RF radiation observations of positive cloud-to-ground flashes

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 104, Issue D8, 1999, Pages 9601-9608

  Shao, X M ^a   Rhodes, C T ^a   Holden, D N ^a  

^a LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING;

NEW MEXICO; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033608902     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900036     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Berger, K., The earth flash, in Lightning, vol. 1, Physics of Lightning, edited by R. H. Golde, Academic, San Diego, Calfi., 1977.
2. Heckman, S., Why does a lightning flash have multiple strokes?, Ph.D. dissertation, Mass. Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, 1992.
3. Hayenga, C. O., Positions and movement of VHF lightning sources determined with microsecond resolution by interferometry, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Colo., Boulder, 1979.
4. Hayenga, C. O., Characteristics of lightning VHF radiation sources near the time of return strokes, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 1403-1410, 1984.
5. Hayenga, C. O., and J. W. Warwick, Two-dimensional interferometric positions of VHF lightning sources, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7451-7462, 1981.
6. Hutzler, B., F. Morillon, I. Taudiere, G. LaBaune, and A. Bondiou, Two experimental studies on the laboratory long spark: VHF radiation and channel resistance evolution, paper presented at the 9th International Conference on Gas Discharges and Applications, Venice, Italy, September 1988.
7. Kasemir, H. W., A contribution to the electrostatic theory of lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 1873-1878, 1960.
8. Kasemir, H. W., Static discharges and triggered lightning, in Proceedings of the 8th International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Publ. DOT/FAA/CT-83/25, pp. 24-1 to 24-11, Fed. Aviat. Admin. Washington, D.C., 1983.
9. Kawasaki, Z. I., and V. Mazur, Common physical processes in natural and triggered lightning in winter storms in Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12,935-12,945, 1992.
10. Kito, Y., K. Horii, Y. Higashiyama, and K. Nakamura, Optical aspects of winter lightning discharge triggered by rocket-wire technique in Hokuriku district of Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6147-6157, 1985.
11. Krehbiel, P. R., X. M. Shao, M. Stanley, G. Gray, S. McCrary, R. Scott, J. Lopez, C. Rhodes and D. Holden, Interferometer observations of natural and triggered lightning at Langmuir Laboratory, Eos Trans. AGU, 75(44), Fall Meet. Suppl., 99, 1994.
12. Laroche, P., A. Eybert-Berard, and L. Barret, Triggered lightning flash characteristics, in Proceedings of the 10th International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, AAAF, Paris, France, June 1985.
13. Lennon, C., and L. Maier, Lightning mapping system, in Proceedings of International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, 2, Cocoa Beach, Florida, NASA Conf. Publ. CP-3106, 1991.
14. Les Renardieres Group, Research on long air gap discharges at Les Renardieres, results of 1973, Electra, 35, 49-156, 1974.
15. Les Renardieres Group, Positive discharges in long air gaps, Electra, 53, 31-53, 1977.
16. Les Renardieres Group, Double impulse tests of long air gap discharges, special issue on UHF air insulation, IEE Proc.Ser. A, 133, 469-483, 1986.
17. Marshall, T. C., and W. D. Rust, Two types of vertical electrical structures in stratiform precipitation regions of mesoscale convective systems, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 74, 2159-2170, 1993.
18. Mazur, V., Triggered lightning strikes to aircraft and natural intracloud discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 3326-3340, 1989.
19. Mazur, V., and L. H. Ruhnke, Common physical processes in natural and artificially triggered lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12,913-12,930, 1993.
20. Mazur, V., X. M. Shao, and P. R. Krehbiel, "Spider" lightning in intracloud and positive cloud-to-ground flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 19,811-19,822, 1998.
21. Proctor, D. E., R. Uytenbogaardt, and B. M. Meredith, VHF radio pictures of lightning flashes to ground, J. Geophys. Res. 93, 12,683-12,727, 1988.
22. Rhodes, C. T., Interferometric observations of VHF radiation from lightning, Ph.D. thesis, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, 1989.
23. Rhodes, C. T., X. M. Shao, P. R. Krehbiel, R. J. Thomas, and C. O. Hayenga, Observations of lightning phenomena using radio interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 13,059-13,082, 1994.
24. Richard, P., A. Delannoy, G. Labaune, and P. Laroche, Results of spatial and temporal characterization of the VHF-UHF radiation of lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1248-1260, 1986.
25. Shao, X. M., The development and structure of lightning discharges observed by radio interferometer, Ph.D. thesis, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, 1993.
26. Shao, X. M., and P.R. Krehbiel, The spatial and temporal development of intracloud lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 26,641-26,668, 1996.
27. Shao, X. M., P.R. Krehbiel, R.J. Thomas, and W. Rison, Radio interferometer observations of cloud-to-ground lightning phenomena in Florida, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2749-2783, 1995.
28. Shao, X. M., D. N. Holden, and C. T. Rhodes, Broad band radio interferometry for lightning observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1917-1920, 1996.
29. Wada, A., A. Asakawa, and T. Shindo, Characteristics of lightning strokes to a 200m-high stack in winter, paper presented at the 10th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Atmos. Electri. Soc. of Japan, Osaka, Japan, 1996.