Mechanistic approach to the properties of stitched laminates

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-27

  Mouritz, A P ^a   Cox, B N ^b  

^a AERO AND MAR RESEARCH LABORATORY   (Australia)

^b ROCKWELL SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENDING (DEFORMATION); COMPOSITE MICROMECHANICS; COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOLIDS; DELAMINATION; FATIGUE OF MATERIALS; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; SHEAR DEFORMATION; STIFFNESS; STRENGTH OF MATERIALS; TENSILE PROPERTIES;

FATIGUE RESISTANCE; POLYMER MATRIX LAMINATES; SOFTENING; STITCHED LAMINATES; THROUGH THE THICKNESS STITCHING;

LAMINATED COMPOSITES;

EID: 0033633075     PISSN: 1359835X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00056-1     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Mouritz AP, Bannister MK, Falzon PJ, Leong KH. Review of applications for advanced three-dimensional fibre textile composites. Composites A. 1999;30(12):1445-61.
2. Kullerd SM, Dow MB. Development of stitched/RTM composite primary structures. Proc Fiber-Tex 1992, NASA Conf Pub 3211 1992:115-40.
3. Deaton JW, Kullerd SM, Madan RC, Chen VL. Test and analysis results for composite transport fuselage and wing structures. Proc Fiber-Tex, 27-29 October 1992, NASA Conf Pub 3211 1992:169-93.
4. Palmer RJ, Dow MB, Smith DL. Development of stitching reinforcement for transport wing panels. Proc 1st NASA Adv Comp Tech Conf: Part 2 1991:621-46.
5. Palmer R. Techno-economic requirements for composite aircraft components. Proc Fibre-Tex 1992 Conf, NASA Conf Pub 3211 1992:305-41.
6. Kropp Y. Development of a stitched/RFI composite transport wing. Proc Mechanics of Textile Comp Conf, NASA Conf Pub 3311, Part 2 1995:457-79.
7. Mitchell L, Herszberg I, Paton R, Scott ML. Design and manufacture of a blade-stiffened panel made from a stitched preform. Proc 5th Aust Aero Conf 1993;1:115-9.
8. Brown AS. Cutting composite costs with needle and thread. Aerospace America 1997;November:22-5.
9. Markus A. Resin transfer molding for advanced composite primary wing and fuselage structures. Proc Fiber-Tex 1992, NASA Conf Pub 3211 1992:141-67.
10. Suarez J, Dastin S. Comparison of resin film infusion, resin transfer molding and consolidation of textile preforms for primary aircraft structure. Proc Fiber-Tex 1992, NASA Conf Pub 3211 1992:353-86.
11. Hamilton S, Schinske N. Multiaxial stitched preform reinforcements. Proc 6th Annual ASM/ESD Adv Comp Conf, 8-11 October 1990:433-4.
12. Morales A. Structural stitching of textile performs. Proc 22nd Int SAMPE Tech Conf, 6-8 November 1990:1217-30.
13. Dransfield K, Baillie C, Mai Y-W. Improving the delamination resistance of CFRP by stitching - a review. Comp Sci Tech 1994;50:305-17.
14. Ogo Y. The effect of stitching on in-plane and interlaminar properties of carbon epoxy fabric laminates. CCM-87-17, University of Delaware, 1987.
15. Sharma SK, Sankar BV. Effect of stitching on impact and interlaminar properties of graphite/epoxy laminate. Proc 9th ASC Annual Tech Conf, 20-22 September 1994:700-8.
16. Dransfield KA, Bader MG, Baillie CA, Mai Y-W. The effect of cross-stitching with an Aramid yarn on the delamination fracture toughness of CFRPs. Proc 3rd Int Conf on Deformation and Fracture of Composites, 27-29 March 1995:414-23.
17. Mouritz AP, Jain LK. Further validation of the Jain and Mai models for interlaminar fracture of stitched composites. Comp Sci Tech 1999;59:1653-62.
18. Cox BN, Massabò R, Kedward KT. The suppression of delaminations in curved structures by stitching. Composites A 1996;27:1133-8.
19. Jain LK, Mai Y-W. Recent work on stitching of laminated composites - theoretical analysis and experiments. In: Scott ML, editor. Proc 11th Int Conf Comp Mat, 14-18 July 1997, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing, 1997. p. I-25-I-51.
20. Cox BN, Massabò R, Mumm D, Turrettini A, Kedward K. Delamination fracture in the presence of through-thickness reinforcement. In: Scott ML, editor. Proc 11th Int Conf Comp Mat, 14-18 July 1997, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing, 1997. p. I-159-I-177.
21. Mouritz AP, Jain LK. Interlaminar fracture properties of stitched fibreglass composites. In: Scott ML, editor. Proc 11th Int Conf Comp Mat, 14-18 July 1997, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing, 1997. p. V-116-V-127.
22. Dransfield KA, Jain LK, Mai Y-W. On the effects of stitching in CFRPs - I. Mode I delamination toughness. Comp Sci Tech 1998;58:815-27.
23. Jain LK, Dransfield KA, Mai Y-W. On the effects of stitching in CFRPs - II. Mode II delamination toughness. Comp Sci Technol 1998;58:829-37.
24. Pelstring RM, Madan RC. Stitching to improve damage tolerance of composites. Proc 34th Int SAMPE Symp, 8-11 May 1989:1519-28.
25. Dexter HB, Funk JG. Impact resistance and interlaminar fracture toughness of through-the-thickness reinforced graphite/epoxy. AIAA paper 86-CP 1986:700-9.
26. Dow MB, Smith DL. Damage-tolerant composite materials produced by stitching carbon fabrics. Proc 21st Int SAMPE Tech Conf, 25-28 September 1989:595-605.
27. Liu D. Delamination resistance in stitched and unstitched composite plates subjected to impact loading. J Rein Plastics Comp 1990;9:59-69.
28. Farley GL. A mechanism responsible for reducing compression strength of through-the-thickness reinforced composite material. J Comp Mater 1992;26:1784-95.
29. Caneva C, Olivieri S, Santulli C, Bonifazi G. Impact damage evaluation on advanced stitched composites by means of acoustic emission and image analysis. Compos Struct 1993;25:121-8.
30. Sawyer JW. Effect of stitching on the strength of bonded composite single lap joints. J AIAA 1985;23:1744-8.
31. Tada Y, Ishikawa T. Experimental evaluation of the effects of stitching on CFRP laminate specimens with various shapes and loadings. Key Engng Mater 1989;37:305-16.
32. Lee C, Liu D. Tensile strength of stitching joint in woven glass fabrics. J Engng Mater Technol 1990;112:125-30.
33. Tong L, Cleaves K, Kruckenberg T, Stevem GP. Strength of RTM single lap joints with transverse stitching. Key Engng Mater 1997;137:195-202.
34. Tong L, Jain LK. Analysis of adhesive bonded composite lap joints with transverse stitching. App Comp Mater 1995;2:343-95.
35. Mouritz AP, Leong KH, Herszberg I. A review of the effect of stitching on the in-plane mechanical properties of fibre reinforced polymer composites. Composites A 1997;28:979-91.
36. Pang F, Wang CH, Bathgate RG. Creep response of woven fibre composites and the effect of stitching. Comp Sci Technol 1997;57:91-98.
37. Bathgate RG, Wang CH, Pang F. Effects of temperature on the creep behaviour of woven and stitched composites. Compos Struct 1997;38:435-45.
38. Mouritz AP, Gallagher J, Goodwin AA. Flexural and interlaminar shear properties of stitched GRP laminates following repeated impacts. Comp Sci Technol 1996;57:509-22.
39. Farley GL, Smith BL, Maiden J. Compression response of thick layer composite laminates with through-the-thickness reinforcement. J Rein Plastics Comp 1992;11:787-810.
40. Herszberg I, Bannister MK. Tensile properties of thin stitched carbon/epoxy composite. Proc 5th Aust Aero Conf, 20-23 March 1993:213-8.
41. Vandermey NE, Morris DH, Masters JE. Damage development under compression-compression fatigue loading in a stitched uniwoven graphite/epoxy composite material. NASA Report PB91-236026, 1991.
42. Portanova MA, Poe CC, Whitcomb JD. Open hole and postimpact compressive fatigue of stitched and unstitched carbon-epoxy composites. In: Glenn GC, editor. Composite materials: testing and design, ASTM STP 1120, 10. Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1992. p. 37-53.
43. Furrow KW, Loos AC, Cano RJ. Environmental effects on stitched RTM textile composites. J Rein Plast Comp 1996;15:378-419.
44. Reeder JR. Stitching vs a toughened matrix: compression strength effects. J Comp Mater 1995;29:2464-87.
45. Wu E, Wang J. Behaviour of stitched laminates under in-plane tensile and transverse impact loading. J Comp Mater 1995;29:2254-79.
46. Cox BN. Unpublished work, Cambridge University.
47. Shim S-B, Ahn K, Seferis JC, Berg AJ, Hudson W. Cracks and microcracks in stitched structural composites manufactured with resin film infusion process. J Adv Mater 1995;July:48-62.
48. Chung WC, Jang BZ, Chang TC, Hwang LR, Wilcox RC. Fracture behaviour of stitched multidirectional composites. Mater Sci Engng 1989;A112:157-73.
49. Herszberg I, Bannister MK. Compression and compression-after-impact properties of thin stitched carbon/epoxy composites. Presented at 5th Aust Aero Conf, 20-23 March 1993.
50. Larsson F. Damage tolerance of a stitched carbon/epoxy laminate. Composites A 1997;28:923-34.
51. Kang TJ, Lee SH. Effect of stitching on the mechanical and impact properties of woven laminate composite. J Comp Mater 1994;28:1574-87.
52. Gallagher J. The impact response of GRP composite laminates. B.Engng Thesis, Monash University, 1996.
53. Mouritz AP. Flexural properties of stitched GRP laminates. Composites A 1996;27:525-30.
54. Harris H, Schinske N, Krueger R, Swanson B. Multiaxial stitched preform reinforcements for RTM fabrication. In Proc. 36th Int SAMPE Symp, 15-18 April 1991;521:35.
55. Thuis HGSJ, Bron E. The effect of stitching density and laminate lay-up on the mechanical properties of stitched carbon fabrics. National Lucht-en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium. Report NLR CR 96126L, 1996.
56. Jain LK. Improvement of interlaminar properties in advanced fibre composites with through-thickness reinforcement. Cooperative Research Centre for Aerospace Structures Ltd., CRC-AS TM94012, 1994.
57. Cox HL. The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials. Br J Appl Phys 1952;3:72-79.
58. Piggott MR. Load bearing fiber composites, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980. p. 74.
59. Cox BN, Flanagan G. Handbook of analytical methods for textile composites. NASA Contractor Report 4750, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, March, 1997.
60. Du X, Xue F, Gu Z. Experimental study of the effect of stitching on strength of a composite laminate. Proc Int Symp Comp Mat Struct, 10-13 June 1986:912-8.
61. Leong KH, Herszberg I, Bannister MK. Impact damage resistance and tolerance of stitched carbon epoxy laminates. Proc 6th Aust Aero Conf, 20-23 March 1995:605-12.
62. Leong KH, Herszberg I, Bannister MK. An investigation of fracture mechanisms of carbon epoxy laminates subjected to impact and compression-after-impact loading. Int J Crash 1996;1:285-93.
63. Herszberg I, Leong KH, Bannister MK. The effect of stitching on the impact damage resistance and tolerance of uniweave carbon/epoxy laminates. Proc 4th Int Conf Automated Comp, 1, 6-7 September 1995:53-60.
64. Farley GL, Dickinson LC. Removal of surface loop from stitched composites can improve compression and compression-after-impact strengths. J Rein Plast Comp 1992;11:633-42.
65. Cholakara MT, Jang BZ, Wang CZ. Deformation and failure mechanisms in 3D composites. Proc 34th Int SAMPE Symp, 8-11 May 1989:2153-60.
66. Cox BN. Simple, conservative criteria for buckling and delamination propagation in the presence of stitching. J Mater Sci, in press.
67. Hetényi M. Beams on elastic foundation, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1946.
68. Cox BN. Fundamental concepts in the suppression of delamination buckling by stitching. In: Soderquist JR, Neri LM, Bohon HL, editors. Proc 9th DoD/NASA/FAA Conf. on Fibrous Composites in Structural Design, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, November 1991, US Dept Transportation, 1992. p. 1105-10.
69. Cox BN. Delamination and buckling in 3D composites. J Comp Mater 1994;28:1114-26.
70. Shu D, Mai Y-W. Delamination buckling with bridging. Comp Sci Technol 1993;47:25-33.
71. Shu D, Mai Y-W. Effect of stitching on interlaminar delamination extension in composite laminates. Comp Sci Technol 1993;49:165-71.
72. Lu T-J, Hutchinson J. Role of fiber stitching in eliminating transverse fracture in cross-ply ceramic composites. J Am Ceram Soc 1995;78:251-3.
73. He M, Cox BN. Crack bridging by through-thickness reinforcement in delaminating curved structures. Composites A 1998;29:377-93.
74. Cox BN, Dadkhah MS, Inman RV, Morris WL, Zupon J. Mechanisms of compressive failure in 3D composites. Acta Metall Mater 1992;40:3285-98.
75. Budiansky B, Fleck NA. Compressive failure of fibre composites. J Mech Phys Solids 1993;41:183-211.
76. Cox BN, Dadkhah MS, Morris WL, Flintoff JG. Failure mechanisms of 3D woven composites in tension, compression, and bending. Acta Metall Mater 1994;42:3967-84.
77. Rosen BW. Mechanics of composite strengthening, Fibre composite materials. Metals Park, OH: American Society of Metals Seminar, 1965. p. 37-75.
78. Argon AS. Fracture of composites, Treatise of materials sciences and technology, 1. New York: Academic Press, 1992.
79. Dadkhah MS, Morris WL, Cox BN. Compression-compression fatigue in 3D woven composites. Acta Metall Mater 1995;43:4235-45.
80. Fleck NA, Shu JY. Microbuckle initiation in fibre composites: a finite element study. J Mech Phys Solids 1995;43:1887-918.
81. Herszberg I, Weller T, Leong KH, Bannister MK. The residual tensile strength of stitched and unstitched carbon/epoxy laminates impacted under tensile load. Proc 1st Aust Congress on Applied Mechanics, 21-23 February 1996:309-14.
82. Shah Khan MZ, Mouritz AP. Fatigue behaviour of stitched GRP laminates. Comp Sci Technol 1996;56:695-701.
83. Ibnabdeljalil M, Curtin WA. Strength and reliability of fiber-reinforced composites: localized load-sharing and associated size effects. Int J Solids Struct 1997;34:2649-68.
84. Beyerlein I. Private communication, 1999.
85. Sivashanker S, Fleck NA, Sutcliffe MPF. Microbuckle propagation in a unidirectional carbon fibre-epoxy matrix composite. Acta Metall Mater 1996;44:2581-90.
86. Cox BN, Marshall DB. Concepts for bridged cracks in fracture and fatigue. Acta Metall Mater 1994;42:341-63.
87. McIlhagger R, Hill BJ, McLauglin P. Flexural properties of sewn carbon-fibre composites. J Text Inst 1992;83:614-20.
88. Adanur S, Tsao YP. Stitch bonded textile structural composites. Proc 26th Int SAMPE Tech Conf, 17-20 October 1994:25-34.
89. Adanur S, Tam CWA. On-machine stitching of 3-D laminates for composites. Proc 2nd Int Conf Comp Engng (ICCE-2), 21-24 August 1995:5-6.
90. Mayadas A, Pastore C, Ko FK. Tensile and shear properties of composites by various reinforcement concepts. Proc 30th Int SAMPE Symp, 19-25 March 1985:1284-93.
91. Jain LK, Mai Y-W. Analysis of stitched laminated ENF specimens for interlaminar Mode II fracture toughness. Int J Fract 1994;68:219-44.
92. Jain LK, Mai Y-W. Determination of Mode II delamination toughness of stitched laminated composites. Comp Sci Technol 1995;55:241-53.
93. Massabò R, Cox BN. Concepts for bridged Mode II delamination cracks. J Mech Phys Solids 1999;47:1265-300.
94. Massabò R, Mumm DR, Cox BN. Characterizing mode II delamination cracks in stitched composites. Int J Fracture 1998;92:1-38.
95. Hyer MW, Lee HH, Knott TW. A simple evaluation of thermally induced stresses in the vicinity of the stitch in a through-thickness reinforced cross-ply laminate. Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, CCMS-94-05, 1994.
96. Lubowinski SJ, Poe CC. Fatigue characterization of stitched graphite/epoxy composites. Proc Fibre-Tex Conf, NASA Conf Pub 3001 1987:253-71.
97. Davis JW, McCarthy JA, Schurb JN. The fatigue resistance of reinforced plastics. Mater Design Engng 1964;December:87-91.
98. Hashin Z, Rotem A. A fatigue failure criterion for fiber reinforced materials. J Comp Mater 1973;7:448-64.
99. Slaughter WS, Fleck NA. Compressive fatigue of fibre composites. J Mech Phys Solids 1993;41:1265-84.
100. Shah Khan MZ, Mouritz AP. Loading rate dependence of the fracture toughness and fatigue life of stitched GRP composites. Proc 9th Int Conf Fracture (ICF9), 1-5 April 1997:809-18.
101. Herszberg I, Loh A, Bannister MK, Thuis HGSJ. Open hole fatigue of stitched and unstitched carbon/epoxy laminates. In: Scott ML, editor. Proc 11th Int Conf Comp Mat (ICCM-11), 14-18 July 1997, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing, 1997. p. V-138-V-148.
102. Piggott MR, Lam PWK. ASTM-STP 1110, Philadelphia: ASTM, 1991.