The clash of family values: The PLA's grassroots officer couples

Journal of Family History

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 93-117

  Bi, Jianxiang ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033633994     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036319900002500106     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
2. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
3. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
4. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
5. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
6. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
7. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
8. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
9. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
10. Peter Karsten, Soldiers and Society: The Efforts of Military Service and War on American Life (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978); Hamilton McCubbine, ed., Families in the Military System (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976); David Segal, ed., Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom (New York: Pergamon, 1986); Arthur Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995); Arthur Wolf and Hill Gates, "Modelling Chinese Marriage Regimes, "Journal of Family History, no. 1 (1998): 90-99; Harriet Evans, Women and Sexuality in China (New York: Continuum, 1997); Ellis Joffe, The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Ngok Lee, China's Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Sydney: Australian National University Press, 1989); Lonnie D. Henley, "Officer Education in the Chinese PLA, "Problems of Communism, May/June (1987): 55-71; and June Teufel Dreyer, "The New Officer Corps: Implications for the Future, "The China Quarterly, no. 146 (1996): 315-35.
11. Confucius, The Analects (London: Penguin Classics, 1967), 114.
12. Ibid., 63 and 66.
13. Wm Theodore de Barry, "Confucian Education in Pre-modern East Asia, "in Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity, ed. Tu Wei-ming (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 22.
14. Zong zhengzhibu ganbubu and Junshi kexueyuan junzhi yanjiubu, eds., Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun ganbu zhidu gaiyao (Introduction to the PLA's Cadre System) (Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe, 1988), 46-74.
15. Liu Yan, ed., Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun ganbu renshi guanli xue (The Management of the PLA's Cadre and Personnel) (Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe, 1993), 129-33.
16. He Tiancheng, "Shiying shichang jingji hunjing jiaqiang junshao zhengzhi xixiang gongzuo" (Adapting to Market Economy Environments and Strengthening Colleges' and Universities' Political Work), in Shidai de sikao (Reflections on an Era), ed. Wang Chenghan (Beijing: Junshi yiwen chubanshe, 1994), 413-17.
17. Zhang Rui, "Deng Xiaoping junshi rencai zhanlue sixiang yu jundui yuanxiao rencai peiyang meshi de zhuanhuan" (Deng Xiaoping's Strategic Thought on Military Personnel and the Transformation of the Model on Training Military Colleges and Universities Cadets), in ibid., 246-54.
18. Lin Hai, "Chufan jungui" (Violating Military Regulations), Jiefangjun shenhue no. 2, 1996: 57.
19. Wang Jun, ed., Qingnian junren huenlian mantan (Informal Talks about Young Servicemen's Marriage and Love) (Beijing: Guofang daxue chubanshe, 1990), 196.
20. Huang Shenfu, "Junren qizi zai guowai" (Servicemen Wives in Foreign Countries), Jiefangjun shenhue, no. 2 (1995): 28-30.
21. Sun Zhiqiang, ed., "Junren qianyi baohu de lifa yanjiu" (A Study of Legalising the Protection of Servicemen Rights and Interests), in Guofangfa lifa lilun yanjiu (A Theoretical Study of Making National Defence Law), ed. Yang Fukun (Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe, 1995), 187.
22. Yang Zhulian, "Junguan jiashu zhufang shangpinhua de meshi xuanze yu yuanzuo" (Model Selection and Model Application for Officer Housing Commercialization), in Shehui zhuyi shichang jingji yu jundui houqin (The Socialist Market Economy and Military Logistics), ed. Xu Genchu (Beijing: Houqin zhihui xueyuan, 1994), 264.
23. Ibid., 252-53.
24. John King Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 18-19; and Judith Stacey, Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 16.
25. John King Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 18-19; and Judith Stacey, Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 16.
26. Jiang Xiaoyuan, Zhongguo de xing shenmi (China's Sex Mystery) (Beijing: Guoji wenhua chubanshe, 1993), 43-44.
27. Liu, Ganbu renshi guangli xue, 321-22.
28. Zhuang Jiabing, "Tezhao nu junguan" (Specially Recruited Female Officers), Zhongguo Kongjun, no. 3 (1996): 16-17.
29. Sinorama, July 1995: 84.
30. People's Daily, December 15, 1997: 4.
31. Wang Jun, "Guohao wenrou titie de shuangxiangguan" (Dialectics of Tendreness and Care), in Qingnian junren hunlian mantan, ed. Wang, 232-35.
32. Dangdai, no. 3 (1995): 26-28.
33. Peng Jianmai, "Falui kaishi guanzhu dishanze" (A Third Party Becoming a Legal Issue), Zhongguo qingnian, no. 12 (1995): 32-33.
34. People's Daily, August 15, 1998: 5.
35. Xun Hengdong, "Guanyu pohuai junren hunyinzui de sige anli" (Four Cases related to the Destruction of Servicemen Marriage), Zhongguo junfa, no. 5, 1995: 32.
36. Zuigao renmin fayuan yanjiushi, ed., Zhonghua renmin gonghegou zuigao renmin fayuan sifa jieshi quanji (Collection of the PRC's Supreme Court Judicial Explanations) (Beijing: Renmin fayuan chubanshe, 1994), 347-49.
37. Hung Baker, Chinese Family and Kinship (New York: Macmillan, 1979), 45-46.
38. Meng Xianfan, Gaige dachao zhongde Zhongguo nuxing (China's Women in the Reform Era) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1995), 179-81, 194.
39. Shi, "Biaobing lianzhang de ganga hunyi, "37.
40. I am indebted to an anonymous reviewer for this note. There are some families, which each consist of an officer wife and a civilian husband. In this case, the state and People's Liberation Army (PLA) policies may be in favor of officer wives, rather than civilian husbands.
41. Max Weber, The Religion of China (New York: Free Press, 1951), 248.
42. Gan Cao, "Junshao dagong chao" (A Trend of Officers' Wives Working near the Barracks), Jiefangjun shenshuo, no. 6 (1995): 26-27.
43. Jiefangjun Bao, January 29, 1994: 1.
44. Wu Changzen, "Junren hunlian de kunhuo yu sikao" (Puzzles and Reflections on Servicemen's Marriage and Love), in Dangdai Zhongguo hunyin jiating wenti (Marriage and FamIssues in Contemporary China), ed. Wu Changzen (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1990), 141.
45. Jiefangjun Bao, June 29, 1995: 2.
46. Ibid., 3 and People's Daily, April 7, 1999: 2.
47. Ibid., 3 and People's Daily, April 7, 1999: 2.
48. Lu Changshui, ed., Junren gongzi lungang (The Principles of Servicemen's Salaries) (Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe, 1995), 141-44, 152, and 222-25.
49. Li Xingfu, "Fuyu yu pinkun diqu zhanshi zhong chuxian de xinqingkuang xinwenti" (New Issues and New Problems among Soldiers from Rich and Poor Areas), in Sidai de sikao, ed. Wang, 183.
50. Zhu Liujia, "Shixian Jiang zhuxi yifa zhengbing de zhutuo (Meeting President Jiang's Requirements to Conscript Soldiers according to the Law), Zhonguo junfa, no. 1 (1996): 9-10.
51. Pan Zhaomin, "Guanyu fazhan shehui zhuyi shichang jingji tiaojian xia bianfang budui zhengzhi gongzuo qingkuang de diaocha yu sikao" (Investigations and Reflections on Political Work of Border Troops under Conditions of the Socialist Market Economy), in Gaige kaifang yu xixian jundui zhengzhi gongzuo (Reforms, Openness, and Political Work of Western Border Troops), ed. Pan Zhaomin (Beijing: Junshi yiwen chubanshe, 1995), 15.
52. Zhang Zhimeng, ed., "Tequ junren yitou: dagongzhu shangmen maishanglian" (Frustrations of Servicemen in the Special Economic Zones: Unexpected Job Seekers from the Hometown), Jiefangjun shenhue, no. 4 (1994): 18.
53. Shi Shangyu, ed., Junren wanshi wen (Servicemen Handbook) (Beijing: Changzheng chubanshe, 1991), 101.
54. People's Daily, January 15, 1999: 1.
55. Sun Guishan, "Gebie ganbu qiguan xianxiang touzhe" (Reflections on Abandoning Careers by Some Cadres), in Shidai de sikao, ed. Wang, 196-97.
56. Zhonggong zhongyang zhuzhibu ganbudiabaijui, ed., Ganbu guanli gongzuo wenjian xuanbian (Selected Documents of Cadres Management) (Beijing: Dangjian duwu chubanshe, 1995), 406-407.
57. Yu Linshen, "Dui shehui zhuyi shichang jingji tiaojian xia budui jianshe rencai liushi wenti de jidin sikao" (Reflections on the Military Brain Drain under the Socialist Market Economy), in Shidai de sikao, ed. Wang, 7-8.
58. Liao Zhongcheng, "Dui xinxing shixia jiaqiang jiceng zhenggong ganbu duiwu jianshe de sikao" (Reflections on the Rebuilding up of Grassroots Political Cadres under New Situations), in Gaige kaifang, ed. Pan, 144.