Acetogenesis from H2 plus CO2 by spirochetes from termite guts

Science

Volumn 283, Issue 5402, 1999, Pages 686-689

  Leadbetter, J R ^a   Schmidt, T M ^a   Graber, J R ^a   Breznak, J A ^a  

^a Michigan State University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; CARBON DIOXIDE; PROTON; RNA 16S;

ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; CATALYSIS; DNA SEQUENCE; INSECT; METHANOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESERVOIR; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; SPIROCHETE; TREPONEMA;

ACETATES; ANAEROBIOSIS; ANIMALS; CARBON DIOXIDE; CULTURE MEDIA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; DNA, BACTERIAL; DNA, RIBOSOMAL; HYDROGEN; ISOPTERA; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S; SPIROCHAETACEAE; TREPONEMA;

INSECTA; ISOPTERA; PROTOZOA; SPIROCHAETALES; TREPONEMA;

EID: 0033613836     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5402.686     Document Type: Article

References (46)

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17. Commercial preparations tested included yeast extract (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI; Sigma, St. Louis, MO; and ICN Nutritional Biochemicals, Cleveland, OH); yeast hydrolyzate enzymatic (USB, Cleveland, OH); TC yeastolate (Difco); and yeast extract solution (Gibco-BRL Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY).
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36. Strains ZAS-1 (DSM 12426) and ZAS-2 (DSM 12427) have been deposited with the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.
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39. The nucleotide sequences of 165 rRNAs were inferred from 16S rDNAs that were amplified from genomic DNA by PCR with primers 27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and either 1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′; for ZAS-1) or 1400R [5′-ACTC(KC)GKTGGPGTGACGGGC-3′, where P is 6H, 8H-3,4-dihydropyrimido(4,5c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one, K is 2- amino-6-methoxyamine purine, and KC is a degenerate position; for ZAS-2], cloned into pCR2.1, and sequenced (both strands, at a mean redundancy of 2.5 nucleotides per position). PCR consisted of 30 cycles, each of 94°C for 15 s, 57°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 60 s. The last cycle was followed by incubation at 70°C for an additional 10 min. Other procedures were previously described [K. S. Kim, T. G. Lilburn, M. J. Renner, J. A. Breznak, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1919 (1998)]. The sequences of each 16S rDNA (1464 and 1367 unambiguous nucleotides for ZA5-1 and ZAS-2, respectively) were aligned within ARB [O. Strunk and W. Ludwig, "ARB: Software for phytogenetic analysis" (Technical University of Munich, Germany, 1997)] and analyzed by maximum likelihood [fastDNAml; G. J. Olsen, H. Matsuda, R. Hagstrom, R. Overbeek, CABIOS 10, 41 (1994)] and by parsimony [D. L Swofford, "PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony," version 3.1.1 (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1993)]. The 16S rDNA sequences of ZAS-1 (accession number AF093251) and ZAS-2 (accession number AF093252) have been deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers and alignments of all sequences used in this study and the designation of the nucleotide positions used to generate Fig. 1D are available from the Ribosomal Database Project at www. cme.msu.edu/RDP. A distance matrix constructed from the data is available on request from the corresponding author.
40. The nucleotide sequences of 165 rRNAs were inferred from 16S rDNAs that were amplified from genomic DNA by PCR with primers 27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and either 1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′; for ZAS-1) or 1400R [5′-ACTC(KC)GKTGGPGTGACGGGC-3′, where P is 6H, 8H-3,4- dihydropyrimido(4,5c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one, K is 2- amino- 6-methoxyamine purine, and KC is a degenerate position; for ZAS-2], cloned into pCR2.1, and sequenced (both strands, at a mean redundancy of 2.5 nucleotides per position). PCR consisted of 30 cycles, each of 94°C for 15 s, 57°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 60 s. The last cycle was followed by incubation at 70°C for an additional 10 min. Other procedures were previously described [K. S. Kim, T. G. Lilburn, M. J. Renner, J. A. Breznak, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1919 (1998)]. The sequences of each 16S rDNA (1464 and 1367 unambiguous nucleotides for ZA5-1 and ZAS-2, respectively) were aligned within ARB [O. Strunk and W. Ludwig, "ARB: Software for phytogenetic analysis" (Technical University of Munich, Germany, 1997)] and analyzed by maximum likelihood [fastDNAml; G. J. Olsen, H. Matsuda, R. Hagstrom, R. Overbeek, CABIOS 10, 41 (1994)] and by parsimony [D. L Swofford, "PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony," version 3.1.1 (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1993)]. The 16S rDNA sequences of ZAS-1 (accession number AF093251) and ZAS-2 (accession number AF093252) have been deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers and alignments of all sequences used in this study and the designation of the nucleotide positions used to generate Fig. 1D are available from the Ribosomal Database Project at www. cme.msu.edu/RDP. A distance matrix constructed from the data is available on request from the corresponding author.
41. The nucleotide sequences of 165 rRNAs were inferred from 16S rDNAs that were amplified from genomic DNA by PCR with primers 27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and either 1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′; for ZAS-1) or 1400R [5′-ACTC(KC)GKTGGPGTGACGGGC-3′, where P is 6H, 8H-3,4- dihydropyrimido(4,5c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one, K is 2- amino- 6-methoxyamine purine, and KC is a degenerate position; for ZAS-2], cloned into pCR2.1, and sequenced (both strands, at a mean redundancy of 2.5 nucleotides per position). PCR consisted of 30 cycles, each of 94°C for 15 s, 57°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 60 s. The last cycle was followed by incubation at 70°C for an additional 10 min. Other procedures were previously described [K. S. Kim, T. G. Lilburn, M. J. Renner, J. A. Breznak, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1919 (1998)]. The sequences of each 16S rDNA (1464 and 1367 unambiguous nucleotides for ZA5-1 and ZAS-2, respectively) were aligned within ARB [O. Strunk and W. Ludwig, "ARB: Software for phytogenetic analysis" (Technical University of Munich, Germany, 1997)] and analyzed by maximum likelihood [fastDNAml; G. J. Olsen, H. Matsuda, R. Hagstrom, R. Overbeek, CABIOS 10, 41 (1994)] and by parsimony [D. L Swofford, "PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony," version 3.1.1 (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1993)]. The 16S rDNA sequences of ZAS-1 (accession number AF093251) and ZAS-2 (accession number AF093252) have been deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers and alignments of all sequences used in this study and the designation of the nucleotide positions used to generate Fig. 1D are available from the Ribosomal Database Project at www. cme.msu.edu/RDP. A distance matrix constructed from the data is available on request from the corresponding author.
42. The nucleotide sequences of 165 rRNAs were inferred from 16S rDNAs that were amplified from genomic DNA by PCR with primers 27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and either 1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′; for ZAS-1) or 1400R [5′-ACTC(KC)GKTGGPGTGACGGGC-3′, where P is 6H, 8H-3,4- dihydropyrimido(4,5c)(1,2)oxazin-7-one, K is 2- amino- 6-methoxyamine purine, and KC is a degenerate position; for ZAS-2], cloned into pCR2.1, and sequenced (both strands, at a mean redundancy of 2.5 nucleotides per position). PCR consisted of 30 cycles, each of 94°C for 15 s, 57°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 60 s. The last cycle was followed by incubation at 70°C for an additional 10 min. Other procedures were previously described [K. S. Kim, T. G. Lilburn, M. J. Renner, J. A. Breznak, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1919 (1998)]. The sequences of each 16S rDNA (1464 and 1367 unambiguous nucleotides for ZA5-1 and ZAS-2, respectively) were aligned within ARB [O. Strunk and W. Ludwig, "ARB: Software for phytogenetic analysis" (Technical University of Munich, Germany, 1997)] and analyzed by maximum likelihood [fastDNAml; G. J. Olsen, H. Matsuda, R. Hagstrom, R. Overbeek, CABIOS 10, 41 (1994)] and by parsimony [D. L Swofford, "PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony," version 3.1.1 (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1993)]. The 16S rDNA sequences of ZAS-1 (accession number AF093251) and ZAS-2 (accession number AF093252) have been deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers and alignments of all sequences used in this study and the designation of the nucleotide positions used to generate Fig. 1D are available from the Ribosomal Database Project at www. cme.msu.edu/RDP. A distance matrix constructed from the data is available on request from the corresponding author.
43. Serpulina hyodysenteriae has been renamed Brachyspira hyodysenteriae [S. Ochiai, Y. Adachi, K. Mori, Microbiol. Immunol. 41, 445 (1997)] in validation list number 64, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48, 327 (1998).
44. Serpulina hyodysenteriae has been renamed Brachyspira hyodysenteriae [S. Ochiai, Y. Adachi, K. Mori, Microbiol. Immunol. 41, 445 (1997)] in validation list number 64, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48, 327 (1998).
45. 14C compounds whose peaks were masked by other medium components during HPLC or were present in amounts too low to elicit a significant detector response.
46. This paper is dedicated to Professor Ercole Canale-Parola, who introduced one of us (JAB.) to the study of spirochetes many years ago, who inspired the current work, and who recently retired after more than three decades of making important contributions to microbiology. We thank T. G. Lilburn for helpful discussions, J. Shellman-Reeve for samples of Z. angusticollis, H. S. Pankratz for electron microscopy, K. S. Kim for technical assistance, and P. Lamoureux for production assistance. This work was supported by NSF grants IBN97-09000 (JAB.) and BIR91-20006 (the Center for Microbial Ecology).