Political contention in a Europeanising policy

West European Politics

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 73-93

  Imig, Doug ^a   Tarrow, Sidney ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

^b Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EUROPEAN UNION; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; POLICY STRATEGY; REGIONALIZATION;

EID: 0033664197     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402380008425401     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Reuters, 7 March 1997.
2. Reuters, 7 March 1997. Nearly $8 million would have come from the European Regional Development Fund, in effect, helping Renault to move jobs from one member state to another, according to a spokeswoman for Regional Policy Commissioner Monika Wulf-Mathies.
3. Reuters, 12 March 1997; Le Monde, 13 March 1997, p. 14.
4. Reuters, 12 March 1997; Le Monde, 13 March 1997, p. 14.
5. Reuters, 9 March 1997.
6. Reuters, 11 March 1997.
7. Le Monde, 9-10 March 1997, p.5.
8. Le Monde, 13 March 1997, p.14.
9. Le Monde, 2 March 1997.
10. As usual, the figures released by the unions and management varied widely. For the range of figures in the three countries, see Le Monde, 9-10 March 1997, p.24.
11. Reuters, 1 March 1997.
12. Le Monde, 9 March 1997, p.24.
13. Reuters, 9 March 1997.
14. Reuters, 11 March 1997; Le Monde, 13 March 1997, p.14.
15. Reuters, 11 March 1997; Le Monde, 13 March 1997, p.14.
16. Reuters, 11 March 1997; Le Monde, 12 March 1997, p.21.
17. Reuters, 11 March 1997; Le Monde, 12 March 1997, p.21.
18. Le Monde, 15 March 1997, p.19.
19. Le Monde, Feb. 1997.
20. Le Monde, 16-17 March 1997, p.13.
21. Le Monde, 18 March 1997, p.18.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Reuters, 17 March 1997.
25. Reuters, 16 March 1997.
26. Le Monde, 26 March 1997, p.18.
27. Ibid.
28. A. Martin and G. Ross, 'In the Line of Fire: The Europeanization of Labor Representation', in A. Martin and G. Ross (eds.), The Brave New World of European Labor: European Trade Unions at the Millenium (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books 1999), pp.312-67.
29. C. Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1995); S. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1998).
30. C. Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1995); S. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1998).
31. C. Roederer, 'CAP Reforms and the Transformation of Domestic Politics: The Paradox of Farm Protest in France (1983-1993)' (Paper presented at the Fourth European Conference of Sociology, Amsterdam, 18-21 August 1999).
32. B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow (eds.), From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research across Cultures, International Social Movement Research, vol.1 (Greenwich, CT: JAI 1988); D. McAdam, J. McCarthy and M.N. Zald (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1996).
33. B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow (eds.), From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research across Cultures, International Social Movement Research, vol.1 (Greenwich, CT: JAI 1988); D. McAdam, J. McCarthy and M.N. Zald (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1996).
34. Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, p.57
35. Ibid., p.64.
36. C. Bob, 'The Marketing of Rebellion in Global Civil Society: Political Insurgencies, International Media, and the Growth of Transnational Support' (Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, 1997); M. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Transnational Activist Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press 1998); B. Wellman and M. Giulia, 'Net Surfers Don't Ride Alone: Virtual Communities as Communities', in P. Killock and M. Smith (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1999).
37. C. Bob, 'The Marketing of Rebellion in Global Civil Society: Political Insurgencies, International Media, and the Growth of Transnational Support' (Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, 1997); M. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Transnational Activist Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press 1998); B. Wellman and M. Giulia, 'Net Surfers Don't Ride Alone: Virtual Communities as Communities', in P. Killock and M. Smith (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1999).
38. C. Bob, 'The Marketing of Rebellion in Global Civil Society: Political Insurgencies, International Media, and the Growth of Transnational Support' (Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, 1997); M. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Transnational Activist Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press 1998); B. Wellman and M. Giulia, 'Net Surfers Don't Ride Alone: Virtual Communities as Communities', in P. Killock and M. Smith (eds.), Communities in Cyberspace (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1999).
39. A. Melucci, 'Getting Involved: Identity and Mobilization in Social Movements', in Klandermans et al. (eds.), From Structure to Action.
40. For representative studies, see H. Kriesi et al., The Politics of New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1995); D. Rucht, 'Limits to Mobilization: Environmental Policy for the EU', in J. Smith, C. Chatfield and R. Pagnucco (eds.), Transnational Social Movements and World Politics: Solidarity Beyond the Nation-State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1996); Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain; Charles Tilly, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1986); Tarrow, Power in Movement; J.W. White, Ikki: Social Conflict and Political Protest in Early Modern Japan (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press 1995).
41. For representative studies, see H. Kriesi et al., The Politics of New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1995); D. Rucht, 'Limits to Mobilization: Environmental Policy for the EU', in J. Smith, C. Chatfield and R. Pagnucco (eds.), Transnational Social Movements and World Politics: Solidarity Beyond the Nation-State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1996); Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain; Charles Tilly, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1986); Tarrow, Power in Movement; J.W. White, Ikki: Social Conflict and Political Protest in Early Modern Japan (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press 1995).
42. For representative studies, see H. Kriesi et al., The Politics of New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1995); D. Rucht, 'Limits to Mobilization: Environmental Policy for the EU', in J. Smith, C. Chatfield and R. Pagnucco (eds.), Transnational Social Movements and World Politics: Solidarity Beyond the Nation-State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1996); Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain; Charles Tilly, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1986); Tarrow, Power in Movement; J.W. White, Ikki: Social Conflict and Political Protest in Early Modern Japan (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press 1995).
43. For representative studies, see H. Kriesi et al., The Politics of New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1995); D. Rucht, 'Limits to Mobilization: Environmental Policy for the EU', in J. Smith, C. Chatfield and R. Pagnucco (eds.), Transnational Social Movements and World Politics: Solidarity Beyond the Nation-State (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1996); Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain; Charles Tilly, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1986); Tarrow, Power in Movement; J.W. White, Ikki: Social Conflict and Political Protest in Early Modern Japan (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press 1995).
44. For earlier reports on the research, see D. Imig and S. Tarrow, 'Developing a European Repertoire of Contention' (prepared for the conference on 'Citizens, Parties and Elections in the EU', Center for European Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 30-31 August 1999); D. Imig and S Tarrow, The Europeanization of Movements? A New Approach to Transnational Contention', in D. della Porta, H. Kriesi and D. Rucht (eds.), Social Movements in a Globalizing World (New York: St. Martin's Press 1999); and S. Tarrow, 'The Europeanisation of Conflict: Reflections from a Social Movement Perspective', West European Politics 18 (1995), pp.223-51.
45. For earlier reports on the research, see D. Imig and S. Tarrow, 'Developing a European Repertoire of Contention' (prepared for the conference on 'Citizens, Parties and Elections in the EU', Center for European Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 30-31 August 1999); D. Imig and S Tarrow, The Europeanization of Movements? A New Approach to Transnational Contention', in D. della Porta, H. Kriesi and D. Rucht (eds.), Social Movements in a Globalizing World (New York: St. Martin's Press 1999); and S. Tarrow, 'The Europeanisation of Conflict: Reflections from a Social Movement Perspective', West European Politics 18 (1995), pp.223-51.
46. For earlier reports on the research, see D. Imig and S. Tarrow, 'Developing a European Repertoire of Contention' (prepared for the conference on 'Citizens, Parties and Elections in the EU', Center for European Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 30-31 August 1999); D. Imig and S Tarrow, The Europeanization of Movements? A New Approach to Transnational Contention', in D. della Porta, H. Kriesi and D. Rucht (eds.), Social Movements in a Globalizing World (New York: St. Martin's Press 1999); and S. Tarrow, 'The Europeanisation of Conflict: Reflections from a Social Movement Perspective', West European Politics 18 (1995), pp.223-51.
47. See, in particular, S. Hug and D. Wisler, 'Correcting for Selection Bias in Social Movement Research' (working paper 1998); J. McCarthy and C. McPhail, 'The Institutionalization of Protest in the USA', in D. Meyer and S. Tarrow (eds.), The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century (Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield 1998). There are also reasons to be cautious about using any single media source for such analyses (see C. McClurg Mueller et al., 'International Press Coverage of Protests in East Germany', American Sociological Review 62 (1997), pp.820-32), and still further reasons to be cautious about the coverage of contentious politics in the Reuters news service. Reuters focuses on business news, in particular, which is likely to mean that this service will devote higher levels of coverage to industrial conflict than to other sectors of contention. Likewise, Reuters devotes relatively greater coverage to larger western European countries and cities, which makes it difficult for us to engage in reliable comparisons between the EU member states. Against these limitations, Reuters offers a number of advantages for a cross-national, longitudinal study of contention. First, this service provides an extensive, continuous daily record of western European political events available from January 1984 to the present. Reuters also avoids the partisan and national biases of many other European news sources, and its news reports are widely available to researchers. Moreover, Reuters news reports are written in a consistent format, allowing the preliminary steps in data collection and analysis to be automated. Finally, while print news sources contain large seasonal variations in the percentage of space they allocate to advertisements versus news coverage, Reuters does not. See J. Bond and D. Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action (PANDA): Codebook for the P24 Data Set', Program on Nonviolent Sanctions and Cultural Survival (Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University 1998).
48. See, in particular, S. Hug and D. Wisler, 'Correcting for Selection Bias in Social Movement Research' (working paper 1998); J. McCarthy and C. McPhail, 'The Institutionalization of Protest in the USA', in D. Meyer and S. Tarrow (eds.), The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century (Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield 1998). There are also reasons to be cautious about using any single media source for such analyses (see C. McClurg Mueller et al., 'International Press Coverage of Protests in East Germany', American Sociological Review 62 (1997), pp.820-32), and still further reasons to be cautious about the coverage of contentious politics in the Reuters news service. Reuters focuses on business news, in particular, which is likely to mean that this service will devote higher levels of coverage to industrial conflict than to other sectors of contention. Likewise, Reuters devotes relatively greater coverage to larger western European countries and cities, which makes it difficult for us to engage in reliable comparisons between the EU member states. Against these limitations, Reuters offers a number of advantages for a cross-national, longitudinal study of contention. First, this service provides an extensive, continuous daily record of western European political events available from January 1984 to the present. Reuters also avoids the partisan and national biases of many other European news sources, and its news reports are widely available to researchers. Moreover, Reuters news reports are written in a consistent format, allowing the preliminary steps in data collection and analysis to be automated. Finally, while print news sources contain large seasonal variations in the percentage of space they allocate to advertisements versus news coverage, Reuters does not. See J. Bond and D. Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action (PANDA): Codebook for the P24 Data Set', Program on Nonviolent Sanctions and Cultural Survival (Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University 1998).
49. See, in particular, S. Hug and D. Wisler, 'Correcting for Selection Bias in Social Movement Research' (working paper 1998); J. McCarthy and C. McPhail, 'The Institutionalization of Protest in the USA', in D. Meyer and S. Tarrow (eds.), The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century (Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield 1998). There are also reasons to be cautious about using any single media source for such analyses (see C. McClurg Mueller et al., 'International Press Coverage of Protests in East Germany', American Sociological Review 62 (1997), pp.820-32), and still further reasons to be cautious about the coverage of contentious politics in the Reuters news service. Reuters focuses on business news, in particular, which is likely to mean that this service will devote higher levels of coverage to industrial conflict than to other sectors of contention. Likewise, Reuters devotes relatively greater coverage to larger western European countries and cities, which makes it difficult for us to engage in reliable comparisons between the EU member states. Against these limitations, Reuters offers a number of advantages for a cross-national, longitudinal study of contention. First, this service provides an extensive, continuous daily record of western European political events available from January 1984 to the present. Reuters also avoids the partisan and national biases of many other European news sources, and its news reports are widely available to researchers. Moreover, Reuters news reports are written in a consistent format, allowing the preliminary steps in data collection and analysis to be automated. Finally, while print news sources contain large seasonal variations in the percentage of space they allocate to advertisements versus news coverage, Reuters does not. See J. Bond and D. Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action (PANDA): Codebook for the P24 Data Set', Program on Nonviolent Sanctions and Cultural Survival (Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University 1998).
50. See, in particular, S. Hug and D. Wisler, 'Correcting for Selection Bias in Social Movement Research' (working paper 1998); J. McCarthy and C. McPhail, 'The Institutionalization of Protest in the USA', in D. Meyer and S. Tarrow (eds.), The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century (Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield 1998). There are also reasons to be cautious about using any single media source for such analyses (see C. McClurg Mueller et al., 'International Press Coverage of Protests in East Germany', American Sociological Review 62 (1997), pp.820-32), and still further reasons to be cautious about the coverage of contentious politics in the Reuters news service. Reuters focuses on business news, in particular, which is likely to mean that this service will devote higher levels of coverage to industrial conflict than to other sectors of contention. Likewise, Reuters devotes relatively greater coverage to larger western European countries and cities, which makes it difficult for us to engage in reliable comparisons between the EU member states. Against these limitations, Reuters offers a number of advantages for a cross-national, longitudinal study of contention. First, this service provides an extensive, continuous daily record of western European political events available from January 1984 to the present. Reuters also avoids the partisan and national biases of many other European news sources, and its news reports are widely available to researchers. Moreover, Reuters news reports are written in a consistent format, allowing the preliminary steps in data collection and analysis to be automated. Finally, while print news sources contain large seasonal variations in the percentage of space they allocate to advertisements versus news coverage, Reuters does not. See J. Bond and D. Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action (PANDA): Codebook for the P24 Data Set', Program on Nonviolent Sanctions and Cultural Survival (Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University 1998).
51. Specifically, we employed the PANDA (Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action) data system to establish a set of decision-rules that, in turn, guided a sentence parsing and coding program (named KEDS, for the Kansas Events Data System). Intercoder reliability statistics on KEDS/PANDA indicate a human to machine convergence of between 70 and 80 per cent. See D. Bond et al., 'Contours of Political Contention: Issues and Prospects for the Automated Development of Events Data', Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1997), pp.553-79. Still, automated coding is a developing technology, and we are cautious about its limitations. For other uses of similar sources and methods, see ibid.; Bond and Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action'; U. Reising, 'Taking European Integration to the Streets: Results from France and Belgium, 1980-1989' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association 1997); and U. Raising, 'Domestic and Supranational Political Opportunities: European Protest in Selected Countries, 1980-1995' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 1998).
52. Specifically, we employed the PANDA (Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action) data system to establish a set of decision-rules that, in turn, guided a sentence parsing and coding program (named KEDS, for the Kansas Events Data System). Intercoder reliability statistics on KEDS/PANDA indicate a human to machine convergence of between 70 and 80 per cent. See D. Bond et al., 'Contours of Political Contention: Issues and Prospects for the Automated Development of Events Data', Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1997), pp.553-79. Still, automated coding is a developing technology, and we are cautious about its limitations. For other uses of similar sources and methods, see ibid.; Bond and Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action'; U. Reising, 'Taking European Integration to the Streets: Results from France and Belgium, 1980-1989' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association 1997); and U. Raising, 'Domestic and Supranational Political Opportunities: European Protest in Selected Countries, 1980-1995' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 1998).
53. Specifically, we employed the PANDA (Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action) data system to establish a set of decision-rules that, in turn, guided a sentence parsing and coding program (named KEDS, for the Kansas Events Data System). Intercoder reliability statistics on KEDS/PANDA indicate a human to machine convergence of between 70 and 80 per cent. See D. Bond et al., 'Contours of Political Contention: Issues and Prospects for the Automated Development of Events Data', Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1997), pp.553-79. Still, automated coding is a developing technology, and we are cautious about its limitations. For other uses of similar sources and methods, see ibid.; Bond and Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action'; U. Reising, 'Taking European Integration to the Streets: Results from France and Belgium, 1980-1989' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association 1997); and U. Raising, 'Domestic and Supranational Political Opportunities: European Protest in Selected Countries, 1980-1995' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 1998).
54. Specifically, we employed the PANDA (Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action) data system to establish a set of decision-rules that, in turn, guided a sentence parsing and coding program (named KEDS, for the Kansas Events Data System). Intercoder reliability statistics on KEDS/PANDA indicate a human to machine convergence of between 70 and 80 per cent. See D. Bond et al., 'Contours of Political Contention: Issues and Prospects for the Automated Development of Events Data', Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1997), pp.553-79. Still, automated coding is a developing technology, and we are cautious about its limitations. For other uses of similar sources and methods, see ibid.; Bond and Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action'; U. Reising, 'Taking European Integration to the Streets: Results from France and Belgium, 1980-1989' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association 1997); and U. Raising, 'Domestic and Supranational Political Opportunities: European Protest in Selected Countries, 1980-1995' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 1998).
55. Specifically, we employed the PANDA (Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action) data system to establish a set of decision-rules that, in turn, guided a sentence parsing and coding program (named KEDS, for the Kansas Events Data System). Intercoder reliability statistics on KEDS/PANDA indicate a human to machine convergence of between 70 and 80 per cent. See D. Bond et al., 'Contours of Political Contention: Issues and Prospects for the Automated Development of Events Data', Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (1997), pp.553-79. Still, automated coding is a developing technology, and we are cautious about its limitations. For other uses of similar sources and methods, see ibid.; Bond and Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action'; U. Reising, 'Taking European Integration to the Streets: Results from France and Belgium, 1980-1989' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association 1997); and U. Raising, 'Domestic and Supranational Political Opportunities: European Protest in Selected Countries, 1980-1995' (Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 1998).
56. Our keywords identified over 100 groups of European social actors engaged in contention in Europe that have been identified either in the case study literature or through our own earlier empirical analysis of the record of contentious politics found in media data. These included not only groups likely to launch contentious political action in response to EU policies and institutions, such as farmers, fishermen, and, more recently, trade unionists and other labour and professional groupings, but also actors reported to be slower to engage supranational institutions, including national extremist groups, racist and anti-immigrant organisations, ethnic and religious representatives, migrant and undocumented workers, and representatives of the women's, student and jobless movements. Additionally, we included keywords to identify actors that historically have had both national and transnational presences, but that may or may not engage the EU through contentious political action, including the environmental and peace movements. To augment this list, we also drew 65 keywords from the PANDA event dictionary that identified a wide range of contentious political action. See Bond and Bond, 'The Protocol for the Assessment of Nonviolent Direct Action'. These included forms of protests and demonstrations, strikes and boycotts, blockades and property occupations, and riots, violent clashes, and property destruction.
57. The coal miners strike was covered in numerous media sources the week of 7-14 March 1997. English accounts were found in the Reuters Western European News Service, The Independent, The Daily Telegraph, The Glasgow Herald, The Irish Times and The Guardian.
58. D. Imig and S. Tarrow (eds.), Contentious Europeans: Protest and Politics in an Integrating Europe (Boulder, CO: Rovvman and Littlefield, in press).
59. D. McAdam and W. Sewell, 'Temporality in the Study of Social Movements and Revolutions', in R. Aminzade et al. (eds.), Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press).
60. See E. Bush and P. Simi, 'Harvesting Contention: European Integration, Supranational Institutions, and Farmers' Protests, 1992-97', in Imig and Tarrow (eds.), Contentious Europeans.
61. Imig and Tarrow (eds.), Contentious Europeans.
62. Roederer, 'CAP Reforms and the Transformation of Domestic Politics'.
63. Bush and Simi, 'Harvesting Contention'; V. Kettnaker, 'The European Conflict over Genetically-engineered Crops, 1995-97', in Imig and Tarrow (eds.), Contentious Europeans.
64. Bush and Simi, 'Harvesting Contention'; V. Kettnaker, 'The European Conflict over Genetically-engineered Crops, 1995-97', in Imig and Tarrow (eds.), Contentious Europeans.
65. Roederer, 'CAP Reforms and the Transformation of Domestic Politics'.
66. S. Tarrow, 'Fishnets, Internets and Catnets; Globalization and Transnational Collective Action', in M. Hanagan, L. Page Moch and W. te Brake (eds.), Challenging Authority: The Historical Study of Collective Action (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1998).
67. Reuters, Dec. 1997.
68. W. Streek, 'Public Power Beyond the Nation-State', in R. Boyer and D. Brachem (eds.), States Against Markets (New York: Routledge 1996).
69. L. Turner, "The Europeanization of Labour: Structure Before Action', European Journal of Industrial Relations 2 (1996), pp.325-44.
70. G. Marks and D. McAdam, 'Social Movements and the Changing Structure of Political Opportunity in the EU', West European Politics 20 (1996), pp.111-33;
71. G. Marks and D. McAdam, 'On the Relationship of Political Opportunities to the Form of Collective Action: The Case of the EU', in della Porta et al. (eds.), Social Movements in a Globalizing World.
72. Martin and Ross, 'In the Line of Fire'.
73. See Imig and Tarrow (eds.), Contentious Europeans.
74. Turner, 'The Europeanization of Labour'.