Globalization, culture and society: the state as place amidst shifting spaces

Canadian Public Policy

Volumn 26, Issue SUPP, 2000, Pages

  Cameron, David ^b   Stein, Janice Gross ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY; GLOBALIZATION; STATE ROLE;

EID: 0033764150     PISSN: 03170861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3552569     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Jeffrey Sachs, "International Economics: Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization," Foreign Policy (1998): 97-111; Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996); and The End of the Millennium (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998).
2. Jeffrey Sachs, "International Economics: Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization," Foreign Policy (1998): 97-111; Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996); and The End of the Millennium (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998).
3. Jeffrey Sachs, "International Economics: Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization," Foreign Policy (1998): 97-111; Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996); and The End of the Millennium (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998).
4. Yale Ferguson and Richard Mansbach, Polities: Authority, Identities, and Change (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1996).
5. Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation State (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 2, argues that: "Traditional nation-states have become unnatural, even impossible business units in a global economy." Susan Strange made a similar argument: "The impersonal forces of world markets ... are now more powerful than the states to whom ultimate political authority over society and economy is supposed to belong ... the declining authority of states is reflected in a growing diffusion of authority to other institutions and associations, and to local and regional bodies." Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 4.
6. Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation State (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 2, argues that: "Traditional nation-states have become unnatural, even impossible business units in a global economy." Susan Strange made a similar argument: "The impersonal forces of world markets ... are now more powerful than the states to whom ultimate political authority over society and economy is supposed to belong ... the declining authority of states is reflected in a growing diffusion of authority to other institutions and associations, and to local and regional bodies." Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 4.
7. Janice Gross Stein, "The Privatization of Security," International Security Review (2000), forthcoming.
8. See Castells, Rise of Network Society and John Ruggie, Winning the Peace: America and World Order in the New Era (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
9. David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), p. 437.
10. Held et al. develop the concept of "thick" and "thin" globalization in Global Transformations.
11. See Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
12. Jeffrey Williamson, Globalization and the Labor Market: Using History to Inform Policy (Milan: Lezioni Raffaele Mattioli, Banca Commerciale Italiana, Universita' Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, 1996), pp.16, 18, Table 2:1. See also Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
13. Jeffrey Williamson, Globalization and the Labor Market: Using History to Inform Policy (Milan: Lezioni Raffaele Mattioli, Banca Commerciale Italiana, Universita' Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, 1996), pp.16, 18, Table 2:1. See also Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
14. M. Obstfield and A.M. Taylor, The Great Depression as a Watershed: International Capital Mobility over the Long Run (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 5960, 1997); Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, p. 13; Weiss, Myth of the Powerless State, pp. 172-76.
15. M. Obstfield and A.M. Taylor, The Great Depression as a Watershed: International Capital Mobility over the Long Run (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 5960, 1997); Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, p. 13; Weiss, Myth of the Powerless State, pp. 172-76.
16. M. Obstfield and A.M. Taylor, The Great Depression as a Watershed: International Capital Mobility over the Long Run (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 5960, 1997); Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy, p. 13; Weiss, Myth of the Powerless State, pp. 172-76.
17. Peter F. Drucker, "The Global Economy and the Nation-state," Foreign Affairs (1997): 159-71. See also Paul Doremus, William Keller, Louis Pauly, and Simon Reich, The Myth of the Global Corporation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); and W. Ruigrok and R. van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (London: Routledge, 1995).
18. Peter F. Drucker, "The Global Economy and the Nation-state," Foreign Affairs (1997): 159-71. See also Paul Doremus, William Keller, Louis Pauly, and Simon Reich, The Myth of the Global Corporation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); and W. Ruigrok and R. van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (London: Routledge, 1995).
19. Peter F. Drucker, "The Global Economy and the Nation-state," Foreign Affairs (1997): 159-71. See also Paul Doremus, William Keller, Louis Pauly, and Simon Reich, The Myth of the Global Corporation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); and W. Ruigrok and R. van Tulder, The Logic of International Restructuring (London: Routledge, 1995).
20. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996); and Robert Wade, "Globalization and Its Limits: Reports of the Death of the National Economy Are Greatly Exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
21. Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996); and Robert Wade, "Globalization and Its Limits: Reports of the Death of the National Economy Are Greatly Exaggerated," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, ed. Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).
22. Wolfgang H. Reinicke, Global Public Policy: Governing without Government (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), pp. 11-51, especially p. 19.
23. For an analysis of knowledge networks, see Janice Gross Stein, Richard Stren, Joy Fitzgibbon and Melissa MacLean, Networks of Knowledge: Collaborative Innovations in International Learning (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, forthcoming).
24. We are grateful to our anonymous reviewer for this interesting point about the privatization of knowledge.
25. Sachs, "International Economics."
26. Paul Krugman, Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995); and Paul Krugman and Robert Lawrence, "Trade, Jobs, and Wages," Scientific American 270 (April 1994): 44-49,
27. Paul Krugman, Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995); and Paul Krugman and Robert Lawrence, "Trade, Jobs, and Wages," Scientific American 270 (April 1994): 44-49,
28. argue that the direct effects on US income distribution of global trade have been small. They attribute the rising income inequality within the United States not to global trade and investment but to the impact of technology. They argue that the proportion of the labour force in developed economies in direct competition with low-skilled workers in the south is far too small - about 5 percent in the US labour market - to explain the dramatic widening of income inequalities of the last two decades. For a contrary perspective, see Robert Frank and Philip Cook, The Winner-Take-All Society (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).
29. United Nations Development Program, Tenth Annual Report (United Nations: New York, 1999).
30. Sachs, "International Economics."
31. Drucker, "The Global Economy and the Nation-state."
32. Geoffrey Garrett, "Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle," International Organization 52, 4 (1998): 787-824. See also Geoffrey Garrett and Peter. Lange, "Internationalization, Institutions, and Political Change," in Internationalization and Domestic Politics, ed. Helen Milner and Robert Keohane (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); and A. Hurrell and N. Woods, "Globalization and Inequality," Millennium (2), 1995.
33. Geoffrey Garrett, "Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle," International Organization 52, 4 (1998): 787-824. See also Geoffrey Garrett and Peter. Lange, "Internationalization, Institutions, and Political Change," in Internationalization and Domestic Politics, ed. Helen Milner and Robert Keohane (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); and A. Hurrell and N. Woods, "Globalization and Inequality," Millennium (2), 1995.
34. Geoffrey Garrett, "Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle," International Organization 52, 4 (1998): 787-824. See also Geoffrey Garrett and Peter. Lange, "Internationalization, Institutions, and Political Change," in Internationalization and Domestic Politics, ed. Helen Milner and Robert Keohane (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); and A. Hurrell and N. Woods, "Globalization and Inequality," Millennium (2), 1995.
35. Held et al., Global Transformations, p. 436.
36. Thomas J. Courchene, ed., The Nation State in a Global Information Order: Policy Challenges (Kingston: John Deutsch Institute for Economic Research, 1999), pp. 67-95.
37. Lloyd Wong, "Transnationalism, Diasporan Communities and Changing Identity: Implications for Canadian Citizenship Policy," unpublished paper prepared for the Project on Trends.
38. For a similar definition of culture, see Franklyn Griffiths, "The Culture of Change," paper prepared for the Trends project.
39. Held et al., Global Transformations, p. 427.
40. John A. Hannigan, "The Global Entertainment Economy: A Critical Essay," paper prepared for the Project on Trends.
41. Barry Wellman, Networks in the Global Village: Life in Contemporary Communities (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999).
42. It is striking that even within the United States, the dominant producer of global cultural product, there is growing concern about the viability of culture. The arts and culture are the second largest American export, after technology. The Pew Charitable Trusts, the foundation that funded the pioneering work on global warming, civic journalism, and campaign finance reform, has committed itself to shaping a "national" cultural policy. Over the next five years, the Pew plans to encourage policymakers to focus on the financing of the arts, intellectual property rights, zoning in historic areas, and an arts curriculum for public schools. Animating the project is the view that culture is a national responsibility, essential to "preserving and enabling American creativity." Judith H. Dobrzynski, "Heavyweight Foundations Throws Itself Behind Idea of a Cultural Policy," The New York Times, 2 August 1999, p. B1.
43. Marc Raboy, "Communication and Globalization -A Challenge for Public Policy," paper prepared for the Project on Trends.
44. See Griffiths, "The Culture of Change," for a discussion of political culture.
45. Ron Deibert, "Civil Society Activism on the World Wide Web: The Case of the Anti-MAI Lobby," paper prepared for the Project on Trends.
46. Dawn Martin Hill, "Globalization and Indigenous Self-Determination," paper prepared for the Project on Trends.
47. Raboy, "Communication and Globalization."
48. Deibert, "Civil Society Activism on the World Wide Web."
49. We are grateful to Ann Medina and Melissa Williams for these helpful points.
50. Richard J. Barnet and John Cavanagh, Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994).
51. Weiss in The Myth of the Powerless State makes these arguments. Indeed she argues that current neo-liberal orthodoxy that glorifies markets is an Anglo-American construction.
52. Keith G. Banting, "The Internationalization of the Social Contract, in The Nation State in a Global Information Era: Policy Challenges, ed. Courchene, p. 277, Figure 3.
53. A gini index measure of family income inequality after taxes and transfers shows a score of 0.294 in 1980 and 0.298 in 1995. See Statistics Canada, Income after Tax, Distribution by Size in Canada: 1995 (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1997), Table VI. These data do not reflect the cuts to social programs that came on-stream in 1997.
54. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), "Social Expenditures Statistics of OECD Member Countries: Provisional Version," Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers 17 (Paris: OECD, 1996).
55. Our four models differ from the matrix developed by the Government of Canada in its "Governing in an Information Society" project. Our models of the state, namely, the State as Handmaiden, the Social Investment State, the State of Unrequited Dreams, and the Guardian State, are nested within two scenarios that vary the pace, scope, and intensity of globalization. The analytic purchase comes from identification of path dependence and obstacles of movement across the two scenarios. See Steven Rosell, Changing Maps: Governing in a World of Rapid Change (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1995).
56. Mark Neufeld, "Globalization: Five Theses," unpublished manuscript, April 1999, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.
57. The Standing Senate Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology, Final Report on Social Cohesion, Ch. 4, p. 4. Banting makes precisely this argument in "The Internationalization of the Social Contract."
58. Ibid., Ch. 2, p. 10.
59. Ibid., Ch. 4, p. 2.
60. Paul Pierson dissents and argues that despite austerity and retrenchment, the welfare state has demonstrated surprising endurance. See his Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 179ff.
61. Keith Banting, George Hoberg and Richard Simeon, eds., Degrees of Freedom: Canada and the United States in a Changing World (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997). See also George Hoberg, Keith Banting and Richard Simeon, "North American Integration and the Scope for Domestic Choice: Canada and Policy Sovereignty in a Globalized World," paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, 6-8 June 1999, Sherbrooke, Quebec.
62. Keith Banting, George Hoberg and Richard Simeon, eds., Degrees of Freedom: Canada and the United States in a Changing World (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997). See also George Hoberg, Keith Banting and Richard Simeon, "North American Integration and the Scope for Domestic Choice: Canada and Policy Sovereignty in a Globalized World," paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, 6-8 June 1999, Sherbrooke, Quebec.
63. Ferguson and Mansbach, Polities: Authority, Identities, and Change.
64. We are indebted to Ann Medina for insisting on consideration of this question.
65. "The Global Economy and the International Political Order," in Nation State in a Global Information Order, ed. Courchene, pp. 67-95. See also Michael Th. Greven and Louis W. Pauly, eds., Democracy Beyond the State? (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, forthcoming).
66. "The Global Economy and the International Political Order," in Nation State in a Global Information Order, ed. Courchene, pp. 67-95. See also Michael Th. Greven and Louis W. Pauly, eds., Democracy Beyond the State? (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, forthcoming).
67. David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).