메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 39, Issue 9, 2000, Pages 1491-1513

Vertical structure and transient behavior of convective-stratiform heating in TOGA COARE from combined satellite-sounding analysis

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE; CONVECTIVE CLOUD; HEAT BUDGET; MICROWAVE IMAGERY; STRATIFORM CLOUD; THERMAL STRUCTURE; TOGA-COARE;

EID: 0033730319     PISSN: 08948763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<1491:VSATBO>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (31)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 0001242017 scopus 로고
    • Radiative energy budget estimates for the 1979 southwest summer monsoon
    • Ackerman, S. A., and S. K. Cox, 1987: Radiative energy budget estimates for the 1979 southwest summer monsoon. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3052-3078.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 3052-3078
    • Ackerman, S.A.1    Cox, S.K.2
  • 2
    • 0027505479 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of monthly rainfall over japan and surrounding waters from a combination of low-orbit microwave and geosychronous IR data
    • Adler, R. F., A. J. Negri, P. R. Keehn, and I. M. Hakkarinen, 1993: Estimation of monthly rainfall over Japan and surrounding waters from a combination of low-orbit microwave and geosychronous IR data. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 335-356.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.32 , pp. 335-356
    • Adler, R.F.1    Negri, A.J.2    Keehn, P.R.3    Hakkarinen, I.M.4
  • 3
    • 0007236798 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of graupel and hail with size
    • Auer, A. H., Jr., 1972: Distribution of graupel and hail with size. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 325-328.
    • (1972) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.100 , pp. 325-328
    • Auer A.H., Jr.1
  • 4
    • 0016952798 scopus 로고
    • Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft
    • Beard, K. V., 1976: Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 851-864.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 851-864
    • Beard, K.V.1
  • 5
    • 0001399758 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal climate summary. The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part I: Warm ENSO conditions continue in the tropical Pacific; California drought abates
    • Bell, G. D., and A. N. Basist, 1994: Seasonal climate summary. The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part I: Warm ENSO conditions continue in the tropical Pacific; California drought abates. J. Climate, 7, 1581-1605.
    • (1994) J. Climate , vol.7 , pp. 1581-1605
    • Bell, G.D.1    Basist, A.N.2
  • 6
    • 0024897250 scopus 로고
    • A general equation for the terminal fall speed of solid hydrometeors
    • Böhm, H. P., 1989: A general equation for the terminal fall speed of solid hydrometeors. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2419-2427.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 2419-2427
    • Böhm, H.P.1
  • 7
    • 0026312431 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of sensible and latent heat flux in the western equatorial Pacific ocean
    • Bradley, E. F., P. A. Coppin, and J. S. Godfrey, 1991: Measurements of sensible and latent heat flux in the western equatorial Pacific ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3375-3389.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 3375-3389
    • Bradley, E.F.1    Coppin, P.A.2    Godfrey, J.S.3
  • 8
    • 0000734068 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of radiative divergence during phase III of the GARP atlantic tropical experiment. Part II: Analysis of phase III results
    • Cox, S. K., and K. T. Griffith, 1979: Estimates of radiative divergence during Phase III of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. Part II: Analysis of Phase III results. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 586-601.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 586-601
    • Cox, S.K.1    Griffith, K.T.2
  • 9
    • 0001286668 scopus 로고
    • Radiative heating of the global atmosphere
    • Dopplick, T. G., 1972: Radiative heating of the global atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1278-1294.
    • (1972) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 1278-1294
    • Dopplick, T.G.1
  • 10
    • 0003859065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of the 3rd Algorithm Intercomparison Project (AIP-3) of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)
    • 199 pp. [Available from Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, GPO Box 1289K, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.]
    • Ebert, E. E., 1996: Results of the 3rd Algorithm Intercomparison Project (AIP-3) of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). BMRC Research Rep. 55, 199 pp. [Available from Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, GPO Box 1289K, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.]
    • (1996) BMRC Research Rep. , vol.55
    • Ebert, E.E.1
  • 11
    • 0031718722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of satellite rainfall estimation algorithms during TOGA COARE
    • _, and M. J. Manton, 1998: Performance of satellite rainfall estimation algorithms during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1537-1557.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 1537-1557
    • Manton, M.J.1
  • 12
    • 0024265507 scopus 로고
    • A composite life cycle of nonsquall mesoscale convective systems over the tropical ocean. Part II: Heat and moisture budgets
    • Esbensen, S. K., and J. T. Wang, 1988: A composite life cycle of nonsquall mesoscale convective systems over the tropical ocean. Part II: Heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 537-548.
    • (1988) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 537-548
    • Esbensen, S.K.1    Wang, J.T.2
  • 13
    • 0026840172 scopus 로고
    • Spatial resolution enhancement of terrestrial features using deconvolved SSM/I microwave brightness temperatures
    • Farrar, M. R., and E. A. Smith, 1992: Spatial resolution enhancement of terrestrial features using deconvolved SSM/I microwave brightness temperatures. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30, 349-355.
    • (1992) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.30 , pp. 349-355
    • Farrar, M.R.1    Smith, E.A.2
  • 14
    • 0028580985 scopus 로고
    • The impact of spatial resolution enhancement of SSM/I microwave brightness temperatures on rainfall retrieval algorithms
    • _, _, and X. Xiang, 1994: The impact of spatial resolution enhancement of SSM/I microwave brightness temperatures on rainfall retrieval algorithms. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 313-333.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.33 , pp. 313-333
    • Xiang, X.1
  • 15
    • 0024897422 scopus 로고
    • The vertical distribution of heating in AMEX and GATE cloud clusters
    • Frank, W. M., and J. L. McBride, 1989: The vertical distribution of heating in AMEX and GATE cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3464-3478.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 3464-3478
    • Frank, W.M.1    McBride, J.L.2
  • 16
    • 0030473492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rawinsonde budget analyses during the TOGA COARE
    • _, and H. Wang, 1996: Rawinsonde budget analyses during the TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1761-1780.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 1761-1780
    • Wang, H.1
  • 17
    • 0026303543 scopus 로고
    • Heat and moisture budgets of an intense midlatitude squall line
    • Gallus, W. A., Jr., and R. H. Johnson, 1991 : Heat and moisture budgets of an intense midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 122-146.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 122-146
    • Gallus W.A., Jr.1    Johnson, R.H.2
  • 18
    • 0001221048 scopus 로고
    • Mass transfer to and from drops in gaseous streams
    • Garner, F. H., and D. A. Lihou, 1965: Mass transfer to and from drops in gaseous streams. DECHEMA Monogr., 55, 155-178.
    • (1965) DECHEMA Monogr. , vol.55 , pp. 155-178
    • Garner, F.H.1    Lihou, D.A.2
  • 19
    • 0001259044 scopus 로고
    • The terminal velocity of fall for water drops in stagnant air
    • Gunn, R., and G. D. Kinzer, 1949: The terminal velocity of fall for water drops in stagnant air. J. Meteor., 6, 243-248.
    • (1949) J. Meteor. , vol.6 , pp. 243-248
    • Gunn, R.1    Kinzer, G.D.2
  • 20
    • 0001399757 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal climate summary. The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part II: Large-scale variability across the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE
    • Gutzler, D. S., G. N. Kiladis, G. A. Meehl, K. M. Weickmann, and M. Wheeler, 1994: Seasonal climate summary. The global climate of December 1992-February 1993. Part II: Large-scale variability across the tropical western Pacific during TOGA COARE. J. Climate, 7, 1606-1622.
    • (1994) J. Climate , vol.7 , pp. 1606-1622
    • Gutzler, D.S.1    Kiladis, G.N.2    Meehl, G.A.3    Weickmann, K.M.4    Wheeler, M.5
  • 21
    • 0021174331 scopus 로고
    • Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate
    • Hartmann, D. L., H. H. Hendon, and R. A. Houze Jr., 1984: Some implications of the mesoscale circulations in tropical cloud clusters for large-scale dynamics and climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 113-121.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 113-121
    • Hartmann, D.L.1    Hendon, H.H.2    Houze R.A., Jr.3
  • 22
    • 0000216410 scopus 로고
    • Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics
    • Houze, R. A., Jr., 1982: Cloud clusters and large-scale vertical motions in the tropics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 60, 396-410.
    • (1982) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.60 , pp. 396-410
    • Houze R.A., Jr.1
  • 23
    • 0024849936 scopus 로고
    • Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating
    • _, 1989: Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large-scale heating. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 427-461.
    • (1989) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.115 , pp. 427-461
  • 24
    • 0021639735 scopus 로고
    • Air motions and precipitation structure of an early summer squall line over the eastern tropical Atlantic
    • _, and E. N. Rappaport, 1984: Air motions and precipitation structure of an early summer squall line over the eastern tropical Atlantic. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 553-574.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 553-574
    • Rappaport, E.N.1
  • 25
    • 0017009437 scopus 로고
    • The role of convective-scale precipitation downdrafts in cumulus and synoptic-scale interactions
    • Johnson, R. H., 1976: The role of convective-scale precipitation downdrafts in cumulus and synoptic-scale interactions. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1890-1910.
    • (1976) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.33 , pp. 1890-1910
    • Johnson, R.H.1
  • 26
    • 0021535482 scopus 로고
    • Partitioning tropical heat and moisture budgets into cumulus and mesoscale components: Implications for cumulus parameterization
    • _, 1984: Partitioning tropical heat and moisture budgets into cumulus and mesoscale components: Implications for cumulus parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1590-1600.
    • (1984) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.112 , pp. 1590-1600
  • 27
    • 0007165585 scopus 로고
    • A model experimental study on the falling velocity of ice crystals
    • Kajikawa, M., 1971: A model experimental study on the falling velocity of ice crystals. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 49, 367-375.
    • (1971) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.49 , pp. 367-375
    • Kajikawa, M.1
  • 28
    • 0007167058 scopus 로고
    • On the radiation budget of the troposphere over the Northern Hemisphere (III): Zonal cross-sections and energy considerations
    • Katayama, A., 1967: On the radiation budget of the troposphere over the Northern Hemisphere (III): Zonal cross-sections and energy considerations. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 45, 26-38.
    • (1967) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan , vol.45 , pp. 26-38
    • Katayama, A.1
  • 29
    • 0028254927 scopus 로고
    • A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space. Part I: Algorithm description
    • Kummerow, C., and L. Giglio, 1994a: A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space. Part I: Algorithm description. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 3-18.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.33 , pp. 3-18
    • Kummerow, C.1    Giglio, L.2
  • 30
    • 0028313821 scopus 로고
    • A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space. Part II: Applications to SSM/I data
    • _, and _, 1994b: A passive microwave technique for estimating rainfall and vertical structure information from space. Part II: Applications to SSM/I data. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 19-34.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.33 , pp. 19-34
  • 31
    • 0030242045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors
    • _, W. S. Olson, and L. Giglio, 1996: A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34, 1213-1232.
    • (1996) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , vol.34 , pp. 1213-1232
    • Olson, W.S.1    Giglio, L.2
  • 32
    • 0032413467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package
    • _, W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson, 1998: The tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) sensor package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 809-817.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.15 , pp. 809-817
    • Barnes, W.1    Kozu, T.2    Shiue, J.3    Simpson, J.4
  • 33
    • 0000387285 scopus 로고
    • Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere. Part I: Basic theory
    • Lau, K. M., and L. Peng, 1987: Origin of low-frequency (intraseasonal) oscillations in the tropical atmosphere. Part I: Basic theory. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 950-972.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.44 , pp. 950-972
    • Lau, K.M.1    Peng, L.2
  • 34
    • 0030441492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heating, moistening, and rainfall over the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE
    • Lin, X., and R. H. Johnson, 1996: Heating, moistening, and rainfall over the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3367-3383.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 3367-3383
    • Lin, X.1    Johnson, R.H.2
  • 35
    • 0001256212 scopus 로고
    • The distribution or raindrops with size
    • Marshall, J. S., and W. M. Palmer, 1948: The distribution or raindrops with size. J. Meteor., 5, 165-166.
    • (1948) J. Meteor. , vol.5 , pp. 165-166
    • Marshall, J.S.1    Palmer, W.M.2
  • 36
    • 0024797598 scopus 로고
    • The Australia Monsoon Experiment (AMEX): Early results
    • McBride, J. L., and G. Holland, 1989: The Australia Monsoon Experiment (AMEX): Early results. Aust. Meteor. Mag., 37, 23-35.
    • (1989) Aust. Meteor. Mag. , vol.37 , pp. 23-35
    • McBride, J.L.1    Holland, G.2
  • 37
    • 0001299397 scopus 로고
    • The flow during TOGA COARE as diagnosed by the BMRC tropical analysis and prediction system
    • _, N. E. Davidson, K. Puri, and G. C. Tyrell, 1995: The flow during TOGA COARE as diagnosed by the BMRC tropical analysis and prediction system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 717-736.
    • (1995) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.123 , pp. 717-736
    • Davidson, N.E.1    Puri, K.2    Tyrell, G.C.3
  • 38
    • 0007232285 scopus 로고
    • On the momentum and energy balance of hurricane Helene (1958)
    • U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, DC, 19 pp.
    • Miller, B. I., 1962: On the momentum and energy balance of hurricane Helene (1958). National Hurricane Research Project, Rep. 53, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, DC, 19 pp.
    • (1962) National Hurricane Research Project, Rep. , vol.53
    • Miller, B.I.1
  • 39
    • 0023517994 scopus 로고
    • Convective heating and precipitation estimates for the tropical South Pacific during FGGE, 10-18 January 1979
    • Miller, B. L., and D. G. Vincent, 1987: Convective heating and precipitation estimates for the tropical South Pacific during FGGE, 10-18 January 1979. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 189-212.
    • (1987) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.113 , pp. 189-212
    • Miller, B.L.1    Vincent, D.G.2
  • 40
    • 0040885979 scopus 로고
    • 799 pp. [Available from Surface and Sounding Systems Facility, NCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307.]
    • Miller, E., 1994: TOGA COARE Integrated Sounding System Data Report. Vols. 1-9, 799 pp. [Available from Surface and Sounding Systems Facility, NCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307.]
    • (1994) TOGA COARE Integrated Sounding System Data Report , vol.1-9
    • Miller, E.1
  • 41
    • 0001309923 scopus 로고
    • Budget of angular momentum and energy in tropical cyclones
    • Palmén, E., and H. Riehl, 1957: Budget of angular momentum and energy in tropical cyclones. J. Meteor., 14, 150-159.
    • (1957) J. Meteor. , vol.14 , pp. 150-159
    • Palmén, E.1    Riehl, H.2
  • 42
    • 0028323845 scopus 로고
    • The integrated sounding systern: Description and preliminary observations from TOGA COARE
    • Parsons, D. B., and Coauthors, 1994: The Integrated Sounding Systern: Description and preliminary observations from TOGA COARE. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 553-567.
    • (1994) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 553-567
    • Parsons, D.B.1
  • 43
    • 0025625231 scopus 로고
    • Tropical precipitation rates during SOP-1, FGGE, estimated from heat and moisture budgets
    • Pedigo, C. B., and D. G. Vincent, 1990: Tropical precipitation rates during SOP-1, FGGE, estimated from heat and moisture budgets. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 542-557.
    • (1990) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.118 , pp. 542-557
    • Pedigo, C.B.1    Vincent, D.G.2
  • 45
    • 0020391175 scopus 로고
    • Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño
    • Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, 1982: Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354-384.
    • (1982) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.110 , pp. 354-384
    • Rasmusson, E.M.1    Carpenter, T.H.2
  • 46
    • 0001573518 scopus 로고
    • On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone
    • Riehl, H., and J. S. Malkus, 1958: On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone. Geophysica, 6, 503-538.
    • (1958) Geophysica , vol.6 , pp. 503-538
    • Riehl, H.1    Malkus, J.S.2
  • 47
    • 0025227227 scopus 로고
    • The three-dimensional distribution of atmospheric heating during the GWE
    • Schaack, T. K., D. R. Johnson, and M.-Y. Wei, 1990: The three-dimensional distribution of atmospheric heating during the GWE. Tellus, 42A, 305-327.
    • (1990) Tellus , vol.42 A , pp. 305-327
    • Schaack, T.K.1    Johnson, D.R.2    Wei, M.-Y.3
  • 49
  • 50
    • 21844510004 scopus 로고
    • Design of an inversion-based precipitation profile retrieval algorithm using an explicit cloud model for initial guess microphysics
    • Smith, E. A., X. Xiang, A. Mugnai, and G. J. Tripoli, 1994a: Design of an inversion-based precipitation profile retrieval algorithm using an explicit cloud model for initial guess microphysics. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 54, 53-78.
    • (1994) Meteor. Atmos. Phys. , vol.54 , pp. 53-78
    • Smith, E.A.1    Xiang, X.2    Mugnai, A.3    Tripoli, G.J.4
  • 51
    • 0002609604 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical foundations and verification of a multispectral, inversion-type microwave precipitation profile retrieval algorithm
    • VSP Science Press
    • _, A. Mugnai, and G. Tripoli, 1994b: Theoretical foundations and verification of a multispectral, inversion-type microwave precipitation profile retrieval algorithm. Proceedings of the ESA/ NASA International Workshop on Microwave Radiometry, VSP Science Press, 599-621.
    • (1994) Proceedings of the ESA/ NASA International Workshop on Microwave Radiometry , pp. 599-621
    • Mugnai, A.1    Tripoli, G.2
  • 52
    • 0028681244 scopus 로고
    • The emergence of inversion-type precipitation profile algorithms for estimation of precipitation from satellite microwave measurements
    • _, C. Kummerow, and A. Mugnai, 1994c: The emergence of inversion-type precipitation profile algorithms for estimation of precipitation from satellite microwave measurements. Remote Sens. Rev., 11, 211-242.
    • (1994) Remote Sens. Rev. , vol.11 , pp. 211-242
    • Kummerow, C.1    Mugnai, A.2
  • 53
    • 0028573151 scopus 로고
    • Behavior of an inversion-based precipitation retrieval algorithm with high-resolution AMPR measurements including a low-frequency 10.7-GHz channel
    • _, X. Xiang, A. Mugnai, R. E. Hood, and R. W. Spencer, 1994d: Behavior of an inversion-based precipitation retrieval algorithm with high-resolution AMPR measurements including a low-frequency 10.7-GHz channel. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 858-873.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.11 , pp. 858-873
    • Xiang, X.1    Mugnai, A.2    Hood, R.E.3    Spencer, R.W.4
  • 54
    • 0001422637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of WetNet PIP-2 project
    • _, and Coauthors, 1998: Results of WetNet PIP-2 project. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1483-1536.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.55 , pp. 1483-1536
  • 55
    • 0027460974 scopus 로고
    • Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation
    • Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, C.-H. Sui, B. Ferrier, S. Lang, J. Scala, M.-D. Chou, and K. Pickering, 1993: Heating, moisture, and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 673-690.
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.50 , pp. 673-690
    • Tao, W.-K.1    Simpson, J.2    Sui, C.-H.3    Ferrier, B.4    Lang, S.5    Scala, J.6    Chou, M.-D.7    Pickering, K.8
  • 56
    • 0003128435 scopus 로고
    • Structure of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Atlantic Ocean
    • Thompson, R. M., S. W. Payne, E. E. Recker, and R. J. Reed, 1979: Structure of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the intertropical convergence zone of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 53-71.
    • (1979) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 53-71
    • Thompson, R.M.1    Payne, S.W.2    Recker, E.E.3    Reed, R.J.4
  • 57
    • 0027075510 scopus 로고
    • A nonhydrostatic model designed to simulate scale interaction
    • Tripoli, G. J., 1992: A nonhydrostatic model designed to simulate scale interaction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1342-1359.
    • (1992) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.120 , pp. 1342-1359
    • Tripoli, G.J.1
  • 58
    • 0028681392 scopus 로고
    • Algorithms for the retrieval of rainfall from passive microwave measurements
    • Wilheit, T., and Coauthors, 1994: Algorithms for the retrieval of rainfall from passive microwave measurements. Remote Sens. Rev., 11, 163-194.
    • (1994) Remote Sens. Rev. , vol.11 , pp. 163-194
    • Wilheit, T.1
  • 59
    • 0027830286 scopus 로고
    • ENSO variability and external impacts
    • Wu, D.-H., D. L. Anderson, and M. K. Davey, 1993: ENSO variability and external impacts. J. Climate, 6, 1703-1717.
    • (1993) J. Climate , vol.6 , pp. 1703-1717
    • Wu, D.-H.1    Anderson, D.L.2    Davey, M.K.3
  • 60
    • 0031879142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and interannual variability of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks as determined from NCEP-NCAR reanalysis
    • Yanai, M., and T. Tomita, 1998: Seasonal and interannual variability of atmospheric heat sources and moisture sinks as determined from NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. J. Climate, 11, 463-482.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 463-482
    • Yanai, M.1    Tomita, T.2
  • 61
    • 0001108779 scopus 로고
    • Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets
    • _, S. Esbensen, and J. H. Chu, 1973: Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627.
    • (1973) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 611-627
    • Esbensen, S.1    Chu, J.H.2
  • 63
    • 0033117276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Four-dimensional structure of monthly latent heating derived from SSM/I satellite measurements
    • _, and _, 1999b: Four-dimensional structure of monthly latent heating derived from SSM/I satellite measurements. J. Climate, 12, 1016-1037.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 1016-1037


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.