Changing ideologies of Medieval state formation: The growing exploitation of land in Gwynedd c.1100-c.1400

Journal of Historical Geography

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 505-516

  Jones, Rhys ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IDEOLOGY; MEDIEVAL; POLITICAL HISTORY; STATE ROLE;

UNITED KINGDOM; WALES;

EID: 0033757676     PISSN: 03057488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhge.2000.0243     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. A.R.H. Baker, On ideology and historical geography, in A.R.H. Baker and M. Billinge (Eds), Period and Place: Research Methods in Historical Geography (Cambridge 1982) 23 5.
2. For instance, landscape and identity has been described as a burgeoning subject area within historical geography. See D.A. McQuillan, New classics and diverse clusters in historical geography, Progress in Human Geography 19 (1995) 273-84.
3. D. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscapes (London 1984); idem, Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 10 (1985) 45-62; D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments (Cambridge 1988); D. Atkinson and D. Cosgrove, Urban rhetoric and embodied identities: city, nation, and empire at the Vittorio Emanuele II monument in Rome, 1870-1945, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 28-49; S. Daniels, Iconography in historical geography, Area 16 (1984) 289-90.
4. D. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscapes (London 1984); idem, Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 10 (1985) 45-62; D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments (Cambridge 1988); D. Atkinson and D. Cosgrove, Urban rhetoric and embodied identities: city, nation, and empire at the Vittorio Emanuele II monument in Rome, 1870-1945, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 28-49; S. Daniels, Iconography in historical geography, Area 16 (1984) 289-90.
5. D. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscapes (London 1984); idem, Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 10 (1985) 45-62; D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments (Cambridge 1988); D. Atkinson and D. Cosgrove, Urban rhetoric and embodied identities: city, nation, and empire at the Vittorio Emanuele II monument in Rome, 1870-1945, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 28-49; S. Daniels, Iconography in historical geography, Area 16 (1984) 289-90.
6. D. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscapes (London 1984); idem, Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 10 (1985) 45-62; D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments (Cambridge 1988); D. Atkinson and D. Cosgrove, Urban rhetoric and embodied identities: city, nation, and empire at the Vittorio Emanuele II monument in Rome, 1870-1945, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 28-49; S. Daniels, Iconography in historical geography, Area 16 (1984) 289-90.
7. D. Cosgrove, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscapes (London 1984); idem, Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 10 (1985) 45-62; D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels (Eds), The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments (Cambridge 1988); D. Atkinson and D. Cosgrove, Urban rhetoric and embodied identities: city, nation, and empire at the Vittorio Emanuele II monument in Rome, 1870-1945, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998) 28-49; S. Daniels, Iconography in historical geography, Area 16 (1984) 289-90.
8. For instance, see the subjects discussed in A.R.H. Baker and G. Biger (Eds), Ideology and Landscape in Historical Perspective: Essays on the Meaning of Some Places in the Past (Cambridge 1992). A more eclectic mix of subjects can be seen in Cosgrove and Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape.
9. For instance, see the subjects discussed in A.R.H. Baker and G. Biger (Eds), Ideology and Landscape in Historical Perspective: Essays on the Meaning of Some Places in the Past (Cambridge 1992). A more eclectic mix of subjects can be seen in Cosgrove and Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape.
10. H. Nitz, Planned temple towns and Brahmin villages as spatial expressions of the ritual politics of Medieval kingdoms in South India, in Baker and Biger, op. cit., 107-24; R.A. Butlin, Ideological contexts and the reconstruction of Biblical landscapes in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries: Dr Edward Wells and the historical geography of the Holy Land, in Baker and Biger, op. cit., 31-62.
11. H. Nitz, Planned temple towns and Brahmin villages as spatial expressions of the ritual politics of Medieval kingdoms in South India, in Baker and Biger, op. cit., 107-24; R.A. Butlin, Ideological contexts and the reconstruction of Biblical landscapes in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries: Dr Edward Wells and the historical geography of the Holy Land, in Baker and Biger, op. cit., 31-62.
12. R.A. Dodgshon, The changing evaluation of space 1500-1914, in R.A. Dodgshon and R.A. Butlin (Eds), op. cit., 255-78; Cosgrove, Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea. See also D. Gregory, 'A new and differing face in many places': three geographies of industrialisation, in Dodgshon and Butlin, An Historical Geography of England and Wales, 351-77.
13. R.A. Dodgshon, The changing evaluation of space 1500-1914, in R.A. Dodgshon and R.A. Butlin (Eds), op. cit., 255-78; Cosgrove, Prospect, perspective and the evolution of the landscape idea. See also D. Gregory, 'A new and differing face in many places': three geographies of industrialisation, in Dodgshon and Butlin, An Historical Geography of England and Wales, 351-77.
14. See for instance Tilly's claim that "we bear the nineteenth century like an incubus" in our spatial arrangements and in our modes of social thought; C. Tilly, Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons (New York 1984) 1.
15. T. Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London 1991) 1.
16. J.B. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge 1984) 4; ibid, 6-7. Alternative definitions include those suggested by M. Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London 1976) 11; R. Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge 1981) chapter 1; Baker, On ideology and historical geography, 233. See also N.J. Thrift, On the determination of action in space and time, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1 (1983) 23-57.
17. J.B. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge 1984) 4; ibid, 6-7. Alternative definitions include those suggested by M. Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London 1976) 11; R. Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge 1981) chapter 1; Baker, On ideology and historical geography, 233. See also N.J. Thrift, On the determination of action in space and time, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1 (1983) 23-57.
18. J.B. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge 1984) 4; ibid, 6-7. Alternative definitions include those suggested by M. Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London 1976) 11; R. Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge 1981) chapter 1; Baker, On ideology and historical geography, 233. See also N.J. Thrift, On the determination of action in space and time, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1 (1983) 23-57.
19. J.B. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge 1984) 4; ibid, 6-7. Alternative definitions include those suggested by M. Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London 1976) 11; R. Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge 1981) chapter 1; Baker, On ideology and historical geography, 233. See also N.J. Thrift, On the determination of action in space and time, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1 (1983) 23-57.
20. J.B. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge 1984) 4; ibid, 6-7. Alternative definitions include those suggested by M. Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London 1976) 11; R. Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge 1981) chapter 1; Baker, On ideology and historical geography, 233. See also N.J. Thrift, On the determination of action in space and time, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1 (1983) 23-57.
21. J.B. Thompson, Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge 1984) 4; ibid, 6-7. Alternative definitions include those suggested by M. Seliger, Ideology and Politics (London 1976) 11; R. Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge 1981) chapter 1; Baker, On ideology and historical geography, 233. See also N.J. Thrift, On the determination of action in space and time, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 1 (1983) 23-57.
22. M. Sahlins, Tribesmen (Englewood Cliffs 1968) 5; R.A. Dodgshon, The European Past: Social Evolution and Spatial Order (Basingstoke 1987) especially chapter 5; M. Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 1 (Cambridge 1988) chapters 1 and 2.
23. M. Sahlins, Tribesmen (Englewood Cliffs 1968) 5; R.A. Dodgshon, The European Past: Social Evolution and Spatial Order (Basingstoke 1987) especially chapter 5; M. Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 1 (Cambridge 1988) chapters 1 and 2.
24. M. Sahlins, Tribesmen (Englewood Cliffs 1968) 5; R.A. Dodgshon, The European Past: Social Evolution and Spatial Order (Basingstoke 1987) especially chapter 5; M. Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 1 (Cambridge 1988) chapters 1 and 2.
25. For reviews of the different theories of state formation see R. Cohen, Introduction, in R. Cohen and E.R. Service (Eds), Origins of the State: the Anthropology of Social Evolution (Philadelphia 1978) 1-20; H.J.M. Claessen and P. Skalnik, The early state: theories and hypotheses, in H.J.M. Claessen and P. Skalnik (Eds), The Early State (The Hague 1978) 3-29; J. Gledhill, Introduction: the comparative analysis of social and political transitions, in J. Gledhill, B. Bender and M.T. Larsen (Eds), State and Society: the Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization (London 1988) 1-29.
26. For reviews of the different theories of state formation see R. Cohen, Introduction, in R. Cohen and E.R. Service (Eds), Origins of the State: the Anthropology of Social Evolution (Philadelphia 1978) 1-20; H.J.M. Claessen and P. Skalnik, The early state: theories and hypotheses, in H.J.M. Claessen and P. Skalnik (Eds), The Early State (The Hague 1978) 3-29; J. Gledhill, Introduction: the comparative analysis of social and political transitions, in J. Gledhill, B. Bender and M.T. Larsen (Eds), State and Society: the Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization (London 1988) 1-29.
27. For reviews of the different theories of state formation see R. Cohen, Introduction, in R. Cohen and E.R. Service (Eds), Origins of the State: the Anthropology of Social Evolution (Philadelphia 1978) 1-20; H.J.M. Claessen and P. Skalnik, The early state: theories and hypotheses, in H.J.M. Claessen and P. Skalnik (Eds), The Early State (The Hague 1978) 3-29; J. Gledhill, Introduction: the comparative analysis of social and political transitions, in J. Gledhill, B. Bender and M.T. Larsen (Eds), State and Society: the Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization (London 1988) 1-29.
28. N.J.G. Pounds and S.S. Ball, Core areas and the development of the European states system, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 54 (1964) 24-40; quotation from E.L. Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge 1981) 105.
29. N.J.G. Pounds and S.S. Ball, Core areas and the development of the European states system, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 54 (1964) 24-40; quotation from E.L. Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Cambridge 1981) 105.
30. See R. Jones, Problems with Medieval Welsh local administration: the case of the maenor and the maenol, Journal of Historical Geography 24 (1998) 141 for a representation of the changing nature of political space in Wales during the Middle Ages.
31. Dodgshon, The European Past, 91-3.
32. A. Owen (Ed.), Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, Vol. 1 (London 1841) 170.
33. Dodgshon, The European Past, 93.
34. Ibid. 134.
35. R. Jones, Foundation legends, origines gentium and senses of ethnic identity: legitimising ideologies in Medieval Celtic Britain, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, forthcoming.
36. A.W. Wade-Evans (Ed.), Nennius's 'History of the Britons' (Cardiff 1938) Chapter 6; idem (Ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Brittaniae et Genealogiae (Cardiff 1944) 149; E. Phillimore (Ed.), The "Annales Cambriae" and the Old-Welsh genealogies from Harleian MS.3859, Y Cymmrodor 9 (1888) 182-3; N.K. Chadwick, Early culture and learning in north Wales, in N.K. Chadwick (Ed.), Studies in the Early British Church (London 1958) 16.
37. A.W. Wade-Evans (Ed.), Nennius's 'History of the Britons' (Cardiff 1938) Chapter 6; idem (Ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Brittaniae et Genealogiae (Cardiff 1944) 149; E. Phillimore (Ed.), The "Annales Cambriae" and the Old-Welsh genealogies from Harleian MS.3859, Y Cymmrodor 9 (1888) 182-3; N.K. Chadwick, Early culture and learning in north Wales, in N.K. Chadwick (Ed.), Studies in the Early British Church (London 1958) 16.
38. A.W. Wade-Evans (Ed.), Nennius's 'History of the Britons' (Cardiff 1938) Chapter 6; idem (Ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Brittaniae et Genealogiae (Cardiff 1944) 149; E. Phillimore (Ed.), The "Annales Cambriae" and the Old-Welsh genealogies from Harleian MS.3859, Y Cymmrodor 9 (1888) 182-3; N.K. Chadwick, Early culture and learning in north Wales, in N.K. Chadwick (Ed.), Studies in the Early British Church (London 1958) 16.
39. A.W. Wade-Evans (Ed.), Nennius's 'History of the Britons' (Cardiff 1938) Chapter 6; idem (Ed.), Vitae Sanctorum Brittaniae et Genealogiae (Cardiff 1944) 149; E. Phillimore (Ed.), The "Annales Cambriae" and the Old-Welsh genealogies from Harleian MS.3859, Y Cymmrodor 9 (1888) 182-3; N.K. Chadwick, Early culture and learning in north Wales, in N.K. Chadwick (Ed.), Studies in the Early British Church (London 1958) 16.
40. M. Richter, The political and institutional background to national consciousness in Medieval Wales, in T.W. Moody (Ed.), Nationality and the Pursuit of National Independence (Belfast 1978) 37-55; R.R. Davies, Law and national identity in thirteenth-century Wales, in R.R. Davies, R.A. Griffiths, I.G. Jones and K.O. Morgan (Eds), Welsh Society and Nationhood: Essays to Glanmor Williams (Cardiff 1984) 51-69. For a discussion of ethnie, see A.D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford 1986); idem, National Identity (London 1991) 21.
41. M. Richter, The political and institutional background to national consciousness in Medieval Wales, in T.W. Moody (Ed.), Nationality and the Pursuit of National Independence (Belfast 1978) 37-55; R.R. Davies, Law and national identity in thirteenth-century Wales, in R.R. Davies, R.A. Griffiths, I.G. Jones and K.O. Morgan (Eds), Welsh Society and Nationhood: Essays to Glanmor Williams (Cardiff 1984) 51-69. For a discussion of ethnie, see A.D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford 1986); idem, National Identity (London 1991) 21.
42. M. Richter, The political and institutional background to national consciousness in Medieval Wales, in T.W. Moody (Ed.), Nationality and the Pursuit of National Independence (Belfast 1978) 37-55; R.R. Davies, Law and national identity in thirteenth-century Wales, in R.R. Davies, R.A. Griffiths, I.G. Jones and K.O. Morgan (Eds), Welsh Society and Nationhood: Essays to Glanmor Williams (Cardiff 1984) 51-69. For a discussion of ethnie, see A.D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford 1986); idem, National Identity (London 1991) 21.
43. M. Richter, The political and institutional background to national consciousness in Medieval Wales, in T.W. Moody (Ed.), Nationality and the Pursuit of National Independence (Belfast 1978) 37-55; R.R. Davies, Law and national identity in thirteenth-century Wales, in R.R. Davies, R.A. Griffiths, I.G. Jones and K.O. Morgan (Eds), Welsh Society and Nationhood: Essays to Glanmor Williams (Cardiff 1984) 51-69. For a discussion of ethnie, see A.D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford 1986); idem, National Identity (London 1991) 21.
44. In the same context see J. Painter, Politics, Geography and 'Political Geography': A Critical respective (London 1995) 27-57 for a discussion of the way in which the process of state formation is constituted discursively.
45. Owen, Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, 186; see for instance H. Ellis (Ed.), The Record of Caernarvon (London 1838).
46. Owen, Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, 186; see for instance H. Ellis (Ed.), The Record of Caernarvon (London 1838).
47. T.M. Charles-Edwards, Early Irish and Welsh Kinship (Oxford 1993) 234; the use of commotes (and other native administrative units) in Wales in the period following the Norman conquest of course demonstrates the institutional continuity between the period of Welsh and Norman rule.
48. M. Mann, The autonomous power of the state: its origins, mechanisms and results, European Journal of Sociology 25 (1984) 185-213.
49. W. Rees, An Historical Atlas of Wales from Early to Modern Times (Cardiff 1951) Plate 23.
50. R. Jones, The formation of the cantref and the commote in Medieval Gwynedd, Studia Celtica with the Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 32 169-77.
51. R. Jones, Daearyddiaeth wleidyddol, weinyddol a sefydliadol Cymru yn yr oesau canol (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberystwyth 1996) chapter 4.
52. Owen, Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, Vol. 1, 188.
53. P. Vinogradoff and F. Morgan (Eds), Survey of the Honour of Denbigh 1334 (Oxford 1914) 1x.
54. R.R. Davies, The Age of Conquest: Wales 1093-1415 (Oxford 1992) 127.
55. Public Record Office (hereafter P.R.O.) Calender of Inquisitions Miscellaneous 1216-1377, Vol. 1 (London 1916-37) no. 1357; D. Stephenson, The Governance of Gwynedd (Cardiff 1984) 67.
56. Public Record Office (hereafter P.R.O.) Calender of Inquisitions Miscellaneous 1216-1377, Vol. 1 (London 1916-37) no. 1357; D. Stephenson, The Governance of Gwynedd (Cardiff 1984) 67.
57. Ibid. xviii.
58. See H. Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change (Princeton 1994) 61-3 for a more general discussion of the reasons for the economic renaissance that occurred in the later Middle Ages.
59. T.J. Pierce, The growth of commutation in Gwynedd in the thirteenth century, in J.B. Smith (Ed.), Medieval Welsh Society: Selected Essays (Cardiff 1972) 103-26.
60. J.G. Edwards (Ed.), Calendar of Ancient Correspondence Concerning Wales (Cardiff 1935) 124.
61. Ibid. 103.
62. Pierce, The growth of commutation in Gwynedd in the thirteenth century.
63. J. Given, The economic consequences of the English conquest of Gwynedd, Speculum 64 (1989) 29-31; idem, Autonomy, integration and marginalization in the construction of Medieval states: a comparison of Gwynedd and Languedoc under outside rule, Archives Européenes de Sociologie 31 (1990) 303.
64. J. Given, The economic consequences of the English conquest of Gwynedd, Speculum 64 (1989) 29-31; idem, Autonomy, integration and marginalization in the construction of Medieval states: a comparison of Gwynedd and Languedoc under outside rule, Archives Européenes de Sociologie 31 (1990) 303.
65. Mann, The autonmous power of the state.
66. Similar statements have been made in the context of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Here the Normans based their methods of governance on a pre-existing Anglo-Saxon framework but succeeded in envigorating it H.R. Loyn, The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500-1087 (London 1984). The fact that kinship groups, however, still had a role to play in the institutional geography of Wales well into the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries may be seen as evidence for the limited maturity of territorial institutions, even during this late period.
67. R. Jones, Early state formation in native Medieval Wales, Political Geography 17 (1998) 667-82.
68. See A. Giddens, The Nation-state and Violence (Cambridge 1985) 59-61.