Fibromyalgia syndrome a decade later: What have we learned?

Archives of Internal Medicine

Volumn 159, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 777-785

  Goldenberg, Don L ^a,b  

^a NEWTON WELLESLEY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; CYCLOBENZAPRINE; DOSULEPIN; FLUOXETINE;

COMORBIDITY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DISABILITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FIBROMYALGIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SYNDROME DELINEATION;

DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DISABLED PERSONS; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; SYNDROME;

EID: 0033606096     PISSN: 00039926     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archinte.159.8.777     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Goldenberg DL. Fibromyalgia syndrome: an emerging but controversial condition. JAMA. 1987;257:2782-2787.
2. Carette S. Fibromyalgia 20 years later: what have we really accomplished? J Rheumatol. 1995;22: 590-594.
3. Bohr T. Problems with myofascial pain syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome. Neurology. 1998;46:593-597.
4. Hadler NM. If you have to prove that you are ill, you can't get well: the object lesson of fibromyalgia. Spine. 1996;21:2397-2400.
5. Croft P, Rigby AS, Boswell R, Schollum J, Silman A. The prevalence of chronic widespread pain in the general population. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:710-713.
6. Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:19-28.
7. Wolfe F. Development of criteria for the diagnosis of fibrositis. Am J Med. 1986;81:99-104.
8. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia: report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:160-172.
9. Yunus M, Masi AT, Calabro JJ, Miller KA, Feigenbaum SL. Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1981;11:151-171.
10. Wolfe F, Hawley DJ, Cathey MA, Cam X, Russell IJ. Fibrositis: symptom frequency and criteria for diagnosis: an evaluation of 291 rheumatic disease patients and 58 normal individuals. J Rheumatol. 1985;12:1159-1163.
11. Croft P, Schollum J, Silman A. Population study of tender point counts and pain as evidence of fibromyalgia. BMJ. 1994;309:696-699
12. Marder WD, Meenan RF, Felson DT, et al. The present and future adequacy of rheumatology manpower: a study of health care needs and physician supply [editorial]. Arthritis Rheum. 1991; 34:1209-1217.
13. Wolfe F, Cathey MA. The epidemiology of tender points: a prospective study of 1520 patients. J Rheumatol. 1985;12:1164-1168.
14. Simms RW, Goldenberg DL, Felson DT, Mason JH. Tenderness in 75 anatomic sites: distinguishing fibromyalgia patients from controls. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:182-187.
15. Tunks E, Crook J, Norman G, Kalaher S. Tender points in fibromyalgia. Pain. 1988;34:11-19.
16. Tunks E, McCain GA, Hart LE, et al. The reliability of examination for tenderness in patients with myofascial pain, chronic fibromyalgia and controls. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:944-952.
17. Jacobs JW, Geenen R, van der Heide A, Rasker JJ, Bijlsma JW. Are tender point scores assessed by manual palpation in fibromyalgia reliable? an investigation into the variance of tender point scores. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24: 243-247.
18. Croft P, Burt J, Schollum J, Thomas E, MacFarlane G, Silman A. More pain, more tender points: is fibromyalgia just one end of a continuous spectrum? Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55:482-485.
19. Wolfe F. The relation between tender points and fibromyalgia symptom variables: evidence that fibromyalgia is not a discrete disorder in the clinic. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997;56:268-271.
20. Cohen ML, Quintner JL. Fibromyalgia syndrome, a problem of tautology. Lancet. 1993; 342:906-909.
21. Callahan LF, Pincus T. A clue from a self-report questionnaire to distinguish rheumatoid arthritis from noninflammatory diffuse musculoskeletal pain: the P-VAS:D-ADL ratio. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1317-1322.
22. Glazier RH, Dalby DM, Badley EM, Hawker GA, Bell MJ, Buchbinder R. Determinants of physician confidence in the primary care management of musculoskeletal disorders. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:351-356.
23. Fitzcharles M, Esdaile JM. The overdiagnosis of fibromyalgia. Am J Med. 1997;103:44-50.
24. Wolfe F, Cathey MA. Prevalence of primary and secondaryfibrositis. J Rheumatol. 1983;10:965-968.
25. Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Gough J, MacKinnon A. Fibromyalgia is a major contributor to quality of life in lupus. J Rheumatol. 1997;24: 2145-2148.
26. Middleton SD, McFarlin JE, Lipsky PE. The prevalence and clinical impact of fibromyalgia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:1181-1188.
27. Steere AC, Taylor E, McHugh GL, Logigian EL. The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA. 1993; 269:1812-1816.
28. Sigal LH. The Lyme disease controversy: social and financial costs of misdiagnosis and mismanagement. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1493-1500.
29. Lightfoot RW Jr, Luft BJ, Rahn DW, et al. Empirie parenteral antibiotic treatment of patients with fibromyalgia and fatigue and a positive serologic result for Lyme disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119:503-509.
30. Calvo-Alen J, Bastian HM, Straaton KV, Burgard SL, Mikhail IS, Alarcon GS. Identification of patient subsets among those presumptively diagnosed with, referred and/or followed up for systemic lupus erythematosus at a large tertiary care center. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:1475-1484.
31. Hudson JI, Goldenberg DL, Pope HG Jr, Keck PE Jr, Schlesinger L. Comorbidity of fibromyalgia with medical and psychiatric disorders. Am J Med. 1992;92:363-367.
32. Triadafilopoulos G, Simms RW, Goldenberg DL. Bowel dysfunction in fibromyalgia syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1991;36:59-64.
33. Goldenberg DL, Simms RW, Geiger A, Komaroff AL. High frequency of fibromyalgia in patients with chronic fatigue seen in a primary care practice. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:381-387.
34. Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F. Fibromyalgia and migraine, two faces of the same mechanism: serotonin as the common clue for pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996;398:373-379.
35. Hudson JI, Pope HG. The concept of affective spectrum disorder: relationship to fibromyalgia and other syndromes of chronic fatigue and chronic muscle pain. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1994;8:839-856.
36. Goldenberg DL. A review of the role of tricyclic medications in the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol Suppl. 1989;19:137-139.
37. Goldenberg DL, Mayskiy M, Mossey CJ, Ruthazer R, Schmid C. A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:1852-1859.
38. Ahles TA, Khan SA, Yunus MB, Spiegel DA, Masi AT. Psychiatric status of patients with primary fibromyalgia, patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and subjects without pain: a blind comparison of DSM-III diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 1991; 148:1721-1726.
39. Yunus MB, Ahles TA, Aldag JA, Masi AT. Relationship of clinical features with psychological status in primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:15-21.
40. Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. Fibromyalgia and psychopathology: is fibromyalgia a form of "affective spectrum disorder?" J Rheumatol Suppl. 1989;19:15-22.
41. Yunus MB. Psychological aspects of fibromyalgia syndrome: a component of the dysfunctional spectrum syndrome. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1994;8:811-837.
42. Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. Does childhood sexual abuse cause fibromyalgia? Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:161-163.
43. Boisset-Pioro MH, Esdaile JM, Fitzcharles MA. Sexual and physical abuse in women with fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38: 235-241.
44. Drossman DA, Leserman J, Nachman G, et al. Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:828-833.
45. Aaron LA, Bradley LA, Alarcon GS,et al. Perceived physical and emotional trauma as precipitating events in fibromyalgia: associations with health care seeking and disability status but not pain severity. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:453-460.
46. Aaron LA, Bradley LA, Alarcon GS, et al. Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with fibromyalgia are related to health care-seeking behavior rather than to illness. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:436-445.
47. Drossman DA, McKee DC, Sandler RS, et al. Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndromes multivariate study of patients and nonpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:701-708.
48. Mountz JM, Bradley LA, Modell JG, et al. Fibromyalgia in women: abnormalities of regional cerebral blood flow in the thalamus and the caudate nucleus are associated with low pain threshold levels. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:926-938.
49. Aaron LA, Bradley LA, Alexander MT, et al. Prediction of health-care seeking for fibromyalgia (FM) symptoms among community residents with FM [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38 (suppl):S230.
50. Alexander RW, Alexander MT, Bradley LA, et al. Negative affectivity (NA) is associated with pain perception in patients with fibromyalgia (FM): support for sensory decision theory (SDT) model [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(suppl): S270.
51. Bradley LA, Alarcon GS, Alexander RW, et al. Abnormal central processing of dolorimeter stimuli in patients and community residents with fibromyalgia (FM): one year reliability [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(suppl):S318.
52. Yunus MD, Kalyan-Raman UP, Masi AT, Aldag JC. Electromicroscopic studies of muscle biopsy in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled and blinded study. J Rheumatol. 1989; 16:97-101.
53. Simms RW, Roy SH, Hrovat M, et al. Lack of association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolism. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:794-800.
54. Pillemer SR, Bradley LA, Crofford LJ, Moldofsky H, Chrousos GP. Conference summary: the neuroscience and endocrinology of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1928-1939.
55. McDermid AJ, Rollman GB, McCain GA. Generalized hypervigilance in fibromyalgia: evidence of perceptual amplification. Pain. 1996;66:133-144.
56. Bendtsen L, Norregaard J, Jensen R, Olsen J. Evidence of qualitatively altered nociception in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1997; 40:98-127.
57. Arroyo JF, Cohen ML. Abnormal responses to electrocutaneous stimulation in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:1925-1931.
58. Kosek E, Ekholm J, Hansson P. Increased pressure pain sensibility in fibromyalgia patients is located deep in the skin but not restricted to muscle tissue. Pain. 1995;63:335-339.
59. Kosek E, Ekholm J, Hansson P. Modulation of pressure pain thresholds during and following isometric contraction in patients with fibromyalgia and in healthy controls. Pain. 1996;64:415-423.
60. Russell IJ, Orr MD, Littman B, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:1593-1601.
61. Russell IJ, Vaeroy H, Javors M, Nyberg F. Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:550-556.
62. Drewes AM, Gade J, Nielsen KD, Bjerregard K, Taagholt SJ, Svendsen L. Clustering of sleep electroencephalographic patterns in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Br J Rheumatol. 1995; 34:1151-1156.
63. Branco J, Atalaia A, Paiva T. Sleep cycles and alpha-delta sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:1113-1117.
64. Roizenblatt S, Tufik S, Goldenberg J, Pinto LR, Hilario MO, Feldman D. Juvenile fibromyalgia: clinical and polysomnographic aspects. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:579-585.
65. May KP, West SG, Baker MR, Everett DW. Sleep apnea in male patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Am J Med. 1993;94:505-508.
66. Yunus MB, Aldag JC. Restless legs syndrome and leg cramps in fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled study. BMJ. 1996;312:1339.
67. MacFarlane JG, Shahal B, Mously C, Moldofsky H. Periodic K-alpha sleep EEG activity and periodic limb movements during sleep: comparisons of clinical features and sleep parameters. Sleep. 1996;19:200-204.
68. Griep EN, Boersma JW, de Kloet ER. Altered reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:469-474.
69. Crofford LJ, Pillemer SR, Kalogeras KT, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis perturbations in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:1583-1592.
70. Bennett RM, Clark SR, Campbell SM, Burckhardt CS. Low levels of somatomedin-C in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome: a possible link between sleep and muscle pain. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:1113-1116.
71. Bennett RM, Cook DM, Clark SR, Burckhardt CS, Campbell SM. Hypothalamic-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor-I axis dysfunction in patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1384-1389.
72. Bou-Holaigah I, Rowe PC, Kan J, Calkins H. The relationship between neurally mediated hypotension and the chronic fatigue syndrome. JAMA. 1995;274:961-967.
73. Bou-Holaigah I, Calkins H, Flynn JA, et al. Provocation of hypotension and pain during upright tilt table testing in adults with fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1997;15:239-246.
74. Goldenberg DL, Mossey CJ, Schmid CH. A model to assess severity and impact of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:2313-2318.
75. Greenfield S, Fitzcharles MA, Esdaile JM. Reactive fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35:678-681.
76. Turk DC, Okifuji A, Sinclair JD, Starz TW. Pain, disability, and physical functioning in subgroups of patients with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:1255-1262.
77. Berg AM, Naides SJ, Simms RW. Established fibromyalgia syndrome and parvovirus B19 infection. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:1941-1943.
78. Goldenberg DL. Do infections trigger fibromyalgia? Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:1489-1492.
79. Dinerman H, Steere AC. Lyme disease associated with fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:281-285.
80. Hsu VM, Patella SJ, Sigal LH. "Chronic Lyme disease" as the incorrect diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:1493-1500.
81. Smythe HA. The C6-7 syndrome: clinical features and treatment response. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:1520-1526.
82. Gedalia A, Press J, Klein M, Buskila D. Joint hypermobility and fibromyalgia in schoolchildren. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52:494-496.
83. Hudson N, Starr MR, Esdaile JM, Fitzcharles MA. Diagnostic associations with hypermobility in rheumatology patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1995; 34:1157-1161.
84. Smythe HA, Lee D, Rush P, Buskila D. Tender shins and steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 1991; 18:1568-1572.
85. Buskila D, Neumann L, Vaisberg G, Alkalay D, Wolfe F. Increased rates of fibromyalgia following cervical spine injury: a controlled study of 161 cases of traumatic injury. Arthritis Rheum. 1997; 40:446-452.
86. Buskila D, Neumann L, Hazanov I, Carmi R. Familial aggregation in the fibromyalgia syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1996;26:605-611.
87. Simms RW, Felson DT, Goldenberg DL. Development of preliminary criteria for response to treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:1558-1563.
88. Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM. The fibromyalgia impact questionnaire: development and validation. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:728-733.
89. White KP, Harth M. An analytical review of 24 controlled clinical trials for fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Pain. 1996;64:211-219.
90. Hewett JE, Buckelew SP, Johnson JC, Shaw SE, Huyser B, Fu YZ. Selection of measures suitable for evaluating change in fibromyalgia clinical trials. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:2307-2312.
91. Carette S, Oakson G, Guimont C, Steriade M. Sleep electroencephalography and the clinical response to amitriptyline in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:1211-1217.
92. Jacobs JW, Rasker JJ, van der Heide A, et al. Lack of correlation between the mean tender point score and self-reported pain in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res. 1996;9:105-111.
93. Simms RW. Controlled trials of therapy in fibromyalgia syndrome. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol. 1994;8:917-934.
94. Jaeschke R, Adachi J, Guyatt G, Keller J, Wong B. Clinical usefulness of amitriptyline in fibromyalgia: the results of 23 N-of-1 randomized controlled trials. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:447-451.
95. Carette S, McCain GA, Bell DA, Fam AG. Evaluation of amitriptyline in primary fibrositis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:655-659.
96. Goldenberg DL, Felson DT, Dinerman H. A randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline and naproxen in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:1371-1377.
97. Bennett RM, Gatter RA, Campbell SM, Andrews RP, Clark SR, Scarola JA. A comparison of cyclobenzaprine and placebo in the management of fibrositis: a double-blind controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:1535-1542.
98. Godfrey RG. A guide to the understanding and use of antidepressants in the overall management of fibromyalgia and other chronic pain syndromes. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1047-1052.
99. McCain GA, Bell DA, Mai FM, Halliday PD. A controlled study of the effects of a supervised cardiovascular fitness training program on the manifestations of primary fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:1135-1141.
100. Scudds RA, Janzen V, Delaney G, et al. The use of topical 4% lidocaine in spheno-palatine ganglion blocks for the treatment of chronic muscle pain syndromes: a randomized, controlled trial. Pain. 1995;62:69-77.
101. Ferraccioli G, Ghirelli L, Scita F, et al. EMG-biofeedback training in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1987;14:820-825.
102. Haanen HCM, Hoenderdos HTW, van Romunde LKJ, et al. Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of refractory fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:72-75.
103. Deluze C, Bosia L, Zirbs A, Chantraine A, Vischer TL. Electroacupuncture in fibromyalgia: results of a controlled trial. BMJ. 1992;305:1249-1252.
104. Carette J, Bell MJ, Reynolds WJ, et al. Comparison of amitriptyline, cyclobenzaprine, and placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:32-40.
105. Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini PC, Boccassini L, et al. Double-blind study at dothiepin versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res. 1987;15:154-159.
106. Wolfe F, Cathey MA, Hawley DJ. A double-blind placebo controlled trial of fluoxetine in fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1994;23:255-259.
107. Norregaard J, Volkmann H, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. A randomized controlled trial of citalopram in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Pain. 1995;61:445-449.
108. Quijada-Carrera J, Valenzuela-Castano A, Povedano-Gomez J, et al. Comparison of tenoxicam and bromazepan [sic] in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 1996;55:221-225.
109. Russell IJ, Fletcher EM, Michalek JE, McBroom PC, Hester GG. Treatment of primary fibrositis/ fibromyalgia syndrome with ibuprofen and alprazolam: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:552-560,
110. Yunus MB, Masi AT, Aldag JC. Short term effects of ibuprofen in primary fibromyalgia syndrome: a double blind, placebo controlled trial [published erratum appears in J Rheumatol. 1989;16:855]. J Rheumatol. 1989;16:527-532.
111. •: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover pilot study. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:953-958.
112. Pearl SJ, Lue F, Maclean AW, Heslegrave RJ, Reynolds WJ, Moldofsky H. The effects of bright light treatment on the symptoms of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:896-902.
113. Volkmarm H, Norregaard J, Jacobsen S, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Knoke G, Nehrdich D. Double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of intravenous S-adenosyl-L-methionine in patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1997;26:206-211.
114. Martin L, Nutting A, MacIntosh BR, Edworthy SM, Butterwick D, Cook J. An exercise program in the treatment of fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1996; 23:1050-1053.
115. Wigers SH, Stiles TC, Vogal PA. Effects of aerobic exercise versus stress management treatment in fibromyalgia: a 4.5 year prospective study. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996;25:77-86.
116. Petrie K, Moss-Morris R, Weinman J. The impact of catastrophic beliefs on functioning in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res. 1995;39:31-37.
117. Wessely S, Chalder T, Hirsch S, Wallace P, Wright D. Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in the primary care setting. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:1050-1059.
118. White KP, Nielson WR. Cognitive behavioral treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a follow-up assessment. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:717-721.
119. Vlaeyen JWS, Teeken-Graben NJG, Goossens MEJB, et al. Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial, I: clinical effects. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:1237-1245.
120. Butler S, Chalder T, Ron M, Wessely S. Cognitive behaviour therapy in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991; 54:153-158.
121. Goldenberg DL, Kaplan KH, Nadeau MG, Brodeur C, Smith S, Schmid CH. A controlled study of a stress-reduction, cognitive-behavioral treatment program in fibromyalgia. J Musculoskeletal Pain. 1994;2:53-66.
122. Goossens MEJB, Rutten-van Mölken MPMH, Leidl RM, Bos SGPM, Vlaeyen JWS, Teeken-Gruben NJG. Cognitive-educational treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial, II: economic evaluation. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:1246-1254.
123. Bennett RM, Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, O'Reilly CA, Wiens AN, Campbell SM. Group treatment of fibromyalgia: a 6 month outpatient program. J Rheumatol. 1996;23:521-528.
124. Fitzcharles MA, Esdaile JM. Nonphysician practitioner treatments and fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:937-940.
125. Hong CZ, Hsueh TC. Difference in pain relief after trigger point injections in myofascial pain patients with and without fibromyalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:1161-1166.
126. Felson DT, Goldenberg DL. The natural history of fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:1522-1526.
127. Norregaard J, Büllow PM, Prescott E, Jacobsen S, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. A four-year follow-up study in fibromyalgia: relationship to chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 1993;22:35-38.
128. Ledingham J, Doherty S, Doherty M. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome: an outcome study. Br J Rheumatol. 1993;32:139-142.
129. Kennedy M, Felson DT. A prospective long-term study of fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:682-685.
130. Wolfe F, Anderson J, Harkness D, et al. A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study of service utilization and costs in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1560-1570.
131. Wolfe F, Anderson J, Harkness D, et al. Health status and disease severity in fibromyalgia: results of a six-center longitudinal study. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1571-1579.
132. Granges G, Zilko P, Littlejohn GO. Fibromyalgia syndrome: assessment of the severity of the condition 2 years after diagnosis. J Rheumatol. 1994; 21:523-529.
133. Crook J, Weir R, Tunks E. An epidemiological follow-up survey of persistent pain sufferers in a group family practice and specialty pain clinic. Pain. 1989;36:49-61.
134. Wolfe F. The fibromyalgia problem. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1247-1249.
135. Wigers SH. Fibromyalgia outcome: the predictive values of symptom duration, physical activity, disability pension, and critical life events: a 4.5 year prospective study. J Psychosom Res. 1996;41:235-243.
136. Hawley DJ, Wolfe F, Cathey MA. Pain, functional disability, and psychological status: a 12-month study of severity in fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1988;15:1551-1556.
137. Hawley DJ, Wolfe F. Pain, disability, and pain/ disability relationships in seven rheumatic disorders: a study of 1,522 patients. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:1552-1557.
138. Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM. Fibromyalgia and quality of life: a comparative analysis. J Rheumatol. 1993;20:475-479.
139. Mannerkorpi K, Ekdahl C. Assessment of functional limitation and disability in patients with fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1997;26:4-13.
140. Wolfe F, Anderson J, Harkness D, et al. Work and disability status of persons with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1171-1178.
141. Bruusgaard D, Evensen AR, Bjerkedal T. Fibromyalgia:a new cause for disability pension. Scand J Soc Med. 1993;21:116-119.
142. Bennett RM. Fibromyalgia and the disability dilemma: a new era in understanding a complex, multidimensional pain syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:1627-1634.
143. Wolfe F, Aarflot T, Bruusgaard D, et al. Fibromyalgia and disability: report of the Moss International Working Group on medico-legal aspects of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain complaints and fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24:112-118.
144. Bombardier CH, Buchwald D. Chronic fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia: disability and health-care use. Med Care. 1996;34: 924-930.
145. Littlejohn G. Medicolegal aspects of fibrositis syndrome. J Rheumatol Suppl. 1989;19:169-173.
146. Mannerkorpi K, Burckhardt CS, Bielle A. Physical performance characteristics of women with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res. 1994;7:123-129.
147. Okifuji A, Turk DC, Sinclair JD, Starz TW, Marcus DA. A standardized manual tender point survey, I: development and determination of a threshold point for the identification of positive tender points in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol, 1997;24:377-383.
148. Bohr TW. Fibromyalgia syndrome and myofascial pain syndrome: do they exist? Neurol Clin. 1995;13:365-384.
149. Olesen J. Understanding the biologic basis of migraine [editorial]. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1713-1714.
150. Gordon DA. Fibromyalgia: out of control? [editorial]. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1247.
151. Hadler NM. Fibromyalgia: la maladie est morte: vive le malade. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1250-1252.
152. Hadler NM. Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, and other iatrogenic diagnostic algorithms. Post-grad Med. 1997;102:161-177.
153. Solomon DH, Liang MH. Fibromyalgia: scourge of humankind or bane of a rheumatologist's existence? Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1553-1555.
154. Owens DM, Nelson DK, Talley NJ. The irritable bowel syndrome: long-term prognosis and the physician-patient interaction. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:107-122.
155. Woodward RV, Broom DH, Legge DG. Diagnosis in chronic illness: disabling or enabling: the case of chronic fatigue syndrome. J R Soc Med. 1995;88:325-329.
156. Cathey MA, Wolfe F, Kleinheksel SM, Hawley DJ. Socioeconomic impact of fibrositis: a study of 81 patients with primary fibrositis. Am J Med. 1986;81:78-84.