The quest for urban citizenship: Civic rights, public opinion, and colonial resistance in early twentieth-century Bombay

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 797-827

  Hazareesingh, Sandip ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CITIZENSHIP; CIVIL RIGHTS; COLONIALISM; TWENTIETH CENTURY; URBAN POPULATION;

INDIA;

EID: 0033766095     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00003899     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Manuel Castells, La question urbaine (Paris, 1972).
2. Thomas Janoski, Citizenship and Civil Society. A Framework of Rights and Obligations in Liberal, Traditional, and Social Democratic Regimes (Cambridge, 1998), 28-33; T. H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class (Cambridge, 1950).
3. Thomas Janoski, Citizenship and Civil Society. A Framework of Rights and Obligations in Liberal, Traditional, and Social Democratic Regimes (Cambridge, 1998), 28-33; T. H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class (Cambridge, 1950).
4. Sunil Khilnani, The Idea of India (London, 1997), 21.
5. The Government of Bombay, for instance, also enjoyed direct access to the Secretary of State on all except financial matters. It could thus appeal against virtually any order of the Government of India. Moreover, it possessed a special cadre of the Indian Civil Service and enjoyed full autonomy in making provincial appointments. Ramona C. Lobo, 'The Working of Dyarchy in the Bombay Presidency 1921-1937' (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Bombay, 1983), 35-6.
6. Sharada Dwivedi and Rahul Mehrotra, Bombay: The Cities Within (Bombay, 1995). 18; Christine Dobbin, Urban Leadership in Western India (Cambridge, 1972), 2.
7. Sharada Dwivedi and Rahul Mehrotra, Bombay: The Cities Within (Bombay, 1995). 18; Christine Dobbin, Urban Leadership in Western India (Cambridge, 1972), 2.
8. Ibid., 24-5.
9. This was fixed at Rs 50 per annum paid in house rates or Rs 30 in wheel or general taxes. 'The City of Bombay Municipal Act 1888', 7-8. British Library, India Office Collections.
10. A. D. Gordon, Businessmen and Politics: Rising Nationalism and a Modernising Economy in Bombay 1918-1933 (Delhi, 1978), 119.
11. For instance, in January 1915, a proposition to raise the water tax on mills from eight to nine annas and on the railways and the Port Trust from six-and-a-half to eight annas was overwhelmingly defeated. Bombay Chronicle [hereafter, BC], 29 Jan. 1915.
12. The annual amount to be paid by the Government of Bombay was fixed at four-fifths the amount of property taxes payable by an owner of property of similar rateable value. N. S. Kowshik, 'How the City Gets its Money, in Clifford Manshardt (ed.), The Bombay Municipality at Work (Bombay, 1934), 46.
13. Gordon, 77-9, 133-7.
14. R. P. Masani, Evolution of Local Self-Government in Bombay (Bombay, 1929), 364.
15. I accept Thomas Janoski's definition of civil society as an arena of 'dynamic public discourse' between its four 'interactive components': the state sphere, the private sphere, the market sphere, and the public sphere. Janoski, Citizenship, p. 12.
16. Young India, 23 April 1919.
17. New Times, 2 July 1920; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 28, 1920. British Library, India Office Collections.
18. New Times, 2 July 1920; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 28, 1920. British Library, India Office Collections.
19. Dobbin, 196.
20. Ibid., 196-9.
21. N. G. Barrier, Banned: Controversial Literature and Political Control in British India 1907-7947 (Missouri 1974), 46-7.
22. The 'formula' of urban colonial hegemony can be described as the increasing encouragement of commercial and industrial enterprise in return for financial contributions to prestige colonial projects and political (ac)quiescence.
23. BC, 25 Jan. 1916.
24. Gordon, 132.
25. BC, 7 and 16 Jan. 1919.
26. Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1919, 32-3. British Library, India Office Collections.
27. BC, 6, 11, 16-17 Jan. and 4 Feb. 1919.
28. Letter from the Indian Women's Education Association, BC, 25 Feb. 1919.
29. 'Franchise for Indian Women.' Letter from Lady A. Ali Baig, Young India, 15 Jan. 1919.
30. Govt of Bombay, Home Dept (Special) File no. 355 (74) 1920: Maharashtra State Archives; Weekly Reports of the Director, Criminal Investigation Department, June-July 1920: National Archives of India [NAI].
31. The first of these was opened in Parel in February 1922; Royal (Whitley) Commission on Labour in India 1929-1931, vol. I part I (Evidence), 40-1: British Library, India Office Collections.
32. BC, 25 July 1918.
33. Govt of India, Home Political (A) Progs Nov. 1917, 628-38: NAI.
34. Social Service Quarterly, May 1918; BC, 15 May 1918.
35. Social Service Quarterly, May 1918; BC, 15 May 1918.
36. Ellen E. McDonald, 'English Education and Social Reform in Late Nineteenth Century Bombay: A Case Study in the Transmission of a Cultural Ideal', in Journal of Asian Studies 25, 3 (May 1966), 466-9.
37. One of Marshall's main contentions. T. H. Marshall and Tom Bottomore, Citizenship and Social Class (London, 1992), 17.
38. The 1918 Representation of the People Act increased the national electorate from 8 to 21.4 million and enfranchised all adult males; the achievement of franchise equality by women, and hence universal adult suffrage, would occur ten years later; similarly, local electorates virtually doubled in 1918. There were also new expectations of government in terms of popular housing provision and social welfare legislation. S. Constantine, M. W. Kirby, and M. B. Rose, The First World War in British History (London, 1995), 22, 49, 140.
39. Besides its currency in Irish and Indian nationalisms, the slogan of 'Home Rule' was also appropriated by the new London Labour Party, founded in 1915. The LLP's manifesto for the first post-war London County Council elections called for 'Home Rule for London'. James Gillespie, 'Municipalism, Monopoly, and Management: The Demise of "Socialism in One County" 1918-1933' in Andrew Saint (ed.), Politics and the People of London. The London County Council, 1889-1965 (London 1989), 104.
40. Fortnightly Report, Bombay, first fortnight Dec. 1919: NAI. BC, 30 Dec. 1918.
41. Govt of Bombay, Local Self-Government Progs 1915, 835-7.
42. S. Bhattacharya, 'The Colonial State, Capital and Labour: Bombay 1919-1931', in S. Bhattacharya and R. Thapar (eds), Situating Indian History (Delhi, 1986), 174.
43. BC, 20 July 1922.
44. BC, 17 Feb. 1922. Hindusthan, 15 July 1922; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 29, 1922.
45. BC, 17 Feb. 1922. Hindusthan, 15 July 1922; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 29, 1922.
46. BC, 17 Feb. 1922. Hindusthan, 15 July 1922; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 29, 1922.
47. Secretary, Govt of Bombay Home Dept to Secretary, Govt of India Home Dept, 4 Nov. 1919. Govt of Bombay, Judicial Progs 1919, 2133-4.
48. Secretary, Govt of Bombay Judicial Dept to Secretary, Govt of India Home Political Dept, 25 Aug. 1920. Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1920, 385-6; Govt of India, Home Political Progs 1921, no. 4 part 1, 1-33: NAI.
49. Secretary, Govt of Bombay Judicial Dept to Secretary, Govt of India Home Political Dept, 25 Aug. 1920. Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1920, 385-6; Govt of India, Home Political Progs 1921, no. 4 part 1, 1-33: NAI.
50. Govt of India, Home Political Progs 1922; NAI. Indian Social Reformer, 24 July 1921; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 30, 1921.
51. Govt of India, Home Political Progs 1922; NAI. Indian Social Reformer, 24 July 1921; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 30, 1921.
52. Govt of India, Home Political Progs 1922; NAI. Indian Social Reformer, 24 July 1921; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 30, 1921.
53. New Times, 16 Oct. 1923; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 42, 1923.
54. New Times, 16 Oct. 1923; Bombay Native Newspaper Report no. 42, 1923.
55. Secretary, Govt of Bombay Judicial Dept. to Secretary, Govt of India Home Political Dept, 25 Aug. 1920; Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1920, 385-6.
56. Govt of Bombay, Development Progs 1920, 73.
57. Govt of India, Home Political (B) Progs, Nov. 1920, 281.
58. A. R. Burnett-Hurst, Labour and Housing in Bombay: A Study in the Economic Condition of the Wage-Earning Classes of Bombay (London 1925), 146.
59. BC, 28 Jan. 1922.
60. Royal Commission on Labour in India 1929-31, vol. 1, 106.
61. Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1919, 33.
62. Ibid., 21-5.
63. Ibid.
64. Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1924, 23.
65. Govt of Bombay, Judicial Progs Jan.-April 1920, 378; BC, 9 Oct. 1920.
66. Govt of Bombay, Judicial Progs Jan.-April 1920, 378; BC, 9 Oct. 1920.
67. Fortnightly Report, first fortnight November 1920.
68. Ibid.
69. Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1922, 3; Judicial & Home Progs Jan.-May 1922, 323.
70. Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1922, 3; Judicial & Home Progs Jan.-May 1922, 323.
71. Secretary, Govt of India Army Dept to Chief Secretary Govt of Bombay, 21 Dec. 1921; Govt of Bombay, Confidential Progs 1922, 3-4.
72. These included an aeroplane workshop, arms and ammunition factory, gas works, iron works, electrical engineering works, telegraph works, and a stores factory. Govt of Bombay, Development Progs Feb. 1923, 57.
73. BC, 14 Nov. 1921; Govt of Bombay, Home & Judicial Progs Jan.-June 1923, 203; Judicial Progs May-Aug. 1919, 1041; Jan.-June 1921, 385-90.
74. BC, 14 Nov. 1921; Govt of Bombay, Home & Judicial Progs Jan.-June 1923, 203; Judicial Progs May-Aug. 1919, 1041; Jan.-June 1921, 385-90.
75. BC, 14 Nov. 1921; Govt of Bombay, Home & Judicial Progs Jan.-June 1923, 203; Judicial Progs May-Aug. 1919, 1041; Jan.-June 1921, 385-90.
76. Govt of India, Home Political (B) Progs Nov. 1920, 281.
77. Govt of Bombay, Judicial Progs Jan.-April 1920, 377; Govt of India, Home Political (B) Progs April 1920, 189.
78. Govt of Bombay, Judicial Progs Jan.-April 1920, 377; Govt of India, Home Political (B) Progs April 1920, 189.
79. Govt of Bombay, Judicial Progs Jan.-May 1922, 314.
80. Govt of India, Home Political (B) Progs Nov. 1920, 281.
81. Secretary, Govt of India (Industry) to all Local Govts, May 1921; Govt of Bombay, Judicial Progs Jan.-June 1921, 746.
82. Secretary, Govt of India (Industry/Labour) to all Local Govts, 30 Aug. 1924. Govt. of Bombay, Home & Judicial Progs Jan.-June 1925, 161.
83. An English-Gujarati daily described by the Bombay government's 'Oriental Translator' as 'promoting the dissemination of European socialistic literature'. Annual Report on Indian and Anglo-Vernacular Papers published in the Bombay Presidency for the year 1922; Govt of Bombay, Confidential progs 1923, 236.
84. Govt of India, Home Political (B) Progs 1924, 284.
85. BC, 19 Sept. 1922.
86. Royal Commission on Labour in India, vol. 1, 59.
87. BC, 1 July 1924.
88. Secretary, Govt of India Home Dept to all Provincial Govts, 12 Sept. 1921; Govt of Bombay, Home & Judicial Progs Jan.-May 1922, 253-4.
89. The Bombay Electric Supply and Tramways Company, for instance, steadfastly denied recognition to the Tramway Union and subsequently dismissed most of the workers - about 1300 - who had participated in the 1922 strike. Burnett-Hurst, Labour and Housing, 103-4.
90. Ibid., 102.