Migration after apartheid: Deracialising South African foreign policy

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 831-847

  Klotz, Audie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FOREIGN POLICY; IMMIGRATION POLICY; POST-APARTHEID;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0033662929     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/014365900750012007     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. For a history of South African immigration policy, see E Bradlow, 'Immigration into the Union 1910-1948: policies and attitudes', PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, 1978; and S Peberdy, 'A brief history of South African immigration policy', Briefing Paper for the International Migration Green Paper, 1997, www.polity.org.za/govdocs/green_papers/migration/histsa.html.
2. For a history of South African immigration policy, see E Bradlow, 'Immigration into the Union 1910-1948: policies and attitudes', PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, 1978; and S Peberdy, 'A brief history of South African immigration policy', Briefing Paper for the International Migration Green Paper, 1997, www.polity.org.za/govdocs/green_papers/migration/histsa.html.
3. For a concise overview of the provisions of these various amendments, see S Peberdy, 'Obscuring history? Contemporary patterns of regional migration to South Africa', in D Simon (ed), South Africa in Southern Africa: Reconfiguring the Region, Oxford: James Currey. 1998, pp 191-192. This pattern of apparent elimination of racial discrimination combined with increasing state power typified reforms in the l980s.
4. For broad-ranging critiques, see contributions in J Crush (ed), Beyond Control: Immigration and Human Rights in a Democratic South Africa, Cape Town: Southern Africa Migration Project (SAMP), 1998.
5. See, for example, responses during the White Paper hearings before the Home Affairs Parliamentary Committee on 26 October 1999, 17 May 2000 and 19 May 2000 (www.pmg.org.za). Perspectives on these laws and proposals will be discussed in greater detail below.
6. A representative sampling includes: M R Sinclair, 'Community, identity and gender in migrant societies of southern Africa: emerging epistemological challenges', International Affairs, 74 (2), 1998, pp 339-353; and M Reitzes, 'The migrant challenge to Realpolitik: towards a human rights-based approach to immigration policy in South and southern Africa', Foundation for Global Dialogue, Occasional Paper No 7, Johannesburg, January 1997, pp 1-29. In contrast, H Solomon advocates a security perspective in 'From accommodation and control to control and intervention: illegal population flows in South Africa', in RI Rotberg & G Mills (eds), War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies and Trade, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998, pp 122-149.
7. A representative sampling includes: M R Sinclair, 'Community, identity and gender in migrant societies of southern Africa: emerging epistemological challenges', International Affairs, 74 (2), 1998, pp 339-353; and M Reitzes, 'The migrant challenge to Realpolitik: towards a human rights-based approach to immigration policy in South and southern Africa', Foundation for Global Dialogue, Occasional Paper No 7, Johannesburg, January 1997, pp 1-29. In contrast, H Solomon advocates a security perspective in 'From accommodation and control to control and intervention: illegal population flows in South Africa', in RI Rotberg & G Mills (eds), War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies and Trade, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998, pp 122-149.
8. A representative sampling includes: M R Sinclair, 'Community, identity and gender in migrant societies of southern Africa: emerging epistemological challenges', International Affairs, 74 (2), 1998, pp 339-353; and M Reitzes, 'The migrant challenge to Realpolitik: towards a human rights-based approach to immigration policy in South and southern Africa', Foundation for Global Dialogue, Occasional Paper No 7, Johannesburg, January 1997, pp 1-29. In contrast, H Solomon advocates a security perspective in 'From accommodation and control to control and intervention: illegal population flows in South Africa', in RI Rotberg & G Mills (eds), War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies and Trade, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1998, pp 122-149.
9. See, for example, Deputy Foreign Minister Aziz Pahad's response in parliamentary debate, 18 May 1995, reprinted in C Landsberg, G LePere & A van Nieuwkerk, Mission Imperfect: Redirecting South Africa's Foreign Policy, Johannesburg: Foundation for Global Dialogue and the Centre for Policy Studies, 1995, p 130; and the International Labour Organisation, Southern Africa Multidisciplinary Advisory Team (ILO/SAMAT), 'Labor migration to South Africa in the 1990s', Policy Paper No 4, Harare, May 1998, as well as the current draft immigration legislation.
10. See, for example, Deputy Foreign Minister Aziz Pahad's response in parliamentary debate, 18 May 1995, reprinted in C Landsberg, G LePere & A van Nieuwkerk, Mission Imperfect: Redirecting South Africa's Foreign Policy, Johannesburg: Foundation for Global Dialogue and the Centre for Policy Studies, 1995, p 130; and the International Labour Organisation, Southern Africa Multidisciplinary Advisory Team (ILO/SAMAT), 'Labor migration to South Africa in the 1990s', Policy Paper No 4, Harare, May 1998, as well as the current draft immigration legislation.
11. Reitzes goes so far as to advocate fostering notions of 'citizenship' rather than 'nationalism', as an alternative focus for post-apartheid state building; M Reitzes, 'Insiders and outsiders: the reconstruction of citizenship in South Africa', Policy: Issues and Actors, Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies, February 1995, pp 1-36.
12. M Weiner, 'Introduction: security, stability and international migration', in Weiner (ed), International Migration and Security, Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993, pp 1-35.
13. A R Zolberg, 'Labor migration and international economic regimes: Bretton Woods and after', in M M Kritz, L L Lim & H Zlotnik (eds), International Migration Systems: A Global Approach, Oxford: Clarendon, 1992, p 320.
14. J G Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 ( l ), 1993, pp 139-174; S Sassen, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996; and R Diebert, Parchment, Printing and Hypermedia: Communication in World Order Transformation, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
15. J G Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 ( l ), 1993, pp 139-174; S Sassen, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996; and R Diebert, Parchment, Printing and Hypermedia: Communication in World Order Transformation, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
16. J G Ruggie, 'Territoriality and beyond: problematizing modernity in international relations', International Organization, 47 ( l ), 1993, pp 139-174; S Sassen, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996; and R Diebert, Parchment, Printing and Hypermedia: Communication in World Order Transformation, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
17. This is not to say that South Africa remained insulated from international pressures to get rid of apartheid - to the contrary, sanctions significantly contributed to the democratic transition. See N C Crawford & A Klotz (eds), How Sanctions Work: Lessons from South Africa, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999.
18. T M Wilson & H Donnan, 'Nation, state and identity at international borders', in Wilson & Donnan (eds), Border Identities: Nation and State at International Frontiers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p 2.
19. K A Manzo, Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996; R L Doty, 'Immigration and national identity: Constructing the nation', Review of International Studies, 22 (3), 1996. pp 235-255; and M Tesfahuney, 'Mobility, racism and geopolitics', Political Geography, 17 (5), 1998. pp 499-515.
20. K A Manzo, Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996; R L Doty, 'Immigration and national identity: Constructing the nation', Review of International Studies, 22 (3), 1996. pp 235-255; and M Tesfahuney, 'Mobility, racism and geopolitics', Political Geography, 17 (5), 1998. pp 499-515.
21. K A Manzo, Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996; R L Doty, 'Immigration and national identity: Constructing the nation', Review of International Studies, 22 (3), 1996. pp 235-255; and M Tesfahuney, 'Mobility, racism and geopolitics', Political Geography, 17 (5), 1998. pp 499-515.
22. S Sassen, Guests and Aliens, New York: New Press, 1999.
23. D Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1992.
24. Following Bafana Bafana's loss in the 1998 World Cup, their French coach became a favourite target of anti-foreigner sentiments. See A Johnson, ' "Go back to your country" ', Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 26 June 1998, p 6. Links between sport and (gendered) identity should not be underestimated. See D Black & J Nauright. Rugby and the South African Nation, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.
25. Following Bafana Bafana's loss in the 1998 World Cup, their French coach became a favourite target of anti-foreigner sentiments. See A Johnson, ' "Go back to your country" ', Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 26 June 1998, p 6. Links between sport and (gendered) identity should not be underestimated. See D Black & J Nauright. Rugby and the South African Nation, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.
26. R B J Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993; and T J Biersteker & C Weber (eds), State Sovereignty as Social Construct, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
27. R B J Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993; and T J Biersteker & C Weber (eds), State Sovereignty as Social Construct, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
28. Campbell, Writing Security; J Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', International Organization, 49 (2), 1995, pp 229-252.
29. Campbell, Writing Security; J Mercer, 'Anarchy and identity', International Organization, 49 (2), 1995, pp 229-252.
30. See L Vail, The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989.
31. A Klotz, 'Diplomatic isolation', in Crawford & Klotz, How Sanctions Work, ch 10.
32. R B Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism, New York: Knopf, 1991; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, New York: Free Press, 1995; and S Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
33. R B Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism, New York: Knopf, 1991; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, New York: Free Press, 1995; and S Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
34. R B Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism, New York: Knopf, 1991; K Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies, New York: Free Press, 1995; and S Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
35. R H Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990; A Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995; C Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; and S N Grovogui, Sovereigns, Quasi Sovereigns, and Africans, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
36. R H Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990; A Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995; C Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; and S N Grovogui, Sovereigns, Quasi Sovereigns, and Africans, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
37. R H Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990; A Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995; C Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; and S N Grovogui, Sovereigns, Quasi Sovereigns, and Africans, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
38. R H Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990; A Klotz, Norms in International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995; C Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; and S N Grovogui, Sovereigns, Quasi Sovereigns, and Africans, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
39. R Baubock, Transnational Citizenship: Membership and Rights in International Migration, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994; Y N Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994; and F Kratochwil, 'Citizenship: on the border of order', in Y Lapid & F Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 181-197.
40. R Baubock, Transnational Citizenship: Membership and Rights in International Migration, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994; Y N Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994; and F Kratochwil, 'Citizenship: on the border of order', in Y Lapid & F Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 181-197.
41. R Baubock, Transnational Citizenship: Membership and Rights in International Migration, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994; Y N Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994; and F Kratochwil, 'Citizenship: on the border of order', in Y Lapid & F Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 181-197.
42. See contributions in P J Katzenstein (ed), Culture of National Security, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996; K Krause & M C Williams (eds), Critical Security Studies, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 1997; and J Weldes el al (eds), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
43. See contributions in P J Katzenstein (ed), Culture of National Security, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996; K Krause & M C Williams (eds), Critical Security Studies, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 1997; and J Weldes el al (eds), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
44. See contributions in P J Katzenstein (ed), Culture of National Security, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996; K Krause & M C Williams (eds), Critical Security Studies, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 1997; and J Weldes el al (eds), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.
45. M. Muller, 'South African diplomacy and the security complex theory', Round Table, 352, October 1999, pp 585-620, esp 597-602; and G Mills, 'South Africa's foreign policy: from isolation to respectability?', in D Simon (ed), South Africa in Southern Africa, Oxford: James Currey, 1998, pp 79-80.
46. M. Muller, 'South African diplomacy and the security complex theory', Round Table, 352, October 1999, pp 585-620, esp 597-602; and G Mills, 'South Africa's foreign policy: from isolation to respectability?', in D Simon (ed), South Africa in Southern Africa, Oxford: James Currey, 1998, pp 79-80.
47. P Vale & S Maseko, 'South Africa and the African renaissance', International Affairs, 74 (2), 1998, pp 271-287; and G Evans, 'South Africa's foreign policy after Mandela: Mbeki and his concept of an African renaissance', Round Table, 352, October 1999, pp 621-628.
48. P Vale & S Maseko, 'South Africa and the African renaissance', International Affairs, 74 (2), 1998, pp 271-287; and G Evans, 'South Africa's foreign policy after Mandela: Mbeki and his concept of an African renaissance', Round Table, 352, October 1999, pp 621-628.
49. P Vale, 'Meiring's passing comes none too soon', Mail and Guardian, 9 April 1998; P Vale & I Taylor, 'South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy five years on - from pariah state to "just another country"?', Round Table, 352, October 1999, pp 629-634; J van der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's emergence as a middle power', Third World Quarterly, 19 (3), 1998, pp 435-455; and P Nel, 'The foreign policy beliefs of South Africans: a first cut', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 17 (1), 1999, pp 123-145.
50. P Vale, 'Meiring's passing comes none too soon', Mail and Guardian, 9 April 1998; P Vale & I Taylor, 'South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy five years on - from pariah state to "just another country"?', Round Table, 352, October 1999, pp 629-634; J van der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's emergence as a middle power', Third World Quarterly, 19 (3), 1998, pp 435-455; and P Nel, 'The foreign policy beliefs of South Africans: a first cut', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 17 (1), 1999, pp 123-145.
51. P Vale, 'Meiring's passing comes none too soon', Mail and Guardian, 9 April 1998; P Vale & I Taylor, 'South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy five years on - from pariah state to "just another country"?', Round Table, 352, October 1999, pp 629-634; J van der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's emergence as a middle power', Third World Quarterly, 19 (3), 1998, pp 435-455; and P Nel, 'The foreign policy beliefs of South Africans: a first cut', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 17 (1), 1999, pp 123-145.
52. P Vale, 'Meiring's passing comes none too soon', Mail and Guardian, 9 April 1998; P Vale & I Taylor, 'South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy five years on - from pariah state to "just another country"?', Round Table, 352, October 1999, pp 629-634; J van der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's emergence as a middle power', Third World Quarterly, 19 (3), 1998, pp 435-455; and P Nel, 'The foreign policy beliefs of South Africans: a first cut', Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 17 (1), 1999, pp 123-145.
53. Since 1999 even the DFA now acknowledges migration as a key security issue; for the complete list of issues, see Muller, 'South African diplomacy', p 596.
54. For details, see K W Grundy, The Militarization of South African Politics, Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 1986; and J Barber & J Barratt, South Africa's Foreign Policy: The Search for Status and Security, 1945-1988, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, ch 13.
55. For details, see K W Grundy, The Militarization of South African Politics, Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 1986; and J Barber & J Barratt, South Africa's Foreign Policy: The Search for Status and Security, 1945-1988, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, ch 13.
56. Interview with M R Sinclair, quoted in 'Community, identity and gender', p 345.
57. See J Barber, 'South Africa: the search for identity', International Affairs, 70 (1), 1994, pp 67-82; J Crush & W James (eds), Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migration in a Democratic South Africa, Cape Town: IDASA, 1995; and A Minnaar & M Hough, Who Goes There? Perspectives on Clandestine Migration and Illegal Aliens in Southern Africa, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1996. One of the rare exceptions is H Solomon, 'Migration in southern Africa: a comparative perspective', Africa Insight, 24 (1), 1994, pp 60-71.
58. See J Barber, 'South Africa: the search for identity', International Affairs, 70 (1), 1994, pp 67-82; J Crush & W James (eds), Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migration in a Democratic South Africa, Cape Town: IDASA, 1995; and A Minnaar & M Hough, Who Goes There? Perspectives on Clandestine Migration and Illegal Aliens in Southern Africa, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1996. One of the rare exceptions is H Solomon, 'Migration in southern Africa: a comparative perspective', Africa Insight, 24 (1), 1994, pp 60-71.
59. See J Barber, 'South Africa: the search for identity', International Affairs, 70 (1), 1994, pp 67-82; J Crush & W James (eds), Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migration in a Democratic South Africa, Cape Town: IDASA, 1995; and A Minnaar & M Hough, Who Goes There? Perspectives on Clandestine Migration and Illegal Aliens in Southern Africa, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1996. One of the rare exceptions is H Solomon, 'Migration in southern Africa: a comparative perspective', Africa Insight, 24 (1), 1994, pp 60-71.
60. See J Barber, 'South Africa: the search for identity', International Affairs, 70 (1), 1994, pp 67-82; J Crush & W James (eds), Crossing Boundaries: Mine Migration in a Democratic South Africa, Cape Town: IDASA, 1995; and A Minnaar & M Hough, Who Goes There? Perspectives on Clandestine Migration and Illegal Aliens in Southern Africa, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1996. One of the rare exceptions is H Solomon, 'Migration in southern Africa: a comparative perspective', Africa Insight, 24 (1), 1994, pp 60-71.
61. See J Crush, 'Covert operations: clandestine migration, temporary work, and immigration policy in South Africa', SAMP Migration Policy Series No 1, Cape Town, 1997, p 18; and M Brunk, 'Undocumented migration to South Africa: more questions than answers', Cape Town: IDASA Public Information Centre, 1996.
62. See J Crush, 'Covert operations: clandestine migration, temporary work, and immigration policy in South Africa', SAMP Migration Policy Series No 1, Cape Town, 1997, p 18; and M Brunk, 'Undocumented migration to South Africa: more questions than answers', Cape Town: IDASA Public Information Centre, 1996.
63. For elaboration on these distinctions among types of migrants and some of the methodological implications, see D McDonald, J Gay, L Zinyama, R Mattes & F de Vletter, 'Challenging xenophobia: myths and realities about cross-border migration in southern Africa', SAMP Migration Policy Series No 7, Cape Town, 1998; ILO/SAMAT, 'Labor migration to South Africa in the 1990s', pp. 9-15.
64. For elaboration on these distinctions among types of migrants and some of the methodological implications, see D McDonald, J Gay, L Zinyama, R Mattes & F de Vletter, 'Challenging xenophobia: myths and realities about cross-border migration in southern Africa', SAMP Migration Policy Series No 7, Cape Town, 1998; ILO/SAMAT, 'Labor migration to South Africa in the 1990s', pp. 9-15.
65. Peberdy, 'Obscuring history?', pp 197-198; M R Sinclair, 'Solidarity and survival: migrant communities in South Africa', Indicator South Africa, 15 (1), 1998, pp 66-70.
66. Peberdy, 'Obscuring history?', pp 197-198; M R Sinclair, 'Solidarity and survival: migrant communities in South Africa', Indicator South Africa, 15 (1), 1998, pp 66-70.
67. Tesfahuney, 'Mobility, racism and geopolitics'; and Peberdy, 'Obscuring history?', pp 199-200. Such a focus is clearly reminiscent of Foucault. See M Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, A Sheridan (trans), New York: Vintage, 1979.
68. Tesfahuney, 'Mobility, racism and geopolitics'; and Peberdy, 'Obscuring history?', pp 199-200. Such a focus is clearly reminiscent of Foucault. See M Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, A Sheridan (trans), New York: Vintage, 1979.
69. Tesfahuney, 'Mobility, racism and geopolitics'; and Peberdy, 'Obscuring history?', pp 199-200. Such a focus is clearly reminiscent of Foucault. See M Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, A Sheridan (trans), New York: Vintage, 1979.
70. Daily News (Johannesburg), 21 September 1999, p 8. South Africa has also repeatedly declined UNHCR offers to assist in processing the backlog of applications for asylum. The Star (Johannesburg), 9 December 1999, p 7.
71. Daily News (Johannesburg), 21 September 1999, p 8. South Africa has also repeatedly declined UNHCR offers to assist in processing the backlog of applications for asylum. The Star (Johannesburg), 9 December 1999, p 7.
72. See the contributions in Crush, Beyond Control, esp S Duncan, 'Bad law: applying the Aliens Control Act', pp 149-59.
73. Mbeki ultimately fired Albert Mokoena after findings of misconduct. Business Day (Johannesburg), 26 October 1999, p 1.
74. In August 1999 the government extended eligibility for permanent resident status to Mozambican refugees who arrived before 1992. City Press, 15 August 1999. p 2.
75. Z Mtshelwané, 'Mine violence', South African Labour Bulletin, 19 (2), 1995, pp 55-56.
76. For example, 'We must protect SA hawkers, says Min', The Citizen (Johannesburg), 20 August 1997, p 15. See also 'Comment' in The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 20 August 1997, p 8.
77. For example, 'We must protect SA hawkers, says Min', The Citizen (Johannesburg), 20 August 1997, p 15. See also 'Comment' in The Sowetan (Johannesburg), 20 August 1997, p 8.
78. 'Taxi bosses hire assasins', Mail and Guardian, 29 May 1998, p 7. Such views are also evident in scholarly perspectives. For example, R I Rotbert & G Mills (eds), War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies and Trade, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998, includes a chapter on migration, thus equating the flow of people with crime, drugs and arms.
79. 'Taxi bosses hire assasins', Mail and Guardian, 29 May 1998, p 7. Such views are also evident in scholarly perspectives. For example, R I Rotbert & G Mills (eds), War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies and Trade, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998, includes a chapter on migration, thus equating the flow of people with crime, drugs and arms.
80. For example, the South African trade mission in Harare delighted in creating long lines for visas as a way to send a visual signal to the Zimbabwean pro-sanctions regime that its populace wanted to trade despite apartheid. Personal observation and anonymous interview with South African immigration official, Harare, November 1989.
81. Parliamentary debates demonstrate this general consensus. For example, see debates over budget allocation for Home Affairs since 1994: Hansard, 9 August 1994, cols 1017-1097; 11 May 1995, cols 1104-1171; 4 June 1996, cols 2105-2180; and 17 April 1997, cols 1235-1322.
82. Masetlha came to home affairs from the secret service, hence the reference to spying. On the appointment controversy, see the Sunday Independent (Johannesburg), 5 December 1999; The Citizen, 6 December 1999, p 6; and Business Day, 7 December 1999, p 1.
83. Masetlha came to home affairs from the secret service, hence the reference to spying. On the appointment controversy, see the Sunday Independent (Johannesburg), 5 December 1999; The Citizen, 6 December 1999, p 6; and Business Day, 7 December 1999, p 1.
84. Masetlha came to home affairs from the secret service, hence the reference to spying. On the appointment controversy, see the Sunday Independent (Johannesburg), 5 December 1999; The Citizen, 6 December 1999, p 6; and Business Day, 7 December 1999, p 1.
85. ePolitics, 13, 13 April 2000, www.idasa.org.za/epolitics/epolit 13.htm; and Home Affairs Portfolio Committee hearings, 17 May 2000 and 19 May 2000.
86. See, for example, an exchange in response to SAMP'S 'Challenging xenophobia' report in the Sunday Independent on 16 April 1998, p 3; 10 May 1998, p 11 and 17 May 1998, p 11. These views continue to be evident in debates over the White Paper and Bill, as evident in testimonies before the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee by trade union, human rights and business groups.
87. Immigration thus runs against the consensus that van der Westhuizen identifies as critical to a successful foreign policy ('South Africa's emergence as a middle power').
88. Human Rights Watch, 'Prohibited Persons': Abuse of Undocumented Migrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees in South Africa, New York: Human Rights Watch, March 1998; 'Rights Report "Inaccurate" ', Cape Times (Cape Town), 26 March 1998, p 6.
89. Human Rights Watch, 'Prohibited Persons': Abuse of Undocumented Migrants, Asylum Seekers, and Refugees in South Africa, New York: Human Rights Watch, March 1998; 'Rights Report "Inaccurate" ', Cape Times (Cape Town), 26 March 1998, p 6.