Rosemary Stevens, In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1989). According to Stevens (p. 12), nurses were "captured by the hospital and institutionally subsumed."
"The Science of Diagnosis: Diagnostic Technology," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1993), 2:826-51;
Technology and the use of the senses in twentieth-century medicine
Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
and, "Technology and the Use of the Senses in Twentieth-Century Medicine," in Medicine and the Five Senses, eds. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 1993), 262-73.
Early use of X-ray machines and electrocardiographs at the Pennsylvania hospital, 1897 through 1927
Other key scholarship in this field includes the works of Joel D. Howell and Audrey B. Davis. See Howell's "Early Use of X-ray Machines and Electrocardiographs at the Pennsylvania Hospital, 1897 through 1927," Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no. 17 (1986): 2320-23;
Machines and medicine: Technology transforms the American Hospital
Ithaca, N.V.: Cornell University Press
"Machines and Medicine: Technology Transforms the American Hospital," in The American General Hospital: Communities and Social Contexts, ed. Diana Elizabeth Long and Janet Golden (Ithaca, N.V.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 109-34;