Issues involved in a Martian sample return: Integrity preservation and the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) position

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 105, Issue E9, 2000, Pages 22487-22506

  Neal, Clive R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

^b University of Notre Dame   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MARS; PLANETARY SURFACE; SAMPLE PREPARATION; SAMPLING;

EID: 0033758963     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999JE001185     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Allen, C.C., C.B. Agee, R. Beer, and B.L. Cooper, Clean and cold sample curation, in Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration, Lunar and Planet. Inst. Contrib. No. 1062, p. 3, Houston, Tex., 2000.
2. Allen, C.C., et al., Effects of sterilizing doses of gamma radiation on Mars analog rocks and minerals, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 27,043-27,066, 1999.
3. Allton, J.H., Catalog of Apollo lunar surface geological sampling tools and containers, Rep. JSC-23454, 97 pp., NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex., 1989.
4. Allton, J.H., Lessons learned during Apollo lunar sample quarantine and sample curation, in Proceedings, Mars Sample Quarantine Protocol Workshop, June 4-6, 1997, edited by D.L. DeVincenzi, pp. 13-15, NASA Ames, Moffat Field, Calif., 1998.
5. Arvidson, R.E., C.M. Hohenberg, and J.R. Schirk, Long-term characterization of the Martian atmosphere and soil from cosmic ray effects in returned samples, Icarus, 45, 250-262, 1981.
6. Arvidson, R.E., S. Squyres, E. Baumgartner, L. Dorsky, and P. Schenker, Rover trials for mars sample return mission prove successful, Eos Trans. AGU, 81, 65, 72, 2000.
7. Bada, J.L., D.P. Glavin, G.D. McDonald, and L. Becker, A search for endogenous amino acids in Martian meteorite ALH84001, Science, 279, 362-365, 1998.
8. Becker, L., D.P. Glavin, and J.L. Bada, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Antarctic Martian meteorites, carbonaceous chondrites and polar ice, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 475-481, 1997.
9. Biemann, K., et al., The search for organic substances and inorganic volatile compounds in the surface of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4641-4658, 1977.
10. Blackburn, T.R., H.D. Holland, and G.P. Ceasar, Viking gas exchange reaction: Simulation on UV-irradiated manganese dioxide substrate, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 8391-8394, 1979.
11. Blichert-Toft, J., J.D. Gleason, P. Télouk, and F. Albarede, The Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of shergottites and the evolution of the Martian mantle-crust system, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 173, 25-39, 1999.
12. Bogard, D.D., M.B. Duke, E.K. Gibson, J.W. Minear, L.E. Nyquist, and W.C. Phinney, Consideration of sample return and the exploration strategy for Mars, NASA Tech. Memo., TM-58213, 91 pp., 1979.
13. Borg, L.E., L.E. Nyquist, L.A. Taylor, H. Wiesmann, and C.-Y. Shih, Constraints on Martian differentiation processes from Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic analyses of the basaltic shergottite QUE 94201, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 4915-4931, 1997.
14. Borg, L.E., L.E. Nyquist, and H. Wiesmann, Rb-Sr isotopic systematics of the lherzolitic shergottite LEW88516, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD-ROM], XXIX, abstract 1233, 1998.
15. Borg, L.E., L.E. Nyquist, H. Wiesmann, Y. Reese, and J.J. Papike, Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of Martian meteorite DaG476 Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD-ROM], XXXI, abstract 1036, 2000.
16. Bradley, J.P., R.P. Harvey, and H.Y. McSween, Jr., Magnetite whiskers and platelets in ALH 84001 Martian meteorite: Evidence of vapor phase growth, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 5149-5155, 1996.
17. Bradley, J.P., R.P. Harvey, and H.Y. McSween Jr., No "nanofossils" in Martian meteorite, Nature 390, 454-455, 1997.
18. Bradley, J.P., R.P. Harvey, and H.Y. McSween Jr., Epitaxial growth of nanophase magnetite in Martian meteorite ALH 84001: Implications for biogenic processes., Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 33, 765-773, 1998.
19. Brandon, A.D., R.J. Walker, J.W. Morgan, and G.G. Goles, Re-Os isotopic evidence for early differentiation of the Martian mantle, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD-ROM], XXXI, abstract 1676, 2000.
20. Brearley, A.J., Origin of graphitic carbon and pentlandite in matrix olivines in the Allende meteorite, Science, 285, 1380-1382, 1999.
21. Brocks, J.J., G.A. Logan, R. Buick, and R.E. Summons, Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes, Science, 285, 1033-1036, 1999.
22. Brunkhorst, J.M., J.M. Choi, H.J. Davis, and W. Ho, Biological barriers for Mars mission, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD-ROM], XXX, abstract 1654, 1999.
23. Carr, M.H., Water on Mars, 229 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1996.
24. Carr, M.H., Mars Sample Handling and Requirements Panel (MSHARP) final report, NASA Tech. Memo., TM-1999-209145, 47 pp., 1999.
25. Chicarro, A.F., G.E.N. Scoon, and M. Coradini, Mission to Mars: Report of the Mars Exploration Study Team, Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA SP-1117, 138 pp., 1989.
26. Clark, B.C., Surviving the limits to life at the surface of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,545-28,555, 1998.
27. Clemett, S.J., M.T. Dulay, J.S. Gilette, X.D.F. Chillier, T.B. Mahajan, and R.N. Zare, Evidence for the extraterrestrial origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Martian meteorite ALH 84001, Faraday Discuss. R. Soc. Chem., 109, 97-110, 1998.
28. Cole, D.R. and H. Ohmoto, Kinetics of isotopic exchange at elevated temperatures and pressures, in Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes, Rev. Mineral., vol. 16, edited by J.W. Valley, H.P. Taylor Jr., and J.R. O'Neill, pp. 41-87, Mineral. Soc. of Am., Washington, D.C., 1986.
29. Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX), Post Viking biological investigations of Mars, 26 pp., Space Sci. Board, Natl. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D.C., 1977.
30. Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX), Strategy for the exploration of the inner planets: 1977-1987, 97 pp., Space Sci. Board, Natl. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D.C., 1978.
31. Crick, I.H., C.J. Boreham, A.C. Cook, and T.G. Powell, Petroleum geology and geochemistry of Middle Proterozoic McArthur Basin, northern Australia, II, Assessment of source rock potential, AAPG Bull., 72, 1495-1514, 1988.
32. Cronin, J.R., S. Pizzarello, and D.P. Cruikshank, Organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites, planetary satellites, asteroids and comets, in Meteorites and the Early Solar System, edited by J.F. Kerridge and M.S. Matthews, pp. 819-857, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1988.
33. DeVincenzi, D.L., H.P. Klein, and J.R. Bagby, Planetary protection issues and future Mars missions, NASA Conf. Publ., 10086, 28 pp., 1990.
34. DeVincenzi, D.L., P. Stabekis, and J. Barrengoltz, Refinement of planetary protection policy for Mars missions, Adv. Space Res., 18, 311-316, 1996.
35. DeVincenzi, D.L., M.S. Race, and H.P. Klein, Planetary protection, sample return missions and Mars exploration: History, status, and future needs, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,577-28,585, 1998.
36. Ehrlich, H.L., Geomicrobiology, 2nd ed., rev. and expanded, 646 pp., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990.
37. Emrich, K., D.H. Ehhalt, and J.C. Vogel, Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 8, 363-371, 1970.
38. Engel, M.H., and S.A. Macko, Isotopic evidence for extraterrestrial non-recemic amino acids in the Murchison meteorite, Nature, 389, 265-268, 1997.
39. Engel, M.H., and B. Nagy, Distribution and enantiomeric composition of amino acids in fossils, Nature, 323, 531-533, 1982.
40. Engel, M.H., and B. Nagy, Author's reply, Nature, 301, 496-497, 1983.
41. European Science Foundation (ESF), Report on the exploration of Mars, 12 pp., Strasbourg, France, Sept. 1986.
42. Exobiology Program Office, An exobiological strategy for Mars exploration, NASA Spec. Publ., SP-530, 56 pp., 1995.
43. 2 adsorption and capillary condensation on clays: Significance for volatile storage and atmospheric history, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 8404-8414, 1979.
44. Farmer, J.D., Mars exopaleontology, Palaios, 10, 197-198, 1995.
45. Farmer, J.D., Optimization of an '05 sample return for Mars exopaleontology, 13 pp., NASA Exobiology Program, NASA Ames Res. Cent., Moffett Field, Calif., 1996.
46. Farmer, J.D., Thermophiles, early biosphere evolution, and the origin of life on Earth: Implications for the exobiological investigation of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,457-28,461, 1998.
47. Farmer, J.D., and D.J. Des Marais, Exploring for a record of ancient Martian life, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26,977-26,995, 1999.
48. 33S anomalies in sulfur from Makhla: Implications for atmospheric chemical interactions with the Martian regolith, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXX abstract 1675, 1999.
49. Franks, F., The properties of aqueous solutions at subzero temperatures, in Water. A Comprehensive Treatise, vol. 7, Water and Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures, edited by F. Franks, pp. 215-338, Plenum, New York, 1982.
50. Gibson, E.K., D.S. McKay, K. Thomas-Keprta, and C.S. Romanek, Evaluating the evidence for past life on mars, Science, 274, 2119-2124, 1996a.
51. Gibson, E.K., D.S. McKay, K. Thomas-Keprta, and C.S. Romanek, Technical comment, Science, 274, 2125, 1996b.
52. Giletti, B.J., The nature of oxygen transport within minerals in the presence of hydrothermal water and the role of diffusion, Chem. Geol., 53, 197-206, 1985.
53. Gillet, P., J.A. Barrat, T. Heulin, W. Achouak, M. Lesourd, F. Guyot, and K. Banzerara, Bacteria in the Tatahouine meteorite: Nanometric-scale life in rocks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 175, 161-167, 2000.
54. Gleason, J.D., D.A Kring, D.H. Hill, and W.V. Boynton, Petrography and bulk chemistry of Martian orthopyroxenite ALH84001: Implications for the origin of secondary carbonates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 3503-3512, 1997.
55. Gooding, J.L., Scientific guidelines for the preservation of samples collected from Mars, NASA Tech. Memo., TM-4184, 32 pp., 1990.
56. Gooding, J.L., S.J. Wentworth, and M.E. Zolensky, Calcium carbonate and sulfate of possible extraterrestrial origin in the EETA79001 meteorite, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52, 909-915, 1988.
57. Greenwood, J.P., L.R. Riciputi, and H.Y. McSween Jr., Sulfide isotopic composition in shergottites and ALH84001, and possible implications for life on Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 4449-4453, 1997.
58. Guggenhein, S., and A.F. Koster van Groos, High-pressure differential thermal analysis (HP-DTA), I, Dehydration reactions at elevated pressures in phyllosilicates, J. Therm. Anal., 38, 1701-1728, 1992.
59. Guggenhein, S., and A.F. Koster van Groos, Thermal analytical techniques applied to the Clay Minerals Society (CMS) source clays, in Source Clays Handbook, pp. 91-115, Clay Miner. Soc., Boulder, Colo., 1999.
60. Halliday, A.N., M. Rehkämper, D.-C. Lee, and W. Yi, Early evolution of the Earth and Moon: New constraints from Hf-W isotope geochemistry, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142, 75-89, 1996.
61. Hartmann, W.K., D.C. Berman, G.A. Esquerdo, and A.S. McEwen, Recent Martian volcanism: New evidence from Mars Global Surveyor, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXX, abstract 1270, 1999a.
62. Hartmann, W.K., M. Malin, A. McEwen, M. Carr, L. Soderlom, P. Thomas, E. Danielson, P. James, and J. Veverka, Evidence for recent volcanism on Mars from crater counts, Nature, 397, 586-589, 1999b.
63. Harvey, R.P., and H.Y. McSween Jr., A possible high-temperature origin for the carbonates in the Martian meteorite ALH84001, Nature, 382, 49-51, 1996.
64. Hess, S.L., J.A. Ryan, J.E. Tillman, R.M. Henry, and C.B. Leovy, The annual cycle of pressure on Mars measured by Viking Landers 1 and 2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 7, 197-200, 1980.
65. Hochstein, L.I., K.A. Kvenolden, and D.E. Philpott, The effect of sterilization on biological, organic chemical, and morphological information in natural samples, internal document, NASA Ames Res. Cent., Moffett Field, Calif., 1974.
66. Hodgson, G.W., and C.G. Whitely, The universe of porphyrins, in Biogeochemistry of Ancient and Modern Environments, edited by P.A. Trudinger, M.R. Walter, and B.J. Ralph, pp. 35-44, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1980.
67. Horowitz, N.H., G.L. Hobby, and G.S. Hubbard, Viking on Mars: The carbon assimilation experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4659-4662, 1977.
68. Hughes, D.W., A disaggregation and thin section analysis of the size and mass distribution of the chondrules in the Bjurböle and Chainpur meteorites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 38, 391-396, 1978a.
69. Hughes, D.W., Chondrule mass distribution and the Rosin and Weibull statistical functions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 39, 371-376, 1978b.
70. Hutchins, K.S., and B.M. Jakosky, Carbonates in Martian meteorite ALH84001: A planetary perspective on formation temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 819-822, 1997.
71. Imbus, S.W., and D.M. McKirdy, Organic geochemistry of Precambrian sedimentary rocks, in Organic Geochemistry, Principles and Applications, edited by M.H. Engel and S.A. Macko, pp. 657-684, Plenum, New York, 1993.
72. Jackson, K.S., D.M. McKirdy, and J.A. Dechelman, Hydrocarbon generation in the Amadeus Basin, central Australia, APEA J., 24, 42-65, 1984.
73. Jagoutz, E., A. Sorowka, J.D. Vogel, and H. Wänke, ALH84001: Alien or progenitor of the SNC family?, Meteoritics, 29, 478-489, 1994.
74. Jagoutz, E., O. Bogdanovski, N. Krestina, and R. Jotter, DaG: A new age in the SNC family, or the first gathering of relatives, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXX, abstract 1808, 1999.
75. rd International Conference on Analytical Science and Spectroscopy, McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada, 1997.
76. Johnson Space Center (JSC), On the petrological, geochemical, and geophysical characterization of a returned Mars surface sample and the impact of biological sterilization on the analyses, report, 318 pp., NASA Johnson Space Cent., Houston, Tex., 1974.
77. Johnson Space Center (JSC), Consideration of sample return and the exploration strategy for Mars, report, 76 pp., Lunar and Planet. Sci. Div., NASA Johnson Space Cent., Houston, Tex., 1977.
78. Jolliff, B.L., et al., A balanced model for exploration of the terrestrial planets: Lessons learned from the Lunar experience, in Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration, Lunar and Planet. Inst. Contrib. No. 1062, pp. 162-163, Houston, Tex., 2000.
79. Jull, A.J.T., C. Courtney, D.A. Jeffrey, and J.W. Beck, Isotopic evidence for a terrestrial source of organic compounds found in Martian meteorites Allan Hills 84001 and Elephant Moraine 79001, Science, 279, 366-369, 1998.
80. Kerr, R.A., Requiem for life on Mars? Support for microbes fades, Science, 280, 412-414, 1998.
81. Kerridge, J.F., A note on the prebiotic synthesis of organic acids in carbonaceous meteorites, Evol. Biosphere, 21, 19-29, 1991.
82. Klein, H.P., The Viking biological experiments on Mars, Icarus, 34, 666-674, 1978.
83. Klein, H.P., The search for life on Mars: What we learned from Viking, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28,463-28,466, 1998.
84. Klein, H.P., et al., The Viking biological investigation: Preliminary results, Science, 194, 99-105, 1976.
85. Kong, P., M. Ebihara, and H. Palme, Siderophile elements in Martian meteorites and implications for core formation in Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 1865-1875, 1999.
86. Kotra, R.K., E.K. Gibson, and M.A. Urbancic, Release of volatiles from possible Martian analogs, Icarus, 51, 593-605, 1982.
87. Kring, D.A., and J.D. Gleason, Siliceous igneous rocks on Mars, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXX, abstract 1611, 1999.
88. Kvenvolden, K.A., J. Lawless, K. Pering, E. Peterson, J. Flores, C. Ponnamperuma, I.R. Kaplan, and C. Moore, Evidence for extra-terrestrial amino acids and hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite, Nature, 228, 923-926, 1970.
89. Kvenvolden, K.A., J. Lawless, and C. Ponnamperuma, Nonprotein amino acids in the Murchison meteorite, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 68, 486-490, 1971.
90. Kyser, T.K., Equilibrium fractionation factors for stable isotopes, in Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Low-Temperature Processes, Short Course Handb., vol. 13, edited by T.K. Kyser, pp. 1-84, Mineral. Assoc. of Can., Ottawa, 1987.
91. Lee, D.-C., and A.N. Halliday, Hf-W isotopic evidence for rapid accretion and differentiation in the early Solar System, Science, 274, 1876-1879, 1996.
92. Lee, D.-C., and A.N. Halliday, Hf-W evidence for early differentiation of Mars and the eucrite parent body (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XXVIII, 795, 1997a.
93. Lee, D.-C., and A.N. Halliday, Core formation on Mars and differentiated asteroids, Nature, 388, 854-857, 1997b.
94. Leshin L.A., K.D. McKeegan, and R.P. Harvey, Oxygen isotopic constraints on the genesis of carbonates from Martian meteorite ALH84001 (abstract), Lunar Planet.Sci., XXVIII, 805-806, 1997.
95. Leshin, L.A., K.D. McKeegan, P.K. Carpenter, and R.P. Harvey, Oxygen isotopic constraints on the genesis of carbonates from Martian meteorite ALH84001, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 3-13, 1998.
96. Levin, G.V., The life on Mars dilemma and the sample return mission, in Workshop on Mars Sample Return Science, LPI Tech. Rep., 88-07, 109-110, 1988.
97. Levin, G.V., and P.A. Straat, Viking labeled release biology experiment: interim results, Science, 194, 1322-1329, 1976.
98. Lussier, J.D., T. Skiba, J.I. Ziemlewski, K.M. McNamara, E.K. Stansberry, and C.B. Agee, Curation and handling for a Mars sample return mission, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXXI, abstract 1245, 2000.
99. McKay, D.S., E.K. Gibson, K.L. Thomas-Kerpta, H. Vall, C.S. Romanek, S.J. Clemett, X.D.F. Chiller, C.R. Maechling, and R.N. Zare, Search for past life on Mars: Possible relic biogenic activity in Martian meteorite ALH84001, Science, 273, 924-930, 1996.
100. McKay, D.S., S.J. Wentworth, K.L. Thomas-Kerpta, F. Westall, and E.K. Gibson, Possible bacteria in Nakhla, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXX, abstract 1816, 1999.
101. McKirdy, D.M., Biochemical markers in stromatolites, in Stromatolites, edited by M.R. Walter, pp. 163-191, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1976.
102. McKirdy, D.M., and J.D. Hahn, The composition of kerogens and hydrocarbons in Precambrian rocks, in Mineral Deposits and the Evolution of the Biosphere, edited by H.D. Holland and M. Schidlowski, pp. 123-154, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982.
103. McKirdy, D.M., D.J. McHugh, and J.W. Tardif, Comparative analysis of stromatolitic and other microbial kerogens by pyrolysis-hydrogenation-gas chromatography (PH-GC), in: Biogeochemistry of Ancient and Modern Environments, edited by P.A. Trudinger, M.R. Walter, and B.J. Ralph, pp. 187-200, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1980.
104. McKirdy, D.M., A.J. Kantsler, J.K. Emmett, and A.K. Aldridge, Hydrocarbon genesis and organic facies in Cambrian carbonates of the eastern Officer Basin, South Australia, in Petroleum Geochemistry and Source Rock Potential of Carbonate Rocks, edited by J.G. Palacas, AAPG Stud. Geol., 18, 13-31, 1984.
105. McSween, H.Y., Jr., What we have learned about Mars from SNC meteorites, Meteoritics, 29, 757-779, 1994.
106. McSween, H.Y., Jr., et al., Chemical, multispectral and textural constraints on the composition and origin of rocks at the Mars Pathfinder landing site, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8679-8716, 1999.
107. Mitchell, F.J., and W.L. Ellis, Surveyor 3. Bacterium isolated from lunar-retrieved television camera, in Analysis of Surveyor 3 Material and Photographs Returned by Apollo 12, p. 34, Sci. Tech. Inf. Cent., NASA Johnson Space Cent., Houston, Tex., 1972.
108. Moore, H.J., Physical properties of the surface materials at the Viking landing sites on Mars, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1389, 222 pp., 1987.
109. Morgan, J.W., and E. Anders, Chemical composition of Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 43, 1601-1610, 1979.
110. Myrick, T.M., et al., The Athena miniature rock coring and rock core acquisition and transfer system (mini-corer), in Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration, Lunar and Planet. Inst. Contrib. No. 1062, 234-235, Houston, Tex., 2000.
111. National Research Council, Mars sample return: Issues and recommendations, 47 pp., Nati. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C., 1997.
112. Neal, C.R., J.C. Ely, J.C. Jain, and A. Sedlar, Differentiation of Mars investigated using high field strength (HFS) and platinum group elements (PGEs), Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXX, abstract 1002, 1999a.
113. Neal, C.R., J.C. Ely, and J.C. Jain, Probing the interiors of the terrestrial planets: Data from the Moon and Mars, in Ninth Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, LPI Contrib. 971, pp. 207-208, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, 1999b.
114. Neal, C.R., J.C. Ely, and J.C. Jain, PGE abundances in Martian meteorites: No need for a "late veneer", Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXXI, abstract 1975, 2000.
115. Nealson, K.H., The limits of life on Earth and searching for life on Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23,675-23,686, 1997a.
116. Nealson, K.H., Sediment bacteria: Who's there, what are they doing, what's new, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 25, 403-434, 1997b.
117. Nyquist, L.E., J. Wooden, B.M. Bansal, H. Wiesmann, G. McKay, and D.D. Bogard, Rb-Sr age of Shergotty achondrite and implications for metamorphic resetting of isochron ages, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 43, 1057-1074, 1979.
118. Nyquist, L.E., B.M. Bansal, H. Wiesmann, and C.-Y. Shin, "Martians" young and old: Zagami and ALH84001, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXVI, abstract 1065, 1995.
119. Nyquist, L.E., L.E. Borg, and C.-Y. Shih, The Shergottite age paradox and the relative probabilities for Martian meteorites of differing ages, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,445-31,455, 1998.
120. O'Neil, J.R., Preservation of H, C, and O isotopic ratios in the low temperature environment, in Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Low-Temperature Processes, Short Course Handb., vol. 13, edited by T.K. Kyser, pp. 85-128, Mineral. Assoc. of Can., Ottawa, 1987.
121. O'Neil, J.R., and H.P. Taylor Jr., The oxygen isotope and cation exchange chemistry of feldspars, Am. Mineral., 52, 1414-1437, 1967.
122. Owen, T., K. Biemann, D.R. Rushneck, J.E. Biller, D.W. Howarth, and A.L. LaFleur, The composition of the atmosphere at the surface of Mars, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4635-4639, 1977.
123. Oyama, V.I., and B.J. Berdahl, The Viking gas exchange experiment results from Chryse and Utopia surface samples, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4669-4676, 1977.
124. Papanastassiou, D.A., and G.J. Wasserburg, Evidence for late formation age and young metamorphism in the achondrite Nakhla, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1, 23-26, 1974.
125. Pepin, R.O., Evidence of Martian origins, Nature, 317, 473-475, 1985.
126. Ponnanperuma, C., The Origins of Life, 211 pp. Thames and Hudson, London, 1972.
127. Reedy, R.C., J.R. Arnold, and D. Lal, Cosmic-ray record in solar system matter, Science, 219, 127-135, 1983.
128. Rieder, R., T. Economou, H. Wänke, A. Turkevich, J. Crisp, J. Brückner, G. Dreibus, and H.Y. McSween Jr., The chemical composition of the Martian soil and rocks returned by the mobile alpha proton X-ray spectrometer: Preliminary results from the X-ray mode, Science, 278, 1771-1774, 1997.
129. Robert, F., and S. Epstein, The concentration and isotopic composition of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen in carbonaceous meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 81-95, 1982.
130. Sears, D.W.G., and T.A. Kral, Martian "microfossils" in lunar meteorites?, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 33, 791-794, 1998.
131. Shearer, C.K., and J.J. Papike, Technical comment, Science, 274, 2121, 1996.
132. Shearer, C.K., G.D. Layne, J.J. Papike, and M.N. Spilde, Sulfur isotopic systematics in alteration assemblages in Martian meteorite Alan Hills 84001, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 2921-2926, 1996.
133. Shih, C.-T., L.E. Nyquist D.D. Bogard, G.A. McKay, J.L. Wooden, B.M. Bansal, and H. Wiesmann, Chronology and petrogenesis of young achondrites, Shergotty, Zagami, and ALH77005: Late magmatism on a geologically active planet, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 46, 2323-2344, 1982.
134. Shih, C.-T., L.E. Nyquist, and H. Wiesmann, Sm-Nd systematics of nakhlite Governador Valadares (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XXVII, 1197-1198, 1996.
135. Shih, C.-T., L.E. Nyquist, Y. Reese, and H. Wiesmann, The chronology of the nakhlite, Lafayette, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXIX, abstract 1145, 1998.
136. Shock, E.L. and M.D. Schulte, Summary and implications of reported amino acid concentrations in the Murchison meteorite, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 3159-3173, 1990.
137. Solar System Exploration Committee (SSEC), Planetary exploration through the year 2000 - An augmented program, report, 239 pp., NASA Advisory Counc., U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1986.
138. Solar System Exploration Committee (SSEC), Planetary exploration through the year 2000 - Scientific rationale, report, 88 pp., NASA Advisory Counc., U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1988
139. Space Studies Board (SSB), Space science in the twenty-first century: Imperatives for the decades 1995 to 2015 (planetary and lunar exploration), report, 167 pp., Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C., 1988.
140. Space Studies Board (SSB), Evaluating the biological potential in samples returned from planetary satellites and small solar system bodies: Framework for decision making, report, 100 pp., Natl. Res. Counc., Washington, D.C., 1998.
141. Squyres, S.W., and J.F. Kasting, Early Mars: How warm and how wet?, Science, 265, 744-748, 1994.
142. Squyres, S.W., D.E. Wilhelms, and A.C. Moosman, Large-scale volcano ice interactions on Mars, Icarus, 70, 385-408, 1987.
143. Squyres, S.W., et al., The Athena Mars Rover science payload, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXIX, abstract 1101, 1998.
144. Steele, A,F. Westall, D.T. Goddard, D. Stapleton, J.K.W. Toporski, and D.S. McKay, Imaging of the biological contamination of meteorites: A practical assessment, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXX, abstract 1326, 1999.
145. Taylor, S.R., Planetary Science: A Lunar Perspective, 481 pp., Lunar and Planet. Inst., Houston, Tex., 1982.
146. Taylor, S.R., Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, 292 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1990.
147. Thomas-Keprta, K.L., C.S. Romanek, S.J. Wentworth, D.S. McKay, D. Fisler, D.C. Golden, and E.K. Gibson, TEM analysis of fine-grained minerals in the carbonate globules of Martian meteorite ALH 84001 (abstract), Lunar Planet. Sci., XVIII, 1433-1434, 1997.
148. Thomas-Keprta, K.L., D.A. Bazylinski, D.C. Golden, S.J. Wentworth, E.K. Gibson, and D.S. McKay, Magnetite from ALH 84001 carbonate globules: Evidence of biogenic signatures?, Lunar Planet. Sci. [CD ROM], XXIX, abstract 1494, 1998.
149. Touloukian, Y.S., W.R. Judd, and R.F. Roy, Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, vol. 2, 548 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981.
150. Townsend, J.E., Mars Sample Receiving Facility, Publ. 24736, 25 pp., NASA Johnson Space Cent., Houston, Tex., 1990.
151. Treiman, A.H., A petrographic history of Martian meteorite ALH84001: Two shocks and an ancient age, Meteoritics, 30, 294-302, 1995.
152. Treiman, A.H., and C.S. Romanek, Chemical and stable isotopic disequilibrium in carbonate minerals of Martian meteorite ALH 84001: Inconsistent with high formation temperature, Meteorit. Planet. Sci., 33, 737-742, 1998.
153. Turner, G., S.F. Knott, R.D. Ash, and J.D. Gilmour, Ar-Ar chronology of the Martian meteorite ALH84001: Evidence for the timing of the early bombardment of Mars, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 61, 3835-3850, 1997.
154. Valley, J.W., J.M. Eiler, C.M. Graham, E.K. Gibson, C.S. Romanek, and E.M. Stolper, Low-temperature carbonate concretions in the Martian meteorite ALH84001: Evidence from stable isotopes and mineralogy, Science, 275, 1633-1638, 1997.
155. Warren, P.H., Petrologic evidence for low-temperature, possible flood evaporitic origin of carbonates in the ALH 84001 meteorite, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,759-16,773, 1998.
156. Warren, P.H., G.W. Kallemeyn, and F.T. Kyte, Origin of planetary cores: evidence from highly siderophile elements in Martian meteorites, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 2105-2122, 1999.
157. Weast, R.C. (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., 2464 pp., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1988.
158. Westall, F., The nature of fossil bacteria: A guide to the search for extraterrestrial life, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16,437-16,451, 1999.
159. Wood, J.A., and W.V. Boynton, The importance of bringing samples of Mars to Earth, in Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration, Lunar and Planet. Inst. Contrib. No. 1062, 316-317, Houston, Tex., 2000.
160. Zent, A.P., and C.P. McKay, The chemical reactivity of the Martian soil and implications for future missions, Icarus, 108, 146-157, 1994.