Europeanised politics - Europeanised media? European integration and political communication

West European Politics

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 121-141

  Semetko, Holli A ^a   de Vreese, Claes H ^a   Peter, Jochen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICATION; EUROPEAN UNION; POLITICAL SYSTEM; REGIONALIZATION;

EUROPE;

EID: 0033664198     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402380008425403     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. J.G. Blumler (ed.), Communicating to Voters. Television in the First European Parliamentary Elections (London: Sage 1983).
2. Fundesco/AEJ Annual Report, The European Union in the Media 1995 (Madrid: Fundesco 1996).
3. European Commission, Eumbarometer 46-50 (Brussels: Directorate-General X 1996-99).
4. For a historical discussion of news coverage of politics in the US see, for example, T. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1993).
5. M. Gurevitch and J.G. Blumler, The Crisis in Public Communication (London: Routledge 1995); A. Przeworski and H. Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: John Wiley & Sons 1970); D. Swanson and P. Mancini, Politics, Media and Modern Democracy (London: Praeger 1996).
6. M. Gurevitch and J.G. Blumler, The Crisis in Public Communication (London: Routledge 1995); A. Przeworski and H. Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: John Wiley & Sons 1970); D. Swanson and P. Mancini, Politics, Media and Modern Democracy (London: Praeger 1996).
7. M. Gurevitch and J.G. Blumler, The Crisis in Public Communication (London: Routledge 1995); A. Przeworski and H. Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: John Wiley & Sons 1970); D. Swanson and P. Mancini, Politics, Media and Modern Democracy (London: Praeger 1996).
8. H.A. Semetko and A. Mandelli, 'Bringing Culture into the Concept: Cross-National Comparative Research on Agenda-Setting', in M. McCombs, D. Shaw and D.H. Weaver (eds.), Communication and Democracy (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum 1997).
9. Cross-national comparative studies on the formation of news agenda during national elections in Britain and the US and the political roles of journalists in Western democracies found important differences that have been linked to the media and political systems. See H.A. Semetko et al., The Formation of Campaign Agendas: A Comparative Analysis of Party and Media Roles in Recent American and British Elections (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum 1991); and T.E. Patterson, 'Political Roles of the Journalist', in D. Graber, D. McQuail and P. Morris (eds.), The Politics of News. The News of Politics (Washington, DC: CQ Press 1998). Looking at the interaction between politicians and journalists, two of the core actors in the field of political communication, distinct cross-national differences were revealed. US journalists, for example, were found to exert considerably more influence than their British counterparts over the formation of the election news agenda. Moreover, with respect to journalists' perceptions of their roles, a comparison of German and British reporters found that in comparison with the former, the British more often saw it as their role to provide analysis and be a watchdog of the government. See D.H. Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist: News People around the World (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press), pp.466-7.
10. Cross-national comparative studies on the formation of news agenda during national elections in Britain and the US and the political roles of journalists in Western democracies found important differences that have been linked to the media and political systems. See H.A. Semetko et al., The Formation of Campaign Agendas: A Comparative Analysis of Party and Media Roles in Recent American and British Elections (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum 1991); and T.E. Patterson, 'Political Roles of the Journalist', in D. Graber, D. McQuail and P. Morris (eds.), The Politics of News. The News of Politics (Washington, DC: CQ Press 1998). Looking at the interaction between politicians and journalists, two of the core actors in the field of political communication, distinct cross-national differences were revealed. US journalists, for example, were found to exert considerably more influence than their British counterparts over the formation of the election news agenda. Moreover, with respect to journalists' perceptions of their roles, a comparison of German and British reporters found that in comparison with the former, the British more often saw it as their role to provide analysis and be a watchdog of the government. See D.H. Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist: News People around the World (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press), pp.466-7.
11. Cross-national comparative studies on the formation of news agenda during national elections in Britain and the US and the political roles of journalists in Western democracies found important differences that have been linked to the media and political systems. See H.A. Semetko et al., The Formation of Campaign Agendas: A Comparative Analysis of Party and Media Roles in Recent American and British Elections (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum 1991); and T.E. Patterson, 'Political Roles of the Journalist', in D. Graber, D. McQuail and P. Morris (eds.), The Politics of News. The News of Politics (Washington, DC: CQ Press 1998). Looking at the interaction between politicians and journalists, two of the core actors in the field of political communication, distinct cross-national differences were revealed. US journalists, for example, were found to exert considerably more influence than their British counterparts over the formation of the election news agenda. Moreover, with respect to journalists' perceptions of their roles, a comparison of German and British reporters found that in comparison with the former, the British more often saw it as their role to provide analysis and be a watchdog of the government. See D.H. Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist: News People around the World (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press), pp.466-7.
12. The content analysis of the introduction of the euro was funded by The Amsterdam School of Communications Research ASCoR and The Danish Research Academy. It is integral to a larger study of news and European integration which includes two Ph.D. projects, one by Jochen Peter and one by Claes H. de Vreese.
13. For a discussion of the initial rationale for a public service system see P.J. Humphreys, Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1996).
14. J.G. Blumler and T.J. Nossiter (eds.), Broadcasting Finance in Transition (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1991); J.G. Blumler, M. Brynin and T.J. Nossiter, 'Broadcasting Finance and Programme Quality: An International Review', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.343-72.
15. J.G. Blumler and T.J. Nossiter (eds.), Broadcasting Finance in Transition (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1991); J.G. Blumler, M. Brynin and T.J. Nossiter, 'Broadcasting Finance and Programme Quality: An International Review', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.343-72.
16. R.M. Entman, Democracy without Citizens: Media and the Decay of American Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989).
17. D. McQuail and the Euromedia Research Group, 'Caging the Beast: Constructing a Framework for Analysis of Media Change in Western Europe', European Journal of Communication 5 (1990), pp.313-32.
18. J. van Cuilenburg and P.Slaa, 'From Media Policy Towards a National Communications Policy', Journal of Communication 8 (1993), pp.149-76; J. Melody, 'Communication Policy in the Global Information Economy: Whither the Public Interest', in M. Fergurson (ed.), New Communication Technologies and the Public Interest (London: Sage 1993).
19. J. van Cuilenburg and P.Slaa, 'From Media Policy Towards a National Communications Policy', Journal of Communication 8 (1993), pp.149-76; J. Melody, 'Communication Policy in the Global Information Economy: Whither the Public Interest', in M. Fergurson (ed.), New Communication Technologies and the Public Interest (London: Sage 1993).
20. Humphreys, Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe, p.258.
21. A. Weymouth and B. Lamizet, Markets and Myths. Forces for Change in the European Media (London: Longman 1996).
22. R. Collins, Broadcasting and Audio-visual Policy in the European Single Market (London: John Libbey 1994).
23. European Parliament and Council Directive, 97/36/EC, 30 June 1997.
24. Collins, Broadcasting und Audio-visual Policy.
25. P. Sepstrup, Transnationalization of Television in Western Europe (London: John Libbey 1990).
26. Humphreys, Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe, p.280.
27. Ibid., pp.282-4.
28. W. Hoffmann-Riem, 'National Identity and Cultural Values: Broadcasting Standards', Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 31 (1987), pp.55-72.
29. European Parliament, 97/36/EC, article 4.
30. Collins, Broadcasting and Audio-visual Policy; Humphreys, Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe; Weymouth and Lamizet, Markets and Myths.
31. Collins, Broadcasting and Audio-visual Policy; Humphreys, Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe; Weymouth and Lamizet, Markets and Myths.
32. Collins, Broadcasting and Audio-visual Policy; Humphreys, Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe; Weymouth and Lamizet, Markets and Myths.
33. Humphreys, Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe, p.258.
34. Sepstrup, Transnationalization of Television in Western Europe.
35. M. Gerhards, A. Grajczyk and W. Klingler, 'Programmangebote und Spartennutzung im Fernsehen 1998', Media Perspektiven 8 (1999), pp.390-400.
36. Ibid.
37. For the US, see D.H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US News People and their Work (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 3rd edn. 1996). For an international comparison see Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist. For comparisons between German and British journalists, see R. Köcher, 'Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.43-64; F. Esser, 'Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms', European Journal of Communication 13 (1998), pp.375-105. For work on journalists in Germany, see K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'Oberlehrer und Missionare? Das Selbstverständnis deutscher Journalisten', in F. Neidhardt (ed.), Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1994); W. Donsbach, 'Redaktionelle Kontrolle im Journalismus: Ein internationaler Vergleich', in W.A. Mahle (ed.), Journalisten in Deutschland. Nationale und internationale Vergleiche und Perspektiven (Munich: Ölschläger 1993); W. Donsbach, 'Das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Politik im internationalen Vergleich', in Bürger fragen Journalisten (ed.), Medien in Europa (Erlangen: TM Verlag 1993); K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'German Journalists in the Early 1990s: East and West', in Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist, pp.213-27.
38. For the US, see D.H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US News People and their Work (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 3rd edn. 1996). For an international comparison see Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist. For comparisons between German and British journalists, see R. Köcher, 'Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.43-64; F. Esser, 'Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms', European Journal of Communication 13 (1998), pp.375-105. For work on journalists in Germany, see K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'Oberlehrer und Missionare? Das Selbstverständnis deutscher Journalisten', in F. Neidhardt (ed.), Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1994); W. Donsbach, 'Redaktionelle Kontrolle im Journalismus: Ein internationaler Vergleich', in W.A. Mahle (ed.), Journalisten in Deutschland. Nationale und internationale Vergleiche und Perspektiven (Munich: Ölschläger 1993); W. Donsbach, 'Das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Politik im internationalen Vergleich', in Bürger fragen Journalisten (ed.), Medien in Europa (Erlangen: TM Verlag 1993); K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'German Journalists in the Early 1990s: East and West', in Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist, pp.213-27.
39. For the US, see D.H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US News People and their Work (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 3rd edn. 1996). For an international comparison see Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist. For comparisons between German and British journalists, see R. Köcher, 'Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.43-64; F. Esser, 'Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms', European Journal of Communication 13 (1998), pp.375-105. For work on journalists in Germany, see K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'Oberlehrer und Missionare? Das Selbstverständnis deutscher Journalisten', in F. Neidhardt (ed.), Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1994); W. Donsbach, 'Redaktionelle Kontrolle im Journalismus: Ein internationaler Vergleich', in W.A. Mahle (ed.), Journalisten in Deutschland. Nationale und internationale Vergleiche und Perspektiven (Munich: Ölschläger 1993); W. Donsbach, 'Das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Politik im internationalen Vergleich', in Bürger fragen Journalisten (ed.), Medien in Europa (Erlangen: TM Verlag 1993); K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'German Journalists in the Early 1990s: East and West', in Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist, pp.213-27.
40. For the US, see D.H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US News People and their Work (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 3rd edn. 1996). For an international comparison see Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist. For comparisons between German and British journalists, see R. Köcher, 'Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.43-64; F. Esser, 'Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms', European Journal of Communication 13 (1998), pp.375-105. For work on journalists in Germany, see K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'Oberlehrer und Missionare? Das Selbstverständnis deutscher Journalisten', in F. Neidhardt (ed.), Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1994); W. Donsbach, 'Redaktionelle Kontrolle im Journalismus: Ein internationaler Vergleich', in W.A. Mahle (ed.), Journalisten in Deutschland. Nationale und internationale Vergleiche und Perspektiven (Munich: Ölschläger 1993); W. Donsbach, 'Das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Politik im internationalen Vergleich', in Bürger fragen Journalisten (ed.), Medien in Europa (Erlangen: TM Verlag 1993); K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'German Journalists in the Early 1990s: East and West', in Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist, pp.213-27.
41. For the US, see D.H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US News People and their Work (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 3rd edn. 1996). For an international comparison see Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist. For comparisons between German and British journalists, see R. Köcher, 'Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.43-64; F. Esser, 'Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms', European Journal of Communication 13 (1998), pp.375-105. For work on journalists in Germany, see K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'Oberlehrer und Missionare? Das Selbstverständnis deutscher Journalisten', in F. Neidhardt (ed.), Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1994); W. Donsbach, 'Redaktionelle Kontrolle im Journalismus: Ein internationaler Vergleich', in W.A. Mahle (ed.), Journalisten in Deutschland. Nationale und internationale Vergleiche und Perspektiven (Munich: Ölschläger 1993); W. Donsbach, 'Das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Politik im internationalen Vergleich', in Bürger fragen Journalisten (ed.), Medien in Europa (Erlangen: TM Verlag 1993); K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'German Journalists in the Early 1990s: East and West', in Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist, pp.213-27.
42. For the US, see D.H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US News People and their Work (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 3rd edn. 1996). For an international comparison see Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist. For comparisons between German and British journalists, see R. Köcher, 'Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.43-64; F. Esser, 'Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms', European Journal of Communication 13 (1998), pp.375-105. For work on journalists in Germany, see K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'Oberlehrer und Missionare? Das Selbstverständnis deutscher Journalisten', in F. Neidhardt (ed.), Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1994); W. Donsbach, 'Redaktionelle Kontrolle im Journalismus: Ein internationaler Vergleich', in W.A. Mahle (ed.), Journalisten in Deutschland. Nationale und internationale Vergleiche und Perspektiven (Munich: Ölschläger 1993); W. Donsbach, 'Das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Politik im internationalen Vergleich', in Bürger fragen Journalisten (ed.), Medien in Europa (Erlangen: TM Verlag 1993); K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'German Journalists in the Early 1990s: East and West', in Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist, pp.213-27.
43. For the US, see D.H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US News People and their Work (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 3rd edn. 1996). For an international comparison see Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist. For comparisons between German and British journalists, see R. Köcher, 'Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.43-64; F. Esser, 'Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms', European Journal of Communication 13 (1998), pp.375-105. For work on journalists in Germany, see K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'Oberlehrer und Missionare? Das Selbstverständnis deutscher Journalisten', in F. Neidhardt (ed.), Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1994); W. Donsbach, 'Redaktionelle Kontrolle im Journalismus: Ein internationaler Vergleich', in W.A. Mahle (ed.), Journalisten in Deutschland. Nationale und internationale Vergleiche und Perspektiven (Munich: Ölschläger 1993); W. Donsbach, 'Das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Politik im internationalen Vergleich', in Bürger fragen Journalisten (ed.), Medien in Europa (Erlangen: TM Verlag 1993); K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'German Journalists in the Early 1990s: East and West', in Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist, pp.213-27.
44. For the US, see D.H. Weaver and G.C. Wilhoit, The American Journalist: A Portrait of US News People and their Work (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 3rd edn. 1996). For an international comparison see Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist. For comparisons between German and British journalists, see R. Köcher, 'Bloodhounds or Missionaries: Role Definitions of German and British Journalists', European Journal of Communication 1 (1986), pp.43-64; F. Esser, 'Editorial Structures and Work Principles in British and German Newsrooms', European Journal of Communication 13 (1998), pp.375-105. For work on journalists in Germany, see K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'Oberlehrer und Missionare? Das Selbstverständnis deutscher Journalisten', in F. Neidhardt (ed.), Öffentlichkeit, öffentliche Meinung, soziale Bewegungen (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1994); W. Donsbach, 'Redaktionelle Kontrolle im Journalismus: Ein internationaler Vergleich', in W.A. Mahle (ed.), Journalisten in Deutschland. Nationale und internationale Vergleiche und Perspektiven (Munich: Ölschläger 1993); W. Donsbach, 'Das Verhältnis von Journalismus und Politik im internationalen Vergleich', in Bürger fragen Journalisten (ed.), Medien in Europa (Erlangen: TM Verlag 1993); K. Schoenbach, D. Stuerzebecher and B. Schneider, 'German Journalists in the Early 1990s: East and West', in Weaver and Wei Wu (eds.), The Global Journalist, pp.213-27.
45. H.A. Semetko, 'The Media', in L. LeDuc, R.G. Niemi and P. Norris (eds.), Comparing Democracies, Elections and Voting in Global Perspective (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1996).
46. C.H. de Vreese, 'Public Broadcasting in Transition: News, Elections and the New Market Place' (paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Association of Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, New Orleans, LA, August 1999).
47. Ibid.
48. Interview with Jonathan Baker, Editor, BBC Nine o'Clock News, 23 Sept. 1999, by Claes de Vreese.
49. Interview with Gary Roger, Editor Channel 5 News, 27 Sept. 1999, by Claes de Vreese.
50. J.G. Blumler (ed.), Communicating to Voters. Television in the First European Parliamentary Elections (London: Sage 1983).
51. K. Siune, 'The Campaigns on Television: What was Said and who Said it', in Blumler (ed.), Communicating to Voters, pp.226-7.
52. The four-year research programme is funded by grants from the Dutch National Science Foundation (NWO) to Holli A. Semetko, Klaus Schoenbach and Cees van der Eijk.
53. B. Maartenson, 'Between State and Market: The Economy in Swedish Television News', in N.T. Gavin (ed.), The Economy, Media and Public Knowledge (London: Leicester University Press 1998), p.122.
54. J. Corner, 'Television News and Economic Exposition', in Gavin (ed.), The Economy, Media and Public Knowledge, p.55.
55. Fundesco/AEJ Annual Report, The European Union in the Media 1995.
56. P. Norris, A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Post-industrial Democracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2000).
57. Ibid.
58. H.A. Semetko and K. Schoenbach, Germany's 'Unity Election': Voters and the Media (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press 1994); P. Norris et al., On Message: Communicating the Campaign (London: Sage 1999); H.A. Semetko, M. Scammell and T. Nossiter, 'Media Coverage of the 1992 British General Election Campaigns', in A. Heath, R. Jowell and J. Curtice (eds.), Labour's Last Chance? The 1992 Election and Beyond (Aldershot: Dartmouth 1994); H. de Vries and P. van Praag, 'De inhoud van het campagnenieuws', in K. Brants and P. van Praag (eds.), Verkoop van de politiek. De verkiezings-campagne van 1994 (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis 1995).
59. H.A. Semetko and K. Schoenbach, Germany's 'Unity Election': Voters and the Media (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press 1994); P. Norris et al., On Message: Communicating the Campaign (London: Sage 1999); H.A. Semetko, M. Scammell and T. Nossiter, 'Media Coverage of the 1992 British General Election Campaigns', in A. Heath, R. Jowell and J. Curtice (eds.), Labour's Last Chance? The 1992 Election and Beyond (Aldershot: Dartmouth 1994); H. de Vries and P. van Praag, 'De inhoud van het campagnenieuws', in K. Brants and P. van Praag (eds.), Verkoop van de politiek. De verkiezings-campagne van 1994 (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis 1995).
60. H.A. Semetko and K. Schoenbach, Germany's 'Unity Election': Voters and the Media (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press 1994); P. Norris et al., On Message: Communicating the Campaign (London: Sage 1999); H.A. Semetko, M. Scammell and T. Nossiter, 'Media Coverage of the 1992 British General Election Campaigns', in A. Heath, R. Jowell and J. Curtice (eds.), Labour's Last Chance? The 1992 Election and Beyond (Aldershot: Dartmouth 1994); H. de Vries and P. van Praag, 'De inhoud van het campagnenieuws', in K. Brants and P. van Praag (eds.), Verkoop van de politiek. De verkiezings-campagne van 1994 (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis 1995).
61. H.A. Semetko and K. Schoenbach, Germany's 'Unity Election': Voters and the Media (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press 1994); P. Norris et al., On Message: Communicating the Campaign (London: Sage 1999); H.A. Semetko, M. Scammell and T. Nossiter, 'Media Coverage of the 1992 British General Election Campaigns', in A. Heath, R. Jowell and J. Curtice (eds.), Labour's Last Chance? The 1992 Election and Beyond (Aldershot: Dartmouth 1994); H. de Vries and P. van Praag, 'De inhoud van het campagnenieuws', in K. Brants and P. van Praag (eds.), Verkoop van de politiek. De verkiezings-campagne van 1994 (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis 1995).
62. H.A. Semetko, 'The News Agenda', in Norris et al., On Message, pp.73-8.
63. U.M. Krüger and T.Z Schramm, 'Fernsehwahlkampf 1998 in Nachrichten und politischen Informationssendungen', Media Perspektiven (5/1999), pp.222-36; M. Schneider, K. Schoenbach and H.A. Semetko, 'Kanzlerkandidaten in den Fernsehnachrichten und in der Wählermeinung: Befunde zum Bundestagswahlkampf 1998 und früheren Wahlkämpfen', Media Perspektiven (5/1999), pp.262-9.
64. U.M. Krüger and T.Z Schramm, 'Fernsehwahlkampf 1998 in Nachrichten und politischen Informationssendungen', Media Perspektiven (5/1999), pp.222-36; M. Schneider, K. Schoenbach and H.A. Semetko, 'Kanzlerkandidaten in den Fernsehnachrichten und in der Wählermeinung: Befunde zum Bundestagswahlkampf 1998 und früheren Wahlkämpfen', Media Perspektiven (5/1999), pp.262-9.
65. Semetko, 'The News Agenda', pp.73-8.
66. J. Brukx and C.H. de Vreese, Het NOS Journaal & de verkiezingen van 1998: Visies op verkiezingsberichgeving (Internal research report, Dutch Broadcasting Association, Hilversum, The Netherlands 1998).
67. J. Andersen et al., Vaelgere med omtanke. En analyse af folketingsvalget 1998 (Aarhus: Systime 1999).
68. H.A. Semetko and P.M. Valkenburg. 'Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News', Journal of Communication 50 (2000), pp.93-109. This research was supported by a grant from the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences (KNAW) to Holli A. Semetko and Patti M. Valkenburg.
69. P.M. Valkenburg, H.A. Semetko and C.H. de Vreese, 'The Effects of News Frames on Readers' Thoughts and Recall', Communication Research 26 (1999), pp.550-69.
70. This is in stark contrast to the US, where television news has been blamed for encouraging viewers to attribute responsibility for social problems such as poverty to the individual rather than the system or the government. S. Iyengar, Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 1991).
71. Semetko and Valkenburg, 'Framing European Politics'.
72. Ibid.
73. Valkenburg et al., 'The Effects of News Frames on Readers' Thoughts and Recall'.
74. In a singular and exceptional study linking media coverage about the European Union to public opinion, it was reported that a press, persistently sceptical towards the new currency, had damaged early confidence in the euro. Monthly fluctuations in the direction of the news coverage of that issue were related to changes of public support for the new currency. Yet in contrast to that rather issue-specific public opinion, an effect of the news coverage on more general attitudes towards the EU was not found - although the tone of the news about the EU was modestly, but consistently, negative; see Norris, A Virtuous Circle.
75. B. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1963), p.13.
76. M.E. McCombs and D.L. Shaw, 'The Agenda-setting Function of Mass Media', Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (1972), pp.176-84.
77. For an overview see J.W. Dearing and E.M. Rogers, Agenda-setting (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1996).
78. G.E. Lang and K. Lang, 'Watergate: An Exploration of the Agenda-building Process', in G.C. Wilhoit and H. DeBock (eds.), Mass Communication Review Yearbook 2 (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1981), pp.447-68.
79. de Vreese, 'Public Broadcasting in Transition'.
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