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0344816509
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note
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With a dip of 70° and the bottom edge of the dike fixed at the simulated annealing result, the modeled dike agrees with the earthquake distribution. The time-dependent inversion results were not changed significantly if we assumed a vertical dike offset 1.4 km to the NE of the simulated annealing result The best-fitting dike from simulated annealing is almost immediately below station KWN0. Because there is no tilt predicted above a vertical dike, this geometry requires large shallow opening in order to fit the tilt data.
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15
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0344384786
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note
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Errors in the GPS positions were determined by scaling the formal covariance matrices to be consistent with the repeatability in a 30-day period well after the swarm had ended. Frequency-dependent noise in the GPS data, although included, was not significant on the time scale of 30 days. Noise in the tilt was assessed from 1 year of data, not perturbed by swarm activity. We estimated a random walk error of 3 μrad/√year and a frequency independent error of 10 nrad. Finally, circuit misclosures indicated leveling errors of 1.2 mm/√km.
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0344384783
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note
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The spatial and temporal smoothing parameters are denoted γ and α, respectively. Increasing γ improves the fit to the data at the expense of increasing the spatial roughness of the dike opening and fault slip. We found that values of γ greater than 5 did not improve the fit to the data significantly but caused the cumulative dike opening to be locally negative (dike dosing). We therefore used γ = 5 in the final solutions. In the temporal domain, α = 0 corresponds to steady-state behavior. Increasing α improves the fit to the data, at the expense of increasing the temporal complexity of the model. For these data, we found that the likelihood (4) did not increase substantially for a greater than 1000, so α = 1000 was used in the final solutions. Much smaller values of α do not fit the tilt data; for much larger values, the solution tends to fit day-to-day scatter in the GPS displacements.
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0344384784
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An animation of the dike can be viewed at http:// pangea.stanford.edu/~segall/izu.html.
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0345247589
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note
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The centroid depth is the average depth weighted by the magnitude of the dike opening.
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0019561477
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0029659564
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24
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0032535242
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D. Gillard, A. M. Rubin, P. Okubo, Nature 384, 343 (1996); D. P. Schaff, C. Beroza, B. E. Shaw, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4549 (1998).
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Schaff, D.P.1
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0345679266
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note
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We thank the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan and the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention of Japan for access to data and P. Delaney, Y. Okada, B. Ellsworth, G. Beroza, T. Dixon, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments. Supported by a grant from NASA's Solid Earth and Natural Hazards program to Stanford University.
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