Phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone inhibits free radical release in brain concussion
185. NMDA-induced superoxide production and neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons: Role of mitochondria
186. Mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase have increased resistance to focal cerebral ischemia
187. Attenuated neurotransmitter release and spreading depression-like depolarizations after focal ischemia in mutant mice with disrupted type I nitric oxide synthase gene
188. Oxidative stress in closed-head injury: Brain antioxidant capacity as an indicator of functional outcome
189. Closed head injury in the rat induces whole body oxidative stress: Overall reducing antioxidant profile
190. Basic mechanisms of traumatic brain damage
191. Mechanisms of secondary brain injury
192. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice
193. Regulation of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and its receptor type 1 after traumatic brain injury: Comparison with brain derived neurotrophic factor and the induction of neuronal cell death
194. Ordering the cytochrome c-initiated caspase cascade: Hierarchical activation of caspases-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, and -10 in a caspase-9-dependent manner
195. Direct measurement of hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, and blood-brain barrier disruption following unilateral cortical impact head injury in the rat
196. Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c corresponds to the selective vulnerability of hippocampal CA1 neurons in rats after transient global ischemia
197. Exacerbation of damage and altered NF-kappaB activation in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor receptors after traumatic brain injury
198. Cerebral uric acid increases following experimental traumatic brain injury in rat
199. Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells
200. Formation of 4-hydroxy-2-noneal-modified proteins in the renal proximal tubules of rats treated with a renal carcinogen, ferric nitrilotriacetate
201. Changes of cerebral energy metabolism and lipid peroxidation in rats leading to mitochondrial dysfunction after diffuse brain injury
202. Excretion of hydrogen peroxide in human urine
203. Early treatment with a novel inhibitor of lipid peroxidation (LY341122) improves histopathological outcome after moderate fluid percussion brain injury in rats
204. Effects of L-NAME and 7-NI on NOS catalytic activity and behavioral outcome after traumatic brain injury in the rat
205. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression after traumatic brain injury and neuroprotection with aminoguanidine treatment in rats
206. Ischemic stroke injury is reduced in mice lacking a functional NADPH oxidase
207. NADPH-diaphorase activity in activated astrocytes represents inducible nitric oxide synthase
208. Differential effects of Bcl-2 overexpression on hippocampal CA1 neurons and dentate granule cells following hypoxic ischemia in adult mice
209. Overexpression of human glutathione peroxidase protects transgenic mice against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion damage
210. Superoxide dismutase organelle specificity
211. Reduction of cognitive and motor deficits after traumatic brain injury in mice deficient in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
212. Effect of traumatic brain injury in mice deficient in intercellular adhesion molecule-1: Assessment of histopathologic and functional outcome
213. Reduced brain edema after traumatic brain injury in mice deficient in P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-l
214. Neuron-specific transgene expression of Bcl-XL but not Bcl-2 genes reduced lesion size after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice
215. U83836E reduces secondary brain injury in a rabbit model of cryogenic trauma
216. Expression of nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) in injured CNS neurons as shown by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry
217. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is induced in spinal neurons by traumatic injury
218. Cloning and characterization of inducible nitric oxide synthase from mouse macrophages
219. Mitochondrial dysfunction after experimental traumatic brain injury: Combined efficacy of SNX-111 and U-101033E
220. Xanthine oxidase in experimental spinal cord injury
221. Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persist longer than nuclear DNA damage in humans cells following oxidative stress
222. Activation of CPP32-like caspases contributes to neuronal apoptosis and neurological dysfunction after traumatic brain injury
223. The hydroxyl radical scavenger Nicaraven inhibits glutamate release after spinal injury in rats
224. Human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase transgenic mice are highly resistant to reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia
225. Peripheral nerve graft and neurotrophic factors enhance neuronal survival and expression of nitric oxide synthase in Clarke's nucleus after hemisection of the spinal cord in adult rat
226. Effects of pegorgotein on neurologic outcome of patients with severe head injury. A multicenter, randomized controlled trial
227. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase mutant mice show smaller infarcts and attenuated apparent diffusion coefficient changes in the peri-infarct zone during focal cerebral ischemia
228. Time course of energy perturbation after compression trauma to the spinal cord: An experimental study in the rat using microdialysis
229. Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in cytochrome c-dependent activation of caspase-3