Meridional distribution of hydroperoxides and formaldehyde in the marine boundary layer of the Atlantic (48°N-35°S) measured during the Albatross campaign

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 105, Issue D11, 2000, Pages 14401-14412

  Weller, R ^a   Schrems, O ^a   Boddenberg, A ^b   Gab S ^b   Gautrois, M ^c  

^a ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WUPPERTAL   (Germany)

^c FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY LAYER; FORMALDEHYDE; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0033785707     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901145     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Arlander, D.W., D. Brüning, U. Schmidt, and D.H. Ehhalt, The tropospheric distribution of formaldehyde during TROPOZ II, J. Atmos. Chem., 22, 251-268, 1995.
2. Alkinson, R., D.L. Baulch, R.A. Cox, R.F. Hampson Jr, J.A. Kerr, and J. Troe, Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement III, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 881, 1989.
3. Atkinson, R., D.L. Baulch, R.A. Cox, R.F. Hampson Jr, J.A. Kerr, and J. Troe, Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement IV. IFUAC subcommittee on gas kinetic data evaluation for atmospheric chemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 1125-1568, 1992.
4. Ayers, G.P., S.A. Penkett, R.W. Gillett, B. Bandy, I.E. Galbally, C.P. Meyer, C.M. Elsworth, S.T. Bentley, and B.W. Forgan, The annual cycle of peroxides and ozone in marine air at Cape Grim, Tasmania, J. Atmos. Chem., 23, 221-252, 1996.
5. Ayers, G.P., R.W. Gillett, C. de Serves, and R.A. Cox, Formaldehyde production in clean marine air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 401-404, 1997.
6. Barth, M.C., D.A. Hegg, P.V. Hobbs, J.G. Walega, G.L. Kok, B.G. Heikes, and A.L. Lazrus, Measurements of atmospheric gas-phase and aqueous-phase hydrogen peroxide concentrations in winter on the east coast of the United States, Tellus, Ser. B, 41, 61-69, 1989.
7. Bonsang, B., C. Polle, and G. Lambert, Evidence for marine production of isoprene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1129-1132, 1992.
8. Burrows, J.P., P.J. Crutzen, G.W. Harris, D. Klemp, T.J. Johnson, D. Perner, F.G. Wiehold, and T. Zenker, Messungen troposphärischer Spurengase mittels Dioden-Laser-Spektroskopie, BMFT Proj. 0744112, pp. 1-34, Bundesminist. für Forsch. und Technol., Bonn, Germany, 1991.
9. Calvert, J.G., and W.R. Stockwell, Acid generation in the troposphere by gas phase chemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 428A-443A, 1983.
10. Claiborn, C.S., and V.P. Aneja, Measurements of atmospheric hydrogen peroxide in the gas phase and in cloud water at Mount Mitchell, North Carolina, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18,771-18,787, 1991.
11. Cohan, S.D., M.G. Schultz, D.J. Jacob, B.G. Heikes, and D.R. Blake, Convective injection and photochemical decay of peroxides in the tropical upper troposphere: Methyl iodide as a tracer of marine convection, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5717-5724, 1999.
12. Cramer, G.L., J.F. Miller, R.B. Pendelton, and W.E.M. Lande, Iodometric measurements of lipid hydroperoxides in human plasma, Anal. Biochem., 193, 204-211, 1991.
13. Crutzen, P.J., and P.H. Zimmermann, The changing photochemistry of the troposphere, Tellus, Ser. AB, 43, 136-151, 1991.
14. Dasgupta, P.K., S. Dong, H. Hwang, H.-C. Yang, and Z. Genfa, Continuous liquid-phase fluorometry coupled to a diffusion scrubber for real-time determination of atmospheric formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and sulfur dioxide, Atmos. Environ., 22, 949-963, 1988.
15. Deacon, E.L., Gas transfer to and across an air-water interface, Tellus, 29, 363-374, 1977.
16. DeMore, W.B., S.P. Sander, D.M. Golden, R.F. Hampson, M.J. Kurylo, C.J. Howard, A.R. Ravishankara, C.E. Kolb, and M.J. Molina, Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, Evaluation number 11, JPL Publ., 94-26, 1, 1994.
17. Gilge, S., D. Kley, and A. Volz-Thomas, Messungen von Wasserstoffperoxid und organischen Hydroperoxiden am Schauinsland im Schwarzwald - Ein Beitrag zur Charakterisierung der limitierenden Faktoren bei der Ozonproduktion, Ber. Forsch. Jülich 2998, Forsch. Jülich, Jülich, Germany, 1994.
18. Harris, G.W., D. Klemp, T. Zenker, and J.P. Burrows, Tunable diode laser measurements of trace gases during the 1988 Polarstern cruise and intercomparison with other methods, J. Atmos. Chem., 15, 315-326, 1992.
19. Heikes, B.G., Formaldehyde and hydroperoxides at Mauna Loa Observatory, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18,001-18,013, 1992.
20. 2 measurements in the lower troposphere over the eastern United States during fall, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 915-931, 1987.
21. Heikes, B.G., M. Lee, D. Jacob, R. Talbot, J. Bradshaw, H. Singh, D. Blake, B. Anderson, H. Fuelberg, and A.M. Thompson, Ozone, hydroperoxides, oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbon budgets in the marine boundary layer over the South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24,221-24,234, 1996.
22. Hellpointner, E., and S. Gäb, Detection of methyl, hydroxymethyl and hydroxyethyl hydroperoxides in air and precipitation, Nature, 337, 631-634, 1989.
23. Jacob, P. and D. Klockow, Hydrogen peroxide concentration variations in the marine tropospheric atmosphere, in Physico-Chemical Behavior of Atmospheric Pollutants, edited by G. Restelli and G. Angeletti, pp. 638-643, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1990.
24. 2 using molecular modulation spectroscopy, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2(84), 913-930, 1988.
25. Junkermann, W., and W.R. Stockwell, On the budget of photooxidants in the marine boundary layer of the tropical South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8039-8046, 1999.
26. 2 reaction, J. Phys. Chem., 84, 3411-3417, 1980.
27. Kleindienst, T.E., et al., Comparison of techniques for measurement of ambient levels of hydrogen peroxide, Environ. Sci. Technol., 22, 53-61, 1988.
28. x tropospheric photochemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16,831-16,838, 1994.
29. Kley, D., P.J. Crutzen, H.G.J. Smit, H. Vömel, S.J. Oltmans, H. Grassl, and V. Ramanathan, Observations of near-zero ozone concentrations over the convective Pacific: Effects on air chemistry, Science, 274, 230-233, 1996.
30. Lazrus, A.L., G.L. Kok, S.N. Gittin, J.A. Lind, and S. McLaren, Automated fluorometric method for hydrogen peroxide in atmospheric precipitation, Anal. Chem., 57, 917-922, 1985.
31. Lee, M., B.G. Heikes, D.J. Jacob, G. Sachse, and B. Anderson, Hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxide, and formaldehyde as primary pollutants from biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1301-1309, 1997.
32. Lelieveld, J., and P.J. Crutzen, The role of clouds in tropospheric photochemistry, J. Atmos. Chem., 12, 229-267, 1991
33. Lightfoot, P.D., R.A. Cox, J.N. Crowley, M. Destriau, G.D. Hayman, M.E. Jenkin, G.K. Moortgat, and F. Zabel, Organic peroxy radicals: Kinetics, spectroscopy and tropospheric chemistry, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 26, 1805-1961, 1992.
34. Lind, J.A., and G.L. Kok, Henry's law determination for aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide, and peroxyacetic acid, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 7889-7895, 1986.
35. Lind, J.A., and G.L. Kok, Correction to Henry's law determination for aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide, and peroxyacetic acid, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 21,119, 1994.
36. Liss, P.S., and L. Merlivat, Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and Synthesis in The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, edited by P. Buat-Ménard, pp 113-127, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1986.
37. Logan, J.A., M.J. Prather, S.C. Wofsy, and M.B. McElroy, Tropospheric chemistry: A global perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7210-7254, 1981.
38. Lowe, D.C., and U. Schmidt, Formaldehyde (HCHO) measurements in the nonurban atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,844-10,858, 1983.
39. Martin, D., M. Tsivou, B. Bonsang, C. Abonnel, T. Carsey, M. Springer-Young, A. Pszenny, and K. Suhre, Hydrogen peroxide in the marine boundary layer during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange experiment in the eastern North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6003-6015, 1997.
40. McFarland, M., D. Kley, J.W. Drummond, A.L. Schmeltekopf, and R.H. Winkler, Nitric oxide measurements in the equatorial Pacific region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 605-608, 1979.
41. Penkett, S.A., P.S. Monks, L.J. Carpenter, K.C. Clemitshaw, G.P. Ayers, R.W. Gillet, I.E. Galbally, and C.P. Meyer, Relationship between ozone photolysis rates and peroxy radical concentrations in clean marine air over the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12,805-12,817, 1997.
42. Platt, U., J. Rudolph, T. Brauers, and G.W. Harris, Atmospheric measurements during Polarstern cruise ANT VII/1, 54° N to 32° S: An overview, J. Atmos. Chem., 15, 203-214, 1992.
43. 2 mixing ratios measured between 30° N and 30° S in the Atlantic region, J. Atmos. Chem., 15, 253-268, 1992.
44. Singh, H.B., and P.B. Zimmermann, Atmospheric distribution and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons, in Gaseous Pollutants: Characterization and Cycling, edited by J.O. Nriagu, pp. 177-235, John Wiley, New York, 1992.
45. Singh, H.B. et al., Low ozone in the marine boundary layer of the tropical Pacific Ocean: Photochemical loss, chlorine atoms, and entrainment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1907-1917, 1996.
46. Slemr, F., and H.G. Tremmel, Hydroperoxides in the marine troposphere over the Atlantic Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 371-404, 1994.
47. Staffelbach, T., A. Neftel, B. Stauffer and D. Jacob, A record of the atmospheric methane sink from formaldehyde in polar ice cores, Nature, 349, 603-605, 1991.
48. Staffelbach, T., A. Neftel, and P.K. Dasgupta, Artifact peroxides produced during cryogenic sampling of ambient air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2605-2608, 1995.
49. Staffelbach, T., G.L. Kok, B.G. Heikes, B. McCully, G.I. Mackay, D.R. Karecki, and H.I. Schiff, Comparison of hydroperoxide measurements made during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment 2, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,729-14,739, 1996.
50. Thompson, A.M., The oxidizing capacity of the Earth's atmosphere: Probable past and future changes, Science, 256, 1157-1165, 1992.
51. 4 increase since the Last Glacial Maximum, 2, Interactions with oxidants, Tellus, Ser. B, 45, 242-357, 1993a.
52. Thompson, A.M., et al., Ozone observations and a model of marine boundary layer photochemistry during SAGA 3, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,955-16,968, 1993b.
53. Torres, A.L., and A.M. Thompson, Nitric oxide in the equatorial pacific boundary layer: SAGA 3 Measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,949-16,954, 1993.
54. 3OOH, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 1948-1959, 1989.
55. 2 in the marine troposphere and seawater of the Atlantic Ocean (48° N-63° S), Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 125-128, 1993.
56. Weller, R., and O. Schrems, Photooxidants in the marine Arctic troposphere in summer, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9139-9147, 1996.
57. Weller, R., R. Lilischkis, O. Schrems, R. Neuber, and S. Wessel, Vertical ozone distribution in the marine atmosphere over the central Atlantic Ocean (56° S-50° N), J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1387-1399, 1996.
58. Williams, H. R. and H.S. Mosher, Organic peroxides, I, n-Alkyl hydroperoxides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76, 2984-2987, 1954.
59. Zafiriou, O.C., J. Alford, M. Herrera, E.T. Peltzer, R.G. Gagosian, and S.C. Liu, Formaldehyde in remote marine air: Flux measurements and estimates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 341-344, 1980.
60. Zhou, X., Y.-N. Lee, L. Newman, X. Chen, and K. Mopper, Tropospheric formaldehyde concentration at the Mauna Loa Observatory during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemistry Experiment 2, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14,711-14,719, 1996.