Mercury in petroleum

Fuel processing technology

Volumn 63, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 1-27

  Wilhelm, S Mark ^a   Bloom, Nicolas ^b  

^a Mercury Technology Services   (United States)

^b Frontier Geosciences Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRUDE PETROLEUM; GAS EMISSIONS; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; MERCURY (METAL); MERCURY COMPOUNDS; PETROLEUM ANALYSIS;

MERCURIC SULFIDE;

PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY;

EID: 0033626987     PISSN: 03783820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00068-5     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Mercury Study Report to Congress, US EPA, EPA-452R/R-97-004 (1997).
2. D. Porcella, Mercury in the environment, biogeochemistry, in: C. Watras, J. Huckabee (Eds.), Mercury Pollution, Integration and Synthesis, Lewis Publishers, 1994.
3. H. Clever (Ed.), Mercury in Liquids, Compressed Gases, Molten Salts and Other Elements, IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 29, Pergamon, 1987.
4. Frech W.et al. On the determination of total mercury in natural gases using the amalgamation technique and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10:1995;769.
5. US EPA Method, 7473 (1996).
6. Shafawi A.et al. Determination of total mercury in hydrocarbons and natural gas condensate by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Analyst. 124:1999;185.
7. Liang L., Horvat M., Danilchik P. A novel analytical method for determination of picogram levels of total mercury in gasoline and other petroleum based products. Sci. Total Environ. 187:1996;57.
8. Heyward R.et al. Determination of the recovery of dimethylmercury and diphenylmercury extracted from organic solvents and a liquid condensate with bromine water using cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Commun. 10:1997;279.
9. Olsen S.D.et al. Analysis of metals in condensates and naphthas by ICP-MS. Analyst. 122:1997;12.
10. Frech W., Snell J., Sturgeon R. Performance comparison between furnace atomization plasma emission spectrometry and microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry for the detection of mercury species in gas chromatography effluents. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 13:1998;1347.
11. Musa M.et al. Neutron activation analysis of major and trace elements in crude petroleum. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 198(1):1995;17.
12. Frech W., Baxter D.C., Bakke B., Snell J., Thomasson Y. Determination and speciation of mercury in natural gases and gas condensates. Anal. Commun. 33:1996;7H.
13. N.S. Bloom, Analysis and stability of mercury speciation in petroleum hydrocarbons, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., in press (1999).
14. Schickling C., Broekaert J. Determination of mercury species in gas condensates by on-line coupled HPLC and CVAA spectrometry. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 9:1995;29.
15. Snell J.P., Frech W., Thomasson Y. Performance improvements in the determination of mercury species in natural gas condensate using an on-line amalgamation trap or solid-phase micro-extraction with GC-MIP-AES. Analyst. 121:1996;1055.
16. M. Zettlitzer, R. Scholer, R. Falter, Determination of elemental, inorganic and organic mercury in North German gas condensates and formation brines, Proceedings of Symposium: Oil and Gas Chemistry, Houston, SPE 37260 (Feb. 1997).
17. Tao H.et al. Mercury speciation in natural gas condensate by gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 13:1998;1085.
18. Snell J., Johansson M., Frech W., Smit K. Stability and reactions of mercury species in organic solution. Analyst. 5:1998;905.
19. B. Edmonds, R. Moorwood, R. Szczepanski, Mercury Partitioning in Natural Gases and Condensates, GPA European Chapter Meeting, London (March 1996).
20. P. Sarrazin, C. Cameron, Y. Barthel, Processes prevent detrimental effects from As and Hg in feedstocks, Oil Gas J., Jan. 25, 1993.
21. H. Nishino et al., Process for Removal of Mercury Vapor and Adsorbant Therefor, U.S. Patent 4,500,327; (Feb. 1985).
22. T.M. Matviya et al., Mercury Adsorbent Carbon Molecular Sieves and Process for Removing Mercury Vapor from Gas Streams, U.S. Patent 4,708,853 (Nov. 1987).
23. Y. Barthel, C.J. Cameron, F. Gracco, A. Orieux, P. Sarrazin, Mercury Removal from Wet Natural Gas, Proceedings: European Gas Processors Association, 10th Continental Meeting (June 1993).
24. A. Sugier et al., Process for Removing Mercury from a Gas or Liquid by Absorption on a Copper Sulfide Containing Solid Mass, U.S. Patent 4,094,777 (1978).
25. J. Markovs, Purification of Fluid Streams Containing Mercury, U.S. Patent 4,874,525 (1988).
26. J. McNamara, Process for Removal of Mercury From Liquid Hydrocarbon, US Patent 5,336,835 (Aug. 1994).
27. C. Cameron et al., Method of Eliminating Mercury or Arsenic From a Fluid in the Presence of a Mercury/Arsenic Recovery Mass, U.S. Patent 5,245,106 (1993).
28. Roussell et al., Process for Removing Mercury and Possibly Arsenic in Hydrocarbons, U.S. Patent 4,911,825 (1990).
29. J. Markovs, Removal of Mercury from Process Streams, U.S. Patent 5,223,145 (1993).
30. S. Wilhelm, Conceptual design of mercury removal systems for hydrocarbon liquids, Hydrocarbon Processing (April 1999).
31. N. Pongsiri, 1997 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference, SPE Paper 38087 (1997).
32. D. Nelson, Mercury Attack of Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers in Cryogenic Gas Service, Proceedings 73rd GPA Convention, New Orleans (1994).
33. S. Wilhelm, Avoiding Exposure to Mercury during Inspection and Maintenance, Plant Safety Progress, AIChE, in press (1999).
34. M.B. Blayney, J.S. Winn, D.W. Nierenberg, Letters: chemical safety - handling dimethylmercury, Chemical and Engineering News, May 12, 1997.
35. D.W. Nierenberg, Letters: more on working with dimethylmercury, Chemical and Engineering News, June 16, 1997.
36. C. Watanabe, H. Satoh, Evolution of Our Understanding of Methylmercury as a Health Threat, Workshop on Risk Assessment Methodology for Neurobehavioral Toxicity (SGOMSEC), Rochester, New York (June 1994).
37. Arizona Instruments, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
38. Nippon Instruments, Tokyo, Japan.
39. S. Wilhelm, Generation and disposal of petroleum processing waste that contains mercury, Env. Progress, AIChE (June 1999).
40. U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste, Study Of Selected Petroleum Refining Residuals, an Industry Study, Part 1 (August 1996).