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Volumn 284, Issue 5419, 1999, Pages 1503-1507

A younger age for the universe

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE DETERMINATION; ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; CALCULATION; COSMOS; EVOLUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0033612134     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5419.1503     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (39)

References (60)
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    • o, where Λ is the cosmological constant introduced in 1917 [A. Einstein, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys. Math. Kl. 1917, 142 (1917); English translation in Principle of Relativity, H. A. Lorentz et al., Eds. (Dover, New York, 1952), pp. 175].
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    • o = 15.2 ± 1.7 results from including a flat prior in the analysis.
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    • Galaxy cluster mass-to-light ratio limits are from R. Carlberg et al. [Astrophys. J. 478, 462 (1997)] and R. Carlberg et al. [paper presented at the 33rd Recontres de Moriond, Fundamental Parameters in Cosmology, Les Arcs, France, 17 to 24 January, 1998 (available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9804312)]. The error bars in-Table 1 are conservative in the sense that they include their "worst case," 73% errors.
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    • Les Arcs, France, 17 to 24 January
    • Galaxy cluster mass-to-light ratio limits are from R. Carlberg et al. [Astrophys. J. 478, 462 (1997)] and R. Carlberg et al. [paper presented at the 33rd Recontres de Moriond, Fundamental Parameters in Cosmology, Les Arcs, France, 17 to 24 January, 1998 (available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9804312)]. The error bars in-Table 1 are conservative in the sense that they include their "worst case," 73% errors.
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    • N. A. Bahcall and X. Fan, Astrophys. J. 504, 1 (1998); N. A. Bahcall, X. Fan, R. Cen, ibid. 485, 153 (1997). Table 1 lists their reported 95% errors, which I use as 1σ error bars in this analysis.
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    • N. A. Bahcall and X. Fan, Astrophys. J. 504, 1 (1998); N. A. Bahcall, X. Fan, R. Cen, ibid. 485, 153 (1997). Table 1 lists their reported 95% errors, which I use as 1σ error bars in this analysis.
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    • in preparation
    • E. J. Guerra, R. A. Daly, L. Wan, in preparation (available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9807249). I have doubled the 1σ errors quoted in the abstract.
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    • M. White, ibid. 506, 495 (1998); A. M. Webster et al., ibid. 509, 65 (1999); E. Gawiser and J. Silk, Science 280, 1405 (1998).
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    • M. White, ibid. 506, 495 (1998); A. M. Webster et al., ibid. 509, 65 (1999); E. Gawiser and J. Silk, Science 280, 1405 (1998).
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    • M. White, ibid. 506, 495 (1998); A. M. Webster et al., ibid. 509, 65 (1999); E. Gawiser and J. Silk, Science 280, 1405 (1998).
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    • J. E. Felten and R. Isaacman, Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 689 (1986); S. M. Carroll, W. H. Press, E. L. Turner, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30, 499 (1992), Eq. 17. There may be some ambiguity about what the "age of the universe" really means. I have used the Friedman equation derived from general relativity to extract the age of the universe. This age is the time that has elapsed since the early moments of the universe when the classical equations of general relativity became valid. In eternal inflation models [see, for example, A. Linde, Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology (Harwood Academic, Chur, Switzerland, 1990)] or other multiple universe scenarios ("multi-verse"), the age of the universe is more complicated. If we live in a multiverse, then the age computed here refers only to the age of our bubblelike part of it.
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    • Eq. 17
    • J. E. Felten and R. Isaacman, Rev. Mod. Phys. 58, 689 (1986); S. M. Carroll, W. H. Press, E. L. Turner, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 30, 499 (1992), Eq. 17. There may be some ambiguity about what the "age of the universe" really means. I have used the Friedman equation derived from general relativity to extract the age of the universe. This age is the time that has elapsed since the early moments of the universe when the classical equations of general relativity became valid. In eternal inflation models [see, for example, A. Linde, Particle Physics and Inflationary Cosmology (Harwood Academic, Chur, Switzerland, 1990)] or other multiple universe scenarios ("multi-verse"), the age of the universe is more complicated. If we live in a multiverse, then the age computed here refers only to the age of our bubblelike part of it.
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    • Carroll, S.M.1    Press, W.H.2    Turner, E.L.3
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    • Hubble, I distinguish the observationally determined estimate h from the free parameter h.
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    • note
    • 2/3 = 0.19 ± 0.12.
  • 27
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    • i have no simple analytic form
    • i have no simple analytic form.
  • 28
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    • note
    • m = 0.24 ± 0.10. The addition of the cluster abundance evolution measurements and improvements in the SNe measurements tightens these limits to the values given.
  • 29
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    • note
    • o than is apparent from the figure.
  • 30
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    • note
    • o ∝ 1/h were adhered to, there would be no difference.
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    • T. D. Oswalt, J. A. Smith, M. A. Wood, P. Hintzen, Nature 382, 692 (1996); T. D. Oswalt, personal communication. Together, these references provided the age that is referred to as "Oswalt 98" in Fig. 2.
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    • personal communication. Together, these references provided the age that is referred to as "Oswalt 98" in Fig. 2
    • T. D. Oswalt, J. A. Smith, M. A. Wood, P. Hintzen, Nature 382, 692 (1996); T. D. Oswalt, personal communication. Together, these references provided the age that is referred to as "Oswalt 98" in Fig. 2.
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    • S. P. Driver et al., Astrophys. J. 496, L93 (1998). But there is no consensus on this issue. See F. R. Marleau and L. Simard, ibid. 507, 585 (1998).
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    • S. P. Driver et al., Astrophys. J. 496, L93 (1998). But there is no consensus on this issue. See F. R. Marleau and L. Simard, ibid. 507, 585 (1998).
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    • in preparation
    • Y. N. Cheng and L. M. Krauss, in preparation (available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9810393).
    • Cheng, Y.N.1    Krauss, L.M.2
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    • in preparation
    • A. R. Cooray, in preparation (available at http://xxx. lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9811448).
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    • in preparation
    • R. Quast and P. Helbig, in preparation (available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9904174).
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    • note
    • m are large enough to include the constraints from either reference.
  • 45
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    • One would like to be less Galactocentric, but measuring the ages of even nearby extragalactic objects is difficult. See K. A. Olsen et al. [Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 300, 665 (1998)], who find that the ages of old globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud are the same age as the oldest Galactic globular clusters.
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    • R. Jimenez, available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9810311.
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    • in preparation
    • L. M. Krauss and G. D. Starkman, in preparation (available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9902189).
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    • I thank R. De Propris for helpful discussions on the Galactic age estimates of Table 2. I acknowledge a Vice-Chancellor's Fellowship at the University of New South Wales
    • I thank R. De Propris for helpful discussions on the Galactic age estimates of Table 2. I acknowledge a Vice-Chancellor's Fellowship at the University of New South Wales.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.