Growth and mortality of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) on constructed intertidal reefs: Effects of tidal height and substrate level

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Volumn 237, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 157-184

  Bartol, Ian K ^a   Mann, Roger ^a   Luckenbach, Mark ^a  

^a VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

Growth; Oyster; Reefs; Substrate; Survival; Tidal height

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL REEF; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GROWTH; INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT; MOLLUSC; MORTALITY;

ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GROWTH REGULATION; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OYSTER; SEASONAL VARIATION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033617235     PISSN: 00220981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00175-0     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Abbe G.R. A review of some factors that limit oyster recruitment in Chesapeake Bay. Am. Mal. Bull. Special Ed. No. 3:1986;59-70.
2. Anderson M.J., Underwood A.J. Effects of substratum on the recruitment and development of an intertidal estuarine fouling assemblage. J. Exp. Biol. Ecol. 184:1994;217-236.
3. Babcock R., Mundy C. Coral recruitment: consequences of settlement choice for early growth and survivorship in two scleractinians. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 206:1996;179-201.
4. Bahr L.M. Jr. Energetic aspects of the intertidal oyster reef communities at Sapelo Island, Georgia USA. Ecology. 57:1976;121-131.
5. Bahr, L.M., Lanier, P., 1981. The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic coast: a community profile. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, DC, FWS/OBS-81/15, p. 105.
6. Baker, P.K., 1994. Quantification of settlement and recruitment processes in bivalve molluscs. Ph.D. Dissertation, College of William and Mary, Virginia, 381 p.
7. Barber, B.J., Ford, S.E., Haskin, H.H., 1988a. Effects of the parasite MSX (Haplosporidium nelsoni) on oyster (Crassostrea virginica) energy metabolism. I. Condition index and relative fecundity. J. Shellfish Res. 7, 25-31.
8. Barber, B.J., Ford, S.E., Haskin, H.H., 1988b. Effects of the parasite MSX (Haplosporidium nelsoni) on oyster (Crassostrea virginica) energy metabolism. II. Tissue biochemical composition. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91A, 603-608.
9. Bartol I.K., Mann R. Small-scale settlement patterns of the oyster Crassostrea virginica on constructed intertidal oyster reef. Bull. Mar. Sci. 61:1997;881-897.
10. Bergeron P., Bourget E. Shore topography and spatial partitioning of crevice refuges by sessile epibenthos in an ice disturbed environment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28:1986;129-145.
11. Bisker R., Castagna M. Predation on single spat oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) by blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun and mud crabs Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards. J. Shellfish Res. 6:1987;37-40.
12. Bortrone S.A., Tassell J.V., Brito A.B., Falcon J.M., Mena J., Bundrick C.M. Enhancement of the nearshore fish assemblage in the Canary Islands with artificial habitats. Bull. Mar. Sci. 55:1994;602-608.
13. Bourget, E., 1988. Barnacle larval settlement: the perception of cues at different spatial scales. In: Vannini, M., Chelazzi, G. (Eds.), Behavioural adaptations to the intertidal life. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 153-172.
14. Bourget E., DeGuise J., Daigle G. Scales of substratum heterogeneity, structural complexity, and the early establishment of a marine epibenthic community. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 181:1994;31-51.
15. Brawley S.H., Johnson L.E. Survival of fucoid embryos in the intertidal zone depends upon developmental stage and microhabitat. J. Phycol. 27:1991;179-186.
16. Burrell V.G. Jr. Overview of the South Atlantic oyster industry. World Mariculture Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 1:1982;125-127.
17. Buss L.W. Group living, competition, and the evolution of cooperation in a sessile invertebrate. Science. 213:1979;1012-1014.
18. Butman, C.A., 1987. Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamical processes. In: Barnes, M. (Ed.), Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, vol. 25. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, UK.
19. Butman C.A., Grassle J.P., Webb C.M. Substrate choices made by marine larvae setting in still water and in a flume flow. Nature. 333:1988;771-773.
20. Cahalan J.A., Sidall J.P., Luckenbach M.W. Effects of flow velocity, food concentration and particulate flux on growth rates of juvenile bay scallops Argopecten irradians. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 129:1989;45-60.
21. Chabot R., Bourget E. The influence of substratum heterogeneity and settled barnacle density on the settlement of cypris larvae. Mar. Biol. 97:1988;45-56.
22. Chesnut A.F., Fahy W.E. Studies on the vertical setting of oysters in North Carolina. Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst. 5:1953;106-112.
23. Clarke R.D. Effects of microhabitat and metabolic rate on food intake, growth, and fecundity of two competing coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs. 11:1992;199-205.
24. Connell J.H. Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecol. Monogr. 31:1961;61-104.
25. Cook P.L. Colony-wide currents in living Bryozoa. Cah. Biol. Mar. 18:1977;31-47.
26. Crisp, D.J., 1974. Factors influencing the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. In: Grant, P.T., Mackie, A.M. (Eds.), Chemoreception in Marine Organisms. Academic Press, London, pp. 177-265.
27. Crisp D.J. Field experiments on the settlement, orientation and habitat choice of Chthamalus fragilis (Darwin). Biofouling. 2:1990;131-136.
28. Crosby M.P., Roberts C.F., Kenny P.D. Effects of immersion time and tidal position on in situ growth rates of naturally settled eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791). J. Shellfish Res. 10(1):1991;95-103.
29. Crowder L.B., Cooper W.E. Habitat structural complexity and the interaction between bluegills and their prey. Ecology. 63:1982;1802-1813.
30. Dame R.F. The ecological energies of growth, respiration, and assimilation in the intertidal American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Biol. 17:1972;243-250.
31. Doty M.S. Measurement of water movement in reference to benthic algal growth. Bot. Marina. 14:1971;25-32.
32. Eckman J.E. The role of hydrodynamics in recruitment, growth and survival of Argopecten irradians (L) and Anomia simplex (D'Orbigny) within eelgrass meadows. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 106:1987;165-191.
33. Eckman J.E., Peterson C.H., Cahalan J.A. Effects of flow speed, turbulence, and orientation on growth of juvenile bay scallops Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 132:1989;123-140.
34. Eggleston, D.B., 1990a. Behavioral mechanisms underlying variable functional responses of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus feeding on juvenile oysters, Crassostrea virginica. J. Anim. Ecol. 59, 613-628.
35. Eggleston, D.B., 1990b. Foraging behavior of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, on juvenile oysters Crassostrea virginica: effects of prey density and size. Bull. Mar. Sci. 46, 62-82.
36. Eggleston, D.B., 1990c. Functional responses of blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun feeding on juvenile oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin): effects of predator sex and size, and prey size. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 143, 73-90.
37. Frechette M., Butman C.A., Geyer W.R. The importance of boundary-layer flows in supplying phytoplankton to the benthic suspension feeder, Mytilus edulis L. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34:1989;19-36.
38. Galtsoff P.S. The American oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. Fish. Bull. Fish Wildl. Serv. US. 64:1964;1-80.
39. Garrity S.D. Some adaptations of gastropods to physical stress on a tropical reef shore. Ecology. 65:1984;557-574.
40. Gillmor R.B. Assessment of intertidal growth and capacity adaptations in suspension-feeding bivalves. Mar. Biol. 68:1982;277-286.
41. Grizzle R.E., Langan R., Howell W.H. Growth responses of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs to changes in water flow: differences between siphonate and nonsiphonate taxa. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 162:1992;213-228.
42. Grizzle R.E., Lutz R.A. A statistical model relating horizontal seston fluxes and bottom sediment characteristics to growth of Mercenaria mercenaria. Mar. Biol. 102:1989;95-105.
43. Grizzle R.E., Morin R.E. Effects of tidal currents, seston, and bottom sediments on growth of Mercenaria mercenaria: results of a field experiment. Mar. Biol. 102:1989;85-93.
44. Hofstetter, R.P., 1977. Trends in population levels of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin on public reefs in Galveston Bay, Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., Technical Series 24, p. 90.
45. Holland D.I., Spencer B.E. Biochemical changes in fed and starved oysters, Ostrea edulis L., during larval development, metamorphosis, and early spat growth. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 53:1973;287-298.
46. Hopkins S.H. Oyster setting on the Gulf Coast. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. 45:1955;52-55.
47. Hsiao S.C. Effect of silt upon Ostrea virginica. Haw. Acad. Sci. 25:1950;8-9.
48. Ingle R.M., Dawson C.E. Jr. Growth of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) in Florida waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 2:1952;393-404.
49. Ingle, R.M., Joyce, A.E., Quick, J.A., Morey, S.W., 1971. Basic considerations in the evaluation of thermal effluents in Florida. A preliminary investigation: the effect of elevated temperature on the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Florida Dept. of Natural Resources Paper Series 15, vii-viii.
50. Jacobi C.M., Langevin R. Habitat geometry of benthic substrata: effects on arrival and settlement of mobile epifauna. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 206:1996;39-54.
51. Jorgensen C.B. Fluid mechanical aspects of suspension feeding. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 11:1983;89-103.
52. Keen S.L. Recruitment of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) larvae is position-dependent, and independent of conspecific density, within a settling surface. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 38:1987;151-160.
53. Keough M.J., Downes D.J. Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality. Oecologia. 54:1982;348-352.
54. Kirby-Smith W.W. Growth of the bay scallop: the influence of experimental water currents. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 8:1972;7-18.
55. Kranz G.E., Chamberlain J.V. Blue crab predation on clutchless oyster spat. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. 68:1978;38-41.
56. Landers W.S., Rhodes R.W. Jr. Some factors influencing predation by the flatworm Stylochus ellipiticus (Girard), on oysters. Ches. Sci. 11:1970;55-60.
57. Lenihan, H.S., 1996. Physical-biological coupling on oyster reefs: hydrodynamics, sedimentation, and the production of oysters. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, p. 171.
58. Lenihan H.S., Peterson C.H. How habitat degradation through fishery disturbance enhances impacts of hypoxia on oyster reefs. Ecol. Appl. 8:1998;128-140.
59. Lenihan H.S., Peterson C.H., Allen J.M. Does flow speed also have a direct effect on growth of active suspension feeders: an experimental test on oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Limnol. Oceanogr. 41:1996;1359-1366.
60. Lidgard, S., 1981. Water flow, feeding, and colony form in an encrusting cheilostome. In: Larwood, G.P., Nielsenn, C. (Eds.), Recent and Fossil Bryozoa. Olsen and Olsen, Denmark, pp. 135-142.
61. Littlewood D.T.J. Subtidal versus intertidal cultivation of Crassostrea rhizophorae. Aquaculture. 73:1988;59-71.
62. Loosanoff, V.L., 1932. Observations on propagation of oysters in James and Corrotoman Rivers and the seaside of Virginia. Virginia Commission of Fisheries, p. 46.
63. Loosanoff V.L., Engle J.B. Effect of different concentrations of microorganisms on the feeding of oysters (O. virginica). Fish Bull. 51(42):1947;31-57.
64. Lubchenco J. Littorina and Fucus: effects of herbivores, substratum heterogeneity, and plant escapes during succession. Ecology. 64:1983;1116-1123.
65. Lucas J.S., Nash W.J., Crawford C.M., Braley R.D. Environmental influences on growth and survival during the ocean nursery rearing of giant clams Tridacna gigas (L.). Aquaculture. 80:1989;45-61.
66. Luckenbach M.L. Settlement and early post-settlement survival in the recruitment of Mulina lateralis (Bivalvia). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 17:1984;245-250.
67. Mackin J.G. Mortalities of oysters. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. 50:1959;21-40.
68. MacKenzie C.L. Jr. Biotic potential and environmental resistance in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in Long Island Sound. Aquaculture. 22:1981;229-268.
69. Marshall N. Factors controlling the distribution of oysters in a natural estuary. Ecology. 35:1954;322-327.
70. McDougall K.D. Sessile marine invertebrates of Beaufort NC. Ecol. Monogr. 13:1942;321-371.
71. Menge B.A. Organizations of a New England rocky intertidal community: role of predation, competition, and environmental heterogeneity. Ecol. Monogr. 46:1976;355-393.
72. Michener W.K., Kenny P.D. Spatial and temporal patterns of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) recruitment: relationship to scale and substratum. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 154:1991;97-121.
73. Morales-Alamos R., Cox C., McCarthy K., Mann R. Seasonal abundance of oyster spat and four animal associates on an oyster reef in the James River, Virginia. J. Shellfish Res. 7:1988;401-406.
74. Morales-Alamo, R., Mann, R., 1997. The status of Virginia's public oyster resource 1996. VA Mar. Res. Rep. 97-5. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, p. 46.
75. Nelson W.G. Experimental studies of selective predation on amphipods: consequences for amphipod distribution and abundance. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 38:1979;225-245.
76. Newell, R.C., 1979. Biology of Intertidal Animals. Elsevier, New York, p. 555.
77. Nichy F.E., Menzel R.W. Mortality of intertidal and subtidal oysters in Alligator Harbor, Florida. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. 52:1967;33-41.
78. Orth R.J., Luckenbach M.W., Moore K.A. Seed dispersal in a marine macrophyte: implications for colonization and restoration. Ecology. 75:1994;1927-1939.
79. Peterson C.H. Clam predation by whelks (Busycon spp.): experimental tests of the importance of prey, prey density, and seagrass cover. Mar. Biol. 66:1982;159-170.
80. Peterson C.H., Black R. Density-dependent mortality caused by physical stress interacting with biotic history. Am. Naturalist. 131:1988;257-270.
81. Potter M.A., Hill B.J. Heat mortality in the Syndney rock oyster Saccostrea (Crassostrea) commercialis and the effectiveness of some control methods. Aquaculture. 29:1982;101-106.
82. Quick J.A. Jr. Symposium on a preliminary investigation: the effect of elevated temperature on the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Fla. Mar. Res. Lab. Prof Pap. Ser. 15:1971;1-190.
83. Roegner, G.C., 1989. Recruitment and growth of juvenile Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) in relation to tidal zonation. Master's Thesis, College of William and Mary, Virginia, p. 145.
84. Roegner G.C., Mann R. Early recruitment and growth of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica (Bivalvia: Ostreidae) with respect to tidal zonation and season. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 117:1995;91-101.
85. Rogers C.S., Fritz H.C., Gilnack M., Beets J., Hardin J. Scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at Salt River Submarine Canyon St. Croix, U.S.V.I. Coral Reefs. 3:1984;69-76.
86. Sale P.F., Doherty P.J., Eckert G.J., Douglas W.A., Ferrell D.J. Large scale spatial and temporal variation in recruitment to fish populations on coral reefs. Oecologia. 64:1984;191-198.
87. Snelgrove P.V.R., Butman C.A., Grassle J.P. Hydrodynamic enhancement of larval settlement in the bivalve Mulinia lateralis (Say) and the polychaete Capitella sp. 1 in microdepositional environments. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 168:1993;71-109.
88. Shumway, S.E., 1996. Natural environmental factors. In: Kennedy, V.S., Newell, R.I.E., Eble, A.F. (Eds.), The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. Maryland Sea Grant College, University of Maryland System, College Park, pp. 185-223.
89. Spencer B.E., Gough C.J. The growth and survival of experimental batches of hatchery reared spat of Ostrea edulis L. and Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, using different methods of tray cultivation. Aquaculture. 13:1978;292-312.
90. Stephens E.G., Bertness M.D. Mussel facilitation of barnacle survival in a sheltered bay habitat. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 145:1991;33-48.
91. Sumner C.E. Growth of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas cultivated in Tasmania. II. Subtidal culture. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 32:1981;411-416.
92. Thompson, R.J., Newell, R.I.E., Kennedy, V.S., Mann, R., 1996. Reproductive processes and early development. In: Kennedy, V.S., Newell, R.I.E., Eble, A.F. (Eds.), The Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica. Maryland Sea Grant College, University of Maryland System, College Park, pp. 335-370.
93. Tolimieri N. Effects of microhabitat characteristics on the settlement and recruitment of a coral reef fish at two spatial scales. Oecologia. 102:1995;52-63.
94. Underwood, A.J., Denley, E.J., 1984. Paradigms, explanations, and generalizations in models for the structure of intertidal communities on rocky shores. In: Strong, D.R., Simberloff, D., Abele, L.G., Thistle, A.B. (Eds.), Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 151-180.
95. Victor B.C. Larval settlement and juvenile mortality in a recruitment-limited coral reef fish population. Ecol. Monogr. 156:1986;145-160.
96. Vogel, S., 1994. Life in Moving Fluids, 2nd ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, p. 467.
97. Wallace C.C. Seasonal peaks and annual fluctuations in recruitment of juvenile Scleractinian corals. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 21:1985;289-298.
98. Walne P.R. Growth of Oysters (Ostrea edulis L.). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 37:1958;591-602.
99. Walters L.J. Post-settlement success of the arborescent bryozoan Bugula neritina (L.): the importance of structural complexity. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 164:1992;55-71.
100. Walters L.J., Wethey D.S. Surface topography influences competitive hierarchies on marine substrata: a field experiment. Biol. Bull. 170:1986;441-449.
101. Wethey D.S. Ranking of settlement cues by barnacle larvae: influence of surface contour. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39:1986;393-400.
102. Wethey, D.S., Luckenbach, M.W., Kelly, C.A., 1988. Larval settlement in barnacles: influence of water flow. In: Thompson, M.F., Sarojiri, R., Nagabhushanam, R. (Eds.), Marine Biodeterioration: Advanced Techniques Applicable to Indian Ocean, pp. 499-511.
103. Wildish D.J., Kristmanson D.D., Hoar R.L., Decoste A.M., McCormick S.D., White A.W. Giant scallop feeding and growth responses to flow. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 113:1987;207-220.
104. Wildish D.J., Saulnier A.M. Hydrodynamic control of filtration in Placopecten magellanicus. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 174:1993;65-82.
105. Winer, B.J., Brown, D.R., Michels, K.M., 1991. Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 1057.
106. Witman J.D. Refuges, biological disturbance, and rocky subtidal community structure in New England. Ecol. Monogr. 55:1985;421-455.
107. Woodin S.A. Disturbance and community structure in a shallow water sand flat. Ecology. 62:1981;1052-1066.
108. Woodin S.A. Settlement of infauna: larval choice? Bull. Mar. Sci. 39:1986;401-407.
109. Young C.M. Defenses and refuges: alternative mechanisms of coexistence between a predatory gastropod and its ascidian prey. Mar. Biol. 91:1986;513-522.
110. Young B.L. Spartina axil zones: preferred settlement sites of barnacles. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 151:1991;71-82.
111. Zar, J.H., 1996. Biostatistical Analysis, 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 662.