Auroral effects on the gas phase chemistry of meteoric sodium

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 105, Issue D10, 2000, Pages 12181-12192

  Heinselman, Craig J ^a  

^a SRI INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AURORA; GAS PHASE REACTION;

EID: 0033783946     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900085     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Alpers, M., J. Höffner, and U. von Zahn, Iron atom densities in the polar mesosphere from lidar observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2345-2348, 1990.
2. Beatty, T. J., R. L. Collins, C. S. Gardner, C. A. Hostetler, and C. F. Sechrist Jr., Simultaneous radar and lidar observations of sporadic E and Na layers at Arecibo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1019-1022, 1989.
3. Bedey, D. F., and B. J. Watkins, Large-scale transport of metallic ions and the occurrence of thin ion layers in the polar ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9675-9681, 1997.
4. Bernard, R., Das vorhandensein von natrium in der atmosphäre auf grund von interferometrischen untersuchungen der D-linie im abend- und nachthimmellicht, Z. Phys., 110, 291-301, 1938.
5. Bilitza, D., The E- and D-region in IRI, Adv. Space Res., 21(6), 871-874, 1998.
6. Bills, R. E., and C. S. Gardner, Lidar observations of mesospheric Fe and sporadic Fe layers at Urbana, Illinois, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 143-146, 1990.
7. Brekke, A., Physics of the Upper Polar Atmosphere, John Wiley, New York, 1997.
8. Bristow, W. A., and B. J. Watkins, Numerical simulation of the formation of thin ionization layers at high latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 404-407, 1991.
9. Brown, T. L., The chemistry of metallic elements in the ionosphere and mesosphere, Chem. Rev., 73, 645-667, 1973.
10. Chamberlain, J. W. (Ed.), Physics of the Aurora and Airglow, Classics Geophys. Ser., vol. 1, 704 pp., AGU, Washington, D. C., 1995.
11. Chapman, S., Notes on atmospheric sodium, Astrophys. J., 90, 309-316, 1939.
12. Clemesha, B. R., Sporadic neutral metal layers in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 725-736, 1995.
13. Clemesha, B. R. V., V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff, D. M. Simonich, and H. Takahashi, Evidence of an extraterrestrial source for the mesospheric sodium layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 873-876, 1978.
14. Clemesha, B. R., D. M. Simonich, H. Takahashi, S. M. L. Melo, and J. M. C. Plane, Experimental evidence for photochemical control of the atmospheric sodium layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,909-18,916, 1995.
15. Cox, R. M., and J. M. C. Plane, An ion-molecule mechanism for the formation of neutral sporadic Na layers, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6349-6359, 1998.
16. Danilov, A. D., and U. A. Kalgin, Seasonal and latitudinal variations of eddy diffusion coefficient in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 54, 1481-1489, 1992.
17. Doolittle, J. H., S. B. Mende, R. M. Robinson, G. R. Swenson, and C. E. Valladares, An observation of ionospheric convection and auroral arc motion, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 19,123-19,129, 1990.
18. + to sodium atoms at thermal energies, J. Chem. Phys., 50, 287-293, 1969.
19. Ferguson, E. E., Atmospheric metal ion chemistry, Radio Sci., 7, 397-401, 1972.
20. Garcia, R. R., and S. Solomon, A new numerical model of the middle atmosphere, 2, Ozone and related species, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,937-12,951, 1994.
21. + layers at Urbana, Illinois: Three case studies, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,865-16,873, 1993.
22. Gardner, C. S., X. Tao, and G. C. Papen, Observations of strong wind shears and temperature enhancements during several sporadic Na layer events above Haleakala, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2809-2812, 1995.
23. + in the upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 655-658, 1985.
24. Hansen, G., and U. von Zahn, Sudden sodium layers in polar latitudes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 585-608, 1990.
25. Hedin, A. E., Extension of the MSIS thermosphere model into the middle and lower atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1159-1172, 1991.
26. Heinselman, C. J., Auroral effects on meteoric metals in the upper atmosphere, Ph.D. thesis, Dep. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., 1999.
27. Heinselman, C. J., J. P. Thayer, and B. J. Watkins, A high-latitude observation of sporadic sodium and sporadic E layer formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3059-3062, 1998.
28. 2: Implications for the chemistry of sodium in the upper atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 23,207-23,222, 1993.
29. Helmer, M., J. M. C. Plane, J. Qian, and C. S. Gardner, A model of meteoric iron in the upper atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10,913-10,925, 1998.
30. Hunten, D. M., Spectroscopic studies of the twilight airglow, Space Sci. Rev., 6, 493-573, 1967.
31. Hunten, D. M., R. P. Turco, and O. B. Toon, Smoke and dust particles of meteoric origin in the mesosphere and stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1342-1357, 1980.
32. Jones, R. A., and M. H. Rees, Time dependent studies of the aurora, I, Ion density and composition, Planet. Space Sci., 21, 537-557, 1973.
33. Kirkwood, S., and U. von Zahn, On the role of auroral electric fields in the formation of low altitude sporadic-E and sudden sodium layers, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 389-407, 1991.
34. Kopp, E., On the abundance of metal ions in the lower ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9667-9674, 1997.
35. Kwon, K. H., D. C. Senft, and C. S. Gardner, Lidar observations of sporadic sodium layers at Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14,199-14,208, 1988.
36. 2) charge-transfer reactions, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 2611-2617, 1997.
37. McNeil, W. J., E. Murad, and S. T. Lai, Comprehensive model for the atmospheric sodium layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,847-16,855, 1995.
38. Megie, G., F. Bos, J. E. Blamont, and M. L. Chanin, Simultaneous nighttime lidar measurements of atmospheric sodium and potassium, Planet. Space Sci., 26, 27-35, 1978.
39. Mende, S. B., J. H. Doolittle, R. M. Robinson, R. R. Vondrak, and F. J. Rich, Plasma drifts associated with a system of Sun-aligned arcs in the polar cap, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 256-264, 1988.
40. Murad, E., Problems in the chemistry of metallic species in the D and E regions, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 5525-5530, 1978.
41. Nagasawa, C., and M. Abo, Lidar observations of a lot of sporadic sodium layers in midlatitude, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 263-266, 1995.
42. Nygrén, T., L. Jalonen, J. Oksman, and T. Turunen, The role of electric field and neutral wind direction in the formation of sporadic E-layers, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 373-381, 1984.
43. Nygrén, T., B. S. Lanchester, A. Huuskonen, L. Jalonen, T. Turunen, H. Rishbeth, and A. P. van Eyken, Interference of tidal and gravity waves in the ionosphere and an associated sporadic E-layer, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 609-623, 1990.
44. Plane, J. M. C., The chemistry of meteoric metals in the Earth's upper atmosphere, Int. Rev. Phys. Chem., 10, 55-106, 1991.
45. Plane, J. M. C., and M. Helmer, Laboratory studies of the chemistry of meteoric metals, in Research in Chemical Kinetics, vol. 2, edited by R. G. Compton and G. Hancock, pp. 313-367, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1994.
46. Plane, J. M. C, R. M. Cox, J. Qian, W. M. Pfenninger, G. C. Papen, C. S. Gardner, and P. J. Espy, Mesospheric Na layer at extreme high latitudes in summer, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 6381-6389, 1998.
47. Plane, J. M. C., C. S. Gardner, J. Yu, C. Y. She, R. R. Garcia, and H. C. Pumphrey, Mesospheric Na layer at 40°N: Modeling and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3773-3788, 1999.
48. Potter, D., Computational Physics, John Wiley, New York, 1973.
49. Press, W. H., S. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes in C, 2nd ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1992.
50. Rees, M. H., Auroral ionization and excitation by incident energetic electrons, Planet. Space Sci., 11, 1209-1218, 1963.
51. Rees, M. H., On the interaction of auroral protons with the Earth's atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 463-472, 1982.
52. Rees, M. H., Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1989.
53. Rees, M. H., and R. A. Jones, Time dependent studies of the aurora, II, Spectroscopic morphology, Planet. Space Sci., 21, 1213-1235, 1973.
54. Sandford, M. C. W., and A. J. Gibson, Laser radar measurements of the atmospheric sodium layer, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 32, 1423-1430, 1970.
55. Siskind, D. E., C. A. Barth, and J. M. Russell III, A climatology of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and thermosphere, Adv. Space Res., 21(10), 1353-1362, 1998.
56. Slipher, V. M., Emissions in the spectrum of the light of the night sky, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac., 41, 262-263, 1929.
57. Steinweg, A., D. Krankowsky, P. Lämmerzahl, and B. Anweiler, Metal ion layers in the auroral lower E-region measured by mass spectrometers, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 54, 703-714, 1992.
58. Swider, W., and R. S. Narcisi, Auroral E-region: Ion composition and nitric oxide, Planet. Space Sci., 25, 103-116, 1977.
59. Thomas, L., The composition of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 296, 243-260, 1980.
60. Thomas, L., M. C. Isherwood, and M. R. Bowman, A theoretical study of the height distribution of sodium in the mesosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 45, 587-594, 1983.
61. Tilgner, C., and U. von Zahn, Average properties of the sodium density distribution as observed at 69°N latitude in winter, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8439-8454, 1988.
62. Vesely, F. J., Computational Physics, An Introduction, Plenum, New York, 1994.
63. Vickrey, J. F., R. R. Vondrak, and S. J. Matthews, Energy deposition by precipitating particles and Joule dissipation in the auroral ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 5184-5196, 1982.
64. Vondrak, R. R., and M. J. Baron, A method of obtaining the energy distribution of auroral electrons from incoherent scatter radar measurements, in Radar Probing of the Auroral Plasma, edited by A. Brekke, pp. 315-330, Scand. Univ. Books, Oslo, Norway, 1977.
65. von Zahn, U., and T. L. Hansen, Sudden neutral sodium layers: A strong link to sporadic E, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 50, 93-104, 1988.
66. von Zahn, U., P. von der Gathen, and G. Hansen, Forced release of sodium from upper atmospheric dust particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 76-79, 1987.
67. Zbinden, P. A., M. A. Hidalgo, P. Eberhardt, and J. Geiss, Mass spectrometer measurements of the positive ion composition in the D- and E-regions of the ionosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 23, 1621-1642, 1975.