Value change and reorientations in citizen-state relations

Canadian Public Policy

Volumn 26, Issue SUPP, 2000, Pages

  Nevitte, Neil ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GOVERNANCE APPROACH; NATIONAL POLITICS; POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY; STATE-LOCAL RELATIONS;

CANADA;

EID: 0033762797     PISSN: 03170861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3552572     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. See Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Dieter Fuchs, eds., Citizens and the State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); and Paul Abramson and Ronald Inglehart, Value Change in Global Perspective (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1995).
2. See Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Dieter Fuchs, eds., Citizens and the State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); and Paul Abramson and Ronald Inglehart, Value Change in Global Perspective (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1995).
3. Klingemann and Fuchs, Citizens and the State.
4. Values are referred to as core beliefs because they are more stable than either attitudes or opinions. For empirical purposes, values are typically identified as stable patterns of interconnected attitudes. For a discussion of these distinctions, see Jan W. van Deth and Elinor Scarbrough, "The Concept of Values" in The Impact of Values, ed. Jan W. van Deth and Elinor Scarbrough (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 21-47.
5. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963).
6. Ibid., p. 13.
7. See Jan W. van Deth, "A Macro Setting for Micro Politics," in The Impact of Values, ed. van Deth and Scarbrough, pp. 48-75.
8. See Russell J. Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies: Public Opinion and Political Parties in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and France (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1988); Klingemann and Fuchs, Citizens and the State; Abramson and Inglehart, Value Change in Global Perspective.
9. See Russell J. Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies: Public Opinion and Political Parties in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and France (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1988); Klingemann and Fuchs, Citizens and the State; Abramson and Inglehart, Value Change in Global Perspective.
10. See Russell J. Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies: Public Opinion and Political Parties in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany and France (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1988); Klingemann and Fuchs, Citizens and the State; Abramson and Inglehart, Value Change in Global Perspective.
11. See J.E. Lane, D. McKay and K. Newton, Political Data Handbook: OECD Countries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991).
12. Samuel Huntington, "Post-Industrial Politics: How Benign Will It Be?" Comparative Politics 6 (1990): 147-77.
13. Typically, the increases in the number of people entering post-secondary institutions took place earlier and expanded more rapidly in Canada and the United States than in some of the more class-bound societies of Western Europe.
14. See Ron Lesthaeghe and Guy Moors, "Living Arrangements and Parenthood: Do Values Matter?" in Values in Western Societies, ed. Ruud de Moor (Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press, 1995); J. Simons, "Europe's Ageing Population: Demographic Trends," in Social Europe, ed. J. Bailey (London: Longman, 1992).
15. See Ron Lesthaeghe and Guy Moors, "Living Arrangements and Parenthood: Do Values Matter?" in Values in Western Societies, ed. Ruud de Moor (Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press, 1995); J. Simons, "Europe's Ageing Population: Demographic Trends," in Social Europe, ed. J. Bailey (London: Longman, 1992).
16. Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1976).
17. Ibid., p. 147.
18. Ibid.
19. Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 148-49.
20. Pierro Ignazi, "The Silent Counter-Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe," European Journal of Political Research 22 (1992): 3-34.
21. Peter Ester, Loek Halman and Ruud de Moor, "Value Shift in Western Societies," in The Individualizing Society: Value Change in Europe and North America, ed. P. Ester, L. Halman and R. de Moor (Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press, 1993).
22. John R. Gibbins and Bo Reimer, "Postmodernism," in Impact of Values, ed. van Deth and Scarbrough.
23. See Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977); and Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
24. See Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977); and Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).
25. Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization; "The Trend Toward Post-Materialist Values Continues," in Citizen Politics in Post-Industrial Societies, ed. Terry Nichols Clark and Michael Rempe (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 57-66; and Culture Shift (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
26. Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization; "The Trend Toward Post-Materialist Values Continues," in Citizen Politics in Post-Industrial Societies, ed. Terry Nichols Clark and Michael Rempe (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 57-66; and Culture Shift (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
27. Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization; "The Trend Toward Post-Materialist Values Continues," in Citizen Politics in Post-Industrial Societies, ed. Terry Nichols Clark and Michael Rempe (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 57-66; and Culture Shift (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
28. Value Change in Global Perspective, p. 9.
29. See Terry Nichols Clark and Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot, eds., The New Political Culture (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998); and Citizen Politics in Post-Industrial Societies, ed. J.N. Clark and M. Rempel (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).
30. See Terry Nichols Clark and Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot, eds., The New Political Culture (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998); and Citizen Politics in Post-Industrial Societies, ed. J.N. Clark and M. Rempel (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).
31. Some argue that the materialist-postmaterialist scale used by Inglehart is a problematic one on the grounds that items within the scale may be sensitive to short-term economic considerations. See, for example, Harold D. Clarke and Nittish Dutt, "Measuring Value Change in Western Industrialized Societies: The Impact of Unemployment," American Political Science Review 85, 3 (1991): 905-20. See also Harold D. Clarke, Nittish Dutt and Jonathan Rapkin, "Conversations in Context: The (Mis)measurement of Value Change in Advanced Industrial States," Political Behavior 19,1 (1997): 19-39. The debate is a vigorous one and some of Inglehart's responses to the measurement issue are found in Abramson and Inglehart, Changing Values, Value Change in Global Perspective.
32. Some argue that the materialist-postmaterialist scale used by Inglehart is a problematic one on the grounds that items within the scale may be sensitive to short-term economic considerations. See, for example, Harold D. Clarke and Nittish Dutt, "Measuring Value Change in Western Industrialized Societies: The Impact of Unemployment," American Political Science Review 85, 3 (1991): 905-20. See also Harold D. Clarke, Nittish Dutt and Jonathan Rapkin, "Conversations in Context: The (Mis)measurement of Value Change in Advanced Industrial States," Political Behavior 19,1 (1997): 19-39. The debate is a vigorous one and some of Inglehart's responses to the measurement issue are found in Abramson and Inglehart, Changing Values, Value Change in Global Perspective.
33. Some argue that the materialist-postmaterialist scale used by Inglehart is a problematic one on the grounds that items within the scale may be sensitive to short-term economic considerations. See, for example, Harold D. Clarke and Nittish Dutt, "Measuring Value Change in Western Industrialized Societies: The Impact of Unemployment," American Political Science Review 85, 3 (1991): 905-20. See also Harold D. Clarke, Nittish Dutt and Jonathan Rapkin, "Conversations in Context: The (Mis)measurement of Value Change in Advanced Industrial States," Political Behavior 19,1 (1997): 19-39. The debate is a vigorous one and some of Inglehart's responses to the measurement issue are found in Abramson and Inglehart, Changing Values, Value Change in Global Perspective.
34. See Pippa Norris, Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Ester, Halman and De Moor, "Value Shift in Western Societies"; and Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
35. See Pippa Norris, Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Ester, Halman and De Moor, "Value Shift in Western Societies"; and Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
36. See Pippa Norris, Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999); Ester, Halman and De Moor, "Value Shift in Western Societies"; and Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
37. For a more detailed discussion of these findings, see Neil Nevitte, The Decline of Deference (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 1996).
38. Michel Crozier, Samuel P. Huntington and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission (New York: New York University Press, 1975).
39. J. Habermas, Legitimation Crisis (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975).
40. Anthony King, "Overload: Problems of Governing in the 1970s," Political Studies 23 (1990): 284-96
41. See Russell J. Dalton, Scott Flanagan and Paul Allen Beck, Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
42. Richard Topf, "Beyond Electoral Participation," in Citizens and the State, ed. Klingemann and Fuchs.
43. Herman Schmitt and Sören Holmberg, "Political Parties in Decline?" in Citizens and the State, ed. Klingemann and Fuchs.
44. Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, "Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction," in Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, ed. S.M. Lipset and S. Rokkan (New York: Free Press, 1967); Max Kaase and Kenneth Newton, Beliefs in Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
45. Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, "Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction," in Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives, ed. S.M. Lipset and S. Rokkan (New York: Free Press, 1967); Max Kaase and Kenneth Newton, Beliefs in Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
46. See James Alt, "Dealignment and the Dynamics of Partisanship in Britain," pp. 298-329; Paul Beck, "The Dealignment Era in the United States," pp. 240-66; and Ole Borre, "Critical Electoral Change in Scandinavia," pp. 330-64 all in Dalton, Flanagan and Beck, Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. 34 S. Bartolini and P. Mair, Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates 1885-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
47. See James Alt, "Dealignment and the Dynamics of Partisanship in Britain," pp. 298-329; Paul Beck, "The Dealignment Era in the United States," pp. 240-66; and Ole Borre, "Critical Electoral Change in Scandinavia," pp. 330-64 all in Dalton, Flanagan and Beck, Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. 34 S. Bartolini and P. Mair, Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates 1885-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
48. See James Alt, "Dealignment and the Dynamics of Partisanship in Britain," pp. 298-329; Paul Beck, "The Dealignment Era in the United States," pp. 240-66; and Ole Borre, "Critical Electoral Change in Scandinavia," pp. 330-64 all in Dalton, Flanagan and Beck, Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. 34 S. Bartolini and P. Mair, Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates 1885-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
49. See James Alt, "Dealignment and the Dynamics of Partisanship in Britain," pp. 298-329; Paul Beck, "The Dealignment Era in the United States," pp. 240-66; and Ole Borre, "Critical Electoral Change in Scandinavia," pp. 330-64 all in Dalton, Flanagan and Beck, Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. 34 S. Bartolini and P. Mair, Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates 1885-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
50. S. Bartolini and P. Mair, Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates 1885-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
51. S. Bartolini and P. Mair, Identity, Competition and Electoral Availability: The Stabilization of European Electorates 1885-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Dalton, Citizen Politics in Western Democracies.
52. Samuel Barnes et al., Political Participation: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies (Beverly Hills and London: Sage Publications, 1979).
53. Herbert Kitschelt, "Resource Mobilization Theory: A Critique," pp. 323-47; and Bert Klandermans, "New Social Movements and Resource Mobilization: The European and American Approach Revisited," both in Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the USA, ed. Dieter Ruchs (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991).
54. Herbert Kitschelt, "Resource Mobilization Theory: A Critique," pp. 323-47; and Bert Klandermans, "New Social Movements and Resource Mobilization: The European and American Approach Revisited," both in Research on Social Movements: The State of the Art in Western Europe and the USA, ed. Dieter Ruchs (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991).
55. Norman Nie, Jane Junn and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry, Education and Democratic Citizenship in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
56. Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).
57. See André Blais and Agnieszka Dobrzynska, "Turnout in Electoral Democracies," European Journal of Political Research 33 (1998): 239-62.
58. Neil Nevitte, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Richard Nadeau, Unsteady State: The 1997 Canadian Federal Election (Toronto and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
59. Harold D. Clarke, and Allan Kornberg, "Evaluations and Evolution: Public Attitudes towards Canada's Federal Political Parties 1965-1991," Canadian Journal of Political Science 26 (1993): 287-311; Harold D. Clarke, Jane Jenson, Lawrence LeDuc and Jon Pammett, Absent Mandate: Interpreting Change in Canadian Elections (Toronto: Gage, 1991); Elisabeth Gidengil, André Blais, Richard Nadeau and Neil Nevitte, "Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Anti-Party Parties," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Political Science Association, Sackville, New Brunswick, 15-17 October 1999.
60. Harold D. Clarke, and Allan Kornberg, "Evaluations and Evolution: Public Attitudes towards Canada's Federal Political Parties 1965-1991," Canadian Journal of Political Science 26 (1993): 287-311; Harold D. Clarke, Jane Jenson, Lawrence LeDuc and Jon Pammett, Absent Mandate: Interpreting Change in Canadian Elections (Toronto: Gage, 1991); Elisabeth Gidengil, André Blais, Richard Nadeau and Neil Nevitte, "Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Anti-Party Parties," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Political Science Association, Sackville, New Brunswick, 15-17 October 1999.
61. Harold D. Clarke, and Allan Kornberg, "Evaluations and Evolution: Public Attitudes towards Canada's Federal Political Parties 1965-1991," Canadian Journal of Political Science 26 (1993): 287-311; Harold D. Clarke, Jane Jenson, Lawrence LeDuc and Jon Pammett, Absent Mandate: Interpreting Change in Canadian Elections (Toronto: Gage, 1991); Elisabeth Gidengil, André Blais, Richard Nadeau and Neil Nevitte, "Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Anti-Party Parties," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Political Science Association, Sackville, New Brunswick, 15-17 October 1999.
62. Nevitte et al., Unsteady State.
63. Norris, Critical Citizens.
64. See Nevitte, Decline of Deference and Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization. 45 Norris, Critical Citizens. 46 Richard G. Niemi, J. Mueller and T.W. Smith, Trends in Public Opinion (New York: Greenwood, 1989), p. 93.
65. Nevitte et al., Unsteady State. 43 Norris, Critical Citizens. 44 See Nevitte, Decline of Deference and Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization. 45 Norris, Critical Citizens. 46 Richard G. Niemi, J. Mueller and T.W. Smith, Trends in Public Opinion (New York: Greenwood, 1989), p. 93.
66. Nevitte et al., Unsteady State. 43 Norris, Critical Citizens. 44 See Nevitte, Decline of Deference and Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization. 45 Norris, Critical Citizens. 46 Richard G. Niemi, J. Mueller and T.W. Smith, Trends in Public Opinion (New York: Greenwood, 1989), p. 93.
67. Ola Listhaug and Matti Wiberg, "Confidence in Political and Private Institutions," in Citizens and the State, ed. Klingemann and Fuchs.
68. Ola Listhaug, "The Dynamics of Trust in Politicians," in Citizens and the State, ed. Klingemann and Fuchs.
69. Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone," Journal of Democracy 6:1 (1995): 65-78.
70. Lisa Young, "Civic Engagement, Trust and Democracy: Evidence from Alberta," paper presented at the National Trends Conference, Ottawa, November 1999.
71. David Docherty, "Citizens and Legislators: Different Views on Representation," paper presented at the National Trends Conference, Ottawa, November 1999.
72. Nie, Junn and Stehlik-Barry, Education and Democratic Citizenship.
73. Richard Nadeau, "Satisfaction with Democracy: The Canadian Paradox," paper presented at the National Trends Conference, Ottawa, November 1999.
74. Ibid.
75. Mebs Kanji, "Information, Cognitive Mobilization, and Representative Governance," paper presented at the National Trends Conference, Ottawa, November 1999.
76. Ibid.; Mattei Dogan, "Erosion of Confidence in Advanced Democracies," Studies in Comparative International Development, 32, 3 (1997): 3-29.
77. Ibid.; Mattei Dogan, "Erosion of Confidence in Advanced Democracies," Studies in Comparative International Development, 32, 3 (1997): 3-29.
78. See Putnam, "Bowling Alone" and "Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America," PS, Political Science and Politics, 28 (December 1995): 664-83.
79. Young, "Civic Engagement, Trust and Democracy."
80. Ibid.
81. Young notes that this finding seems to contradict Roese's finding in that high self-efficacy contributes to less confidence in government. (See Neil Roese, "Canadians' Shrinking Trust in Government: Causes and Consequences," paper presented at the National Trends Conference, Ottawa, November 1999.) In fact, the measures used in the two studies are not directly comparable. Roese uses a general measure of efficacy while Young employs a political measure of efficacy. As Young states, "It is a rather different thing to conclude that those who believe they can influence political outcomes have the greatest confidence in the political process, than to conclude that those who believe they can control their surroundings have greater confidence."
82. Roese, "Canadians' Shrinking Trust in Government."
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid. This finding is unique to Canada; no similar trend emerges in the US.
85. Docherty, "Citizens and Legislators."
86. See David C. Docherty, Mr. Smith Goes to Ottawa (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1997).
87. The clearest evidence of these period effects come from the impact of the oil crisis on people's sense of material security. The most impressive feature of these data concerns the cross-generational impact of the period effect. See Abramson and Inglehart, Value Change in Global Perspective, p. 29.
88. See Maureen Mancuso, Michael Atkinson, André Biais and Neil Nevitte, A Question of Ethics: Canadians Speak Out (Toronto and London: Oxford University Press, 1998).
89. See Verba et al., Voice and Equality; and M. Kent Jennings, Jan van Deth et al. Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1989).
90. See Verba et al., Voice and Equality; and M. Kent Jennings, Jan van Deth et al. Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1989).
91. See Biais and Dobrzynska, "Turnout in Electoral Democracies."
92. See Russell J. Dalton, "Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies," in Critical Citizens, ed. Norris, pp. 57-77.
93. André Biais and Elisabeth Gidengil, Making Representative Democracy Work: The Views of Canadians, Vol. 17 of the Research Studies, Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing (Toronto and Oxford: Dundurn Press, 1991).
94. The use of referenda is an increasingly popular option in a number of advanced industrial states and it is significant, perhaps, that it is the young and the better educated who support referenda the most.