Benefits and pitfalls of cardiovascular risk assessment

Journal of Human Hypertension

Volumn 14, Issue , 2000, Pages S11-S16

  Poulter, N R ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Coronary heart disease; Framingham equation; Risk assessment; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

STATIN;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE DURATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE; MATHEMATICAL PARAMETERS; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; AGED; ALGORITHMS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL; CORONARY DISEASE; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LIFE STYLE; MALE; META-ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0033755023     PISSN: 09509240     EISSN: 14765527     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001071     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Uemura K, Piša Z. Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality in industrialized countries since 1950. World Health Statist Quart 1988; 41: 155-178.
2. British Heart Foundation. Coronary Heart Disease Statistics Book. British Heart Foundation: London, 1999.
3. Capewell S, Pell JP, Morrison C, McMurray J. Increasing the impact of cardiological treatments. How best to reduce deaths. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 1386-1392.
4. Epstein F. The relationship of lifestyle to international trends in CHD. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18 (1): 203-209.
5. Collins R et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335: 827-838.
6. Moser M, Hebert PR. Prevention of disease progression, left ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in hypertension treatment trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 1214-1218.
7. Herbert PR, Gaziano JM, Chan KS, Hennekens CH. Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke, and total mortality. An overview of randomized trials. JAMA 1997; 278: 313-321.
8. Fuster V, Pearson TA. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27: 957-1047.
9. Grundy SM et al. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: guidance from Framingham. A statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA Task Force on risk reduction. Circulation 1998; 97: 1876-1887.
10. Anderson KM, Odell PM, Wilson PWF, Kannel WB. Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 1990; 121: 293-298.
11. Kannel WB. Status of risk factors and their consideration in antihypertensive therapy. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59: 80A-90A.
12. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 120-126.
13. Wilson PW. Metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease: current and future prospects. Curr Opin Cardiol 1999; 14: 176-185.
14. National Cholesterol Education Program. Second Report of the expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. (Adult Treatment Panel II). Circulation 1994; 89: 1333-1445.
15. Wilson PW et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998; 97: 1837-1847.
16. Chatellier G, Blinowska A, Menard J, Degoulet P. Do physicians estimate reliably the cardiovascular risk of hypertensive patients? Med Info 1995; 8: 876-879.
17. Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation 1991; 83: 356-362.
18. Karter AJ et al. Ischemic heart disease and stroke mortality in African-American, Hispanic and non-His-panic white men and women, 1985-1991. West J Med 1998; 169: 139-145.
19. Haq IU et al. Is the Framingham risk function valid for Northern European populations? A comparison of methods for estimating absolute coronary risk in high-risk men. Heart 1999; 81: 40-46.
20. Knuiman MW, Vu HTV. Prediction of coronary heart disease mortality in Busselton, Western Australia: an evaluation of the Framingham, national health epidemiologic follow up study, and WHO ERICA risk scores. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997; 51: 515-519.
21. Knuiman MW, Vu HTV. Risk factors for stroke mortality in men and women: the Busselton Study. J Car-diovasc Risk 1996; 3: 447-452.
22. Jackson R et al. Management of raised blood pressure in New Zealand: a discussion document. BMJ 1993; 307: 107-110.
23. Jackson R. Updated New Zealand cardiovascular disease risk-benefit prediction guide. BMJ 2000; 320: 709-710.
24. Wood D et al. Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. British Cardiac Society, British Hyperlipidaemia Association, British Hypertension Society, endorsed by the British Diabetic Association. Heart 1998; 80 (2): S1-S29.
25. Ramsay LE et al. BHS Guidelines. Guidelines for management of hypertension: report of the third working party of the British Hypertension Society. J Hum Hyp-ertens 1999; 13: 569-592.
26. Joint National Committee. The sixth report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2413-2446.
27. NHS Executive. SMAC statement on the use of statins. (Executive letter EL(97)41). Department of Health: Wetherby, West Yorkshire, 1997.
28. Wallis EJ et al. Coronary and cardiovascular risk estimation for primary prevention: validation of new Sheffield table in the 1995 Scottish health survey population. BMJ 2000; 320: 671-676.
29. Bayly GR et al. Laboratory-based calculation of coronary heart disease risk in a hospital diabetic clinic. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 697-701.
30. Hingorani AD, Vallance P. A simple computer program for guiding management of cardiovascular risk factors and prescribing. BMJ 1999; 318: 101-105.
31. Assmann G, Schulte H, Cullen P. New and classical risk factors-the Munster Heart Study (PROCAM). Eur J Med Res 1997; 2: 237-242.
32. Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H. The Munster Heart Study (PROCAM). Eur Heart J 1998; 19 (A): A2-A11.
33. Tunstall-Pedoe H. The Dundee coronary risk-disk for management of change in risk factors. BMJ 1991; 303: 744-747.
34. Alderman MH. Blood pressure management: individualized treatment based on absolute risk and the potential for benefit. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 329-335.
35. Stamler J. Blood pressure and high blood pressure. Aspects of risk. Hypertension 1991; 18 (1): 1-95- 1-107.
36. MacMahon S et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765-774.
37. Simpson FO. Guidelines for antihypertensive therapy: problems with a strategy based on absolute cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 683-689.
38. Grundy SM. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Integrating risk assessment with intervention. Circulation 1999; 100: 988-998.
39. Yudkin JS, Chaturvedi N. Developing risk stratification charts for diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 219-227.
40. Grundy SM et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1999; 100: 1134-1146.
41. Haffner SM. Coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1040-1042 [editorial].
42. Greenland P, Grundy S, Pasternak RC, Lenfant C. Problems on the pathway from risk assessment to risk reduction. Circulation 1998; 97: 1761-1762.
43. Kottke TE et al. Delivery rates for preventative services in 44 Midwestern clinics. Mayo Clin Proc 1997; 72: 515-523.
44. Van Drenth L et al. Relationship between practice organization and cardiovascular risk factor recording in general practice. Br J Clin Pract 1998; 48: 1054-1058.
45. Durrington PN et al. Indications for cholesterol-lowering medication: comparison of risk-assessment methods. Lancet 1999; 353: 278-281.
46. Task Force Report. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Coronary Prevention. Eur Heart 1998; 19: 1434-1503.
47. Colhoun HM, Dong W, Poulter NR. Blood pressure screening, management and control in England: results from the health survey for England 1994. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 742-752.
48. Burt VL et al. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991. Hypertension 1995; 26: 60-69.