Diagnosis of lymphoma by fine-needle aspiration cytology using the revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms

Cancer

Volumn 87, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 325-345

  Young, Nancy A ^a   Al Saleem, Tahseen ^a  

^a FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytodiagnosis; Fine needle aspiration cytology; Lymphoma; Non Hodgkin lymphoma

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASPIRATION BIOPSY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER CYTODIAGNOSIS; CANCER STAGING; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HUMAN; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

BIOPSY, NEEDLE; CYTODIAGNOSIS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; FROZEN SECTIONS; GENE REARRANGEMENT; GENES, BCL-1; GENES, BCL-2; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; LYMPHOMA, NON-HODGKIN; NEOPLASM STAGING;

EID: 0033604726     PISSN: 0008543X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19991225)87:6<325::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-W     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Carter T, Feldman P, Innes D, Frierson H, Frigy A. The role of FNA cytology in the diagnosis of lymphoma. Acta Cytol 1988;32:848-53.
2. Sneige N, Dekmezian RH, Katz RL, Fanning TV, Lukeman JL, Ordonez NF, et al. Morphologic and immunocytochemical evaluation of 220 fine needle aspirates of malignant lymphoma and lymphoid hyperplasia. Acta Cytol 1990;34(3): 311-22.
3. Sneige N, Dekmezian R, el-Naggar A, Manning J. Cytomorphologic, immunocytochemical, and nucleic acid flow cytometric study of 50 lymph nodes by fine-needle aspiration. Comparison with results obtained by subsequent excisional biopsy. Cancer 1991;67(4):1003-7.
4. Cartagena N Jr., Katz RL, Hirsch-Ginsberg C, Childs CC, Ordonez NG, Cabanillas F. Accuracy of diagnosis of malignant lymphoma by combining fine-needle aspiration cytomorphology with immunocytochemistry and in selected cases, Southern blotting of aspirated cells: a tissue-controlled study of 86 patients. Diagn Cytopathol 1992;8(5):456-64.
5. Moriarty AT, Wiersema L, Snyder W, Kotylo PK, McCloskey DW. Immunophenotyping of cytologic specimens by flow cytometry. Diagn Cytopathol 1993;9(3):252-8.
6. Wakely PE Jr., Kornstein MJ. Aspiration cytopathology of lymphoblastic lymphoma and leukemia: the MCV experience. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1996;16(2):243-52.
7. Gagneten D, Hijazi Ym, Jaffe Es, Solomon D. Mantle cell lymphoma: a cytopathological and immunocytochemical study. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14(1):32-7.
8. Dunphy CH, Ramos R. Combining fine-needle aspiration and flow cytometric immunophenotyping in evaluation of nodal and extranodal sites for possible lymphoma: a retrospective review. Diagn Cytopathol 1997;16(3):200-6.
9. Young NA, Al-Saleem TI, Al-Saleem Z, Ehya H, Smith MR. The value of transformed lymphocyte count in subclassification of Non Hodgkin's lymphoma by fine needle aspiration. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;108:143-51.
10. Young NA, Al-Saleem TI, Ehya H, Smith MR. Utilization of fine needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometry in the diagnosis and subclassification of primary and recurrent lymphoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998;84:252-61.
11. Hughes JH, Katz RL, Fonseca GA, Cabanillas FF. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of mediastinal non-Hodgkin's nonlymphoblastic lymphoma. Cancer 1998;84(1):26-35.
12. Jeffers MD, Milton J, Herriot R, McKean M. Fine needle aspiration cytology in the investigation on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 1998;51(3):189-96.
13. Wakely PE Jr. Fine needle aspiration cytopathology of malignant lymphoma. Clin Lab Med 1998;18:541-59.
14. Galindo Lm, Havlioglu N, Grosso Le. Cytologic findings in a case of T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma: potential diagnostic pitfall in FNA of lymph nodes. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14(3): 253-7.
15. Stastny JF, Almeida MM, Wakely PE Jr., Kornstein MJ, Frable WJ. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and imprint cytology of small non-cleaved cell (Burkitt's) lymphoma. Diagn Cytopathol 1995;12(3):201-7.
16. Schmitz L, Beneke J, Kubic V. Diagnosis of small non-cleaved cell lymphoma by fine needle aspiration utilizing cytomorphologic features combined with cytogenetic analysis. Acta Cytol 1997;41(3):759-64.
17. The Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project Committee. National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: summary and description of a working formulation for clinical usage: the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma pathologic classification project. Cancer 1982;49:2112-35.
18. Harris N, Jaffee E, Stein H, Banks PM, Chan JK, Cleary ML, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 1994;84:1361-92.
19. Berard CW, Hutchison RE. The problem of classifying lymphomas: an orderly prescription for progress [review] [78 refs]. Ann Oncol 1997;2:3-9.
20. Jaffe E, Harris N, Diebold J, Muller-Hermelink H-K. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. A progress report. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111(Suppl 1):S8-S12.
21. Robins DB, Katz RL, Swan F Jr., Atkinson EN, Ordonez NG, Huh YO. Immunotyping of lymphoma by fine-needle aspiration. A comparative study of cytospin preparations and flow cytometry [see comments]. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 101(5):569-76.
22. Zander DS, Iturraspe JA, Everett ET, Massey JK, Braylan RC. Flow cytometry. In vitro assessment of its potential application for diagnosis and classification of lymphoid processes in cytologic preparations from fine-needle aspirates. Am J Clin Pathol 1994;101(5):577-86.
23. Clatch RJ, Walloch JL. Multiparameter immunophenotypic analysis of fine needle aspiration biopsies and other hematologic specimens by laser scanning cytometry. Acta Cytol 1997;41(1):109-22.
24. Katz RL. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes. Monogr Pathol 1997;(39):118-33.
25. Hu E, Horning S, Flynn S, Brown S, Warnke R, Sklar J. Diagnosis of B cell lymphoma by analysis of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in biopsy specimens obtained by fine needle aspiration. J Clin Oncol 1986;4(3):278-83.
26. Vianello F, Tison T, Radossi P, Poletti A, Galligioni A, Giacon C, et al. Detection of B-cell monoclonality in fine needle aspiration by PCR analysis. Leuk Lymphoma 1998;29(1-2): 179-85.
27. Jeffers MD, McCorriston J, Farquharson MA, Stewart CJ, Mutch AF. Analysis of clonality in cytologic material using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cytopathology 1997; 8(2):114-21.
28. Anastasi J. Interphase cytogenetic analysis in the diagnosis and study of neoplastic disorders. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95(4 Suppl 1):S22-8.
29. Aster JC, Kobayashi Y, Shiota M, Mori S, Sklar J. Detection of the t(14;18) at similar frequencies in hyperplastic lymphoid tissues from American and Japanese patients. Am J Pathol 1992;141(2):291-9.
30. Hughes JH, Caraway NP, Katz RL. Blastic variant of mantle-cell lymphoma: cytomorphologic, immunocytochemical, and molecular genetic features of tissue obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol 1998;19(1):59-62.
31. Ngan BY, Chen-Levy Z, Weiss LM, Warnke RA, Cleary ML. Expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the bcl-2 protein associated with the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation. N Engl J Med 1988;318(25):1638-44.
32. Kwak LW, Wilson M, Weiss LM, Horning SJ, Warnke RA, Dorfman RF. Clinical significance of morphologic subdivision in diffuse large cell lymphoma. Cancer 1991;68(9):1988-93.
33. Lennert K, Feller A. Histopathology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (based on the updated Kiel Classification). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
34. Kinney MC, Glick AD, Stein H, Collins RD. Comparison of anaplastic large cell Ki-1 lymphomas and microvillous lymphomas in their immunologic and ultrastructural features. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14(11):1047-60.
35. Dardick I, Srinivasan R, Al-Jabi M. Signet-ring cell variant of large cell lymphoma. Ultrastruct Pathol 1983;5(2-3):195-200.
36. Weiss L, Arber D, Chang K. Lymph nodes and spleen. In: Silverberg S, DeLellis R, Frable W, editors. Principles and practice of surgical pathology and cytopathology. Volume. 1. 3rd edition. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997;675-772.
37. Delabie J, Vandenberghe E, Kennes C, Verhoef G, Foschini MP, Stul M, et al. Histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma. A distinct clinicopathologic entity possibly related to lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease, paragranuloma subtype. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16(1):37-48.
38. Arber D, Weiss L. CD5: a review. Appl Immunohistochem 1995;3:1-22.
39. Doggett RS, Wood GS, Horning S, Levy R, Dorfman RF, Bindl J, et al. The immunologic characterization of 95 nodal and extranodal diffuse large cell lymphomas in 89 patients. Am J Pathol 1984;115(2):245-52.
40. Cleary ML, Trela MJ, Weiss LM, Warnke R, Sklar J. Most null large cell lymphomas are B lineage neoplasms. Lab Invest 1985;53(5):521-5.
41. Weiss LM, Warnke RA, Sklar J, Cleary ML. Molecular analysis of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in malignant lymphomas. N Engl J Med 1987;317(19):1185-9.
42. Mann R. Follicular lymphomas. In: Jaffe E, editor. Surgical pathology of the lymph nodes and related organs. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1995:252-82.
43. Mann R, Berard C. Criteria for the cytologic subclassification of follicular lymphomas: a proposed alternative method. Hematol Oncol 1983;I:187-92.
44. Almasri NM, Iturraspe JA, Braylan RC. CD10 expression in follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma is different from that of reactive lymph node follicles. Arch Pathol lab Med 1998;122(6):539-44.
45. Isaacson PG. Lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Histopathology 1990;16(6):617-9.
46. Sheibani K, Burke JS, Swartz WG, Nademanee A, Winberg CD. Monocytoid B-cell lymphoma. Clinicopathologic study of 21 cases of a unique type of low-grade lymphoma. Cancer 1988;62(8):1531-8.
47. Imbing F Jr., Kumar D, Kumar S, Yuoh G, Gardner F. Splenic lymphoma with circulating villous lymphocytes. J Clin Pathol 1995;48(6):584-7.
48. Jadayel D, Matutes E, Dyer MJ, Brito-Babapulle V, Khohkar MT, Oscier D, et al. Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes: analysis of BCL-1 rearrangements and expression of the cyclin D1 gene. Blood 1994;83(12):3664-71.
49. Ngan BY, Warnke RA, Wilson M, Takagi K, Cleary ML, Dorfman RF. Monocytoid B-cell lymphoma: a study of 36 cases [see comments]. Hum Pathol 1991;22(5):409-21.
50. Jennings CD, Foon KA. Recent advances in flow cytometry: application to the diagnosis of hematologic malignancy. Blood 1997;90(8):2863-92.
51. Berger F, Felman P, Sonet A, Salles G, Bastion Y, Bryon PA, et al. Nonfollicular small B-cell lymphomas: a heterogeneous group of patients with distinct clinical features and outcome. Blood 1994;83(10):2829-35.
52. Lardelli P, Bookman MA, Sundeen J, Longo DL, Jaffe ES. Lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation. Morphologic and immunophenotypic spectrum and clinical correlations. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14(8):752-63.
53. Fisher RI, Dahlberg S, Nathwani BN, Banks PM, Miller TP, Grogan TM. A clinical analysis of two indolent lymphoma entities: mantle cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma (including the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and monocytoid B-cell subcategories): a Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 1995;85(4):1075-82.
54. Koo CH, Rappaport H, Sheibani K, Pangalis GA, Nathwani BN, Winberg CD. Imprint cytology of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas based on a study of 212 immunologically characterized cases: correlation of touch imprints with tissue sections. Hum Pathol 1989;20(12 Suppl 1):1-137.
55. Wojcik EM, Katz RL, Fanning TV, el-Naggar A, Ordonez NG, Johnston D. Diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma on tissue acquired by fine needle aspiration in conjunction with immunocytochemistry and cytokinetic studies. Possibilities and limitations. Acta Cytol 1995;39(5):909-15.
56. Ott MM, Ott G, Kuse R, Porowski P, Gunzer U, Feller AC, et al. The anaplastic variant of centrocytic lymphoma is marked by frequent rearrangements of the bcl-1 gene and high proliferation indices. Histopathology 1994;24(4):329-34.
57. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al. Proposals for the classification of chronic (mature) B and T lymphoid leukaemias. French-American-British (FAB) Cooperative Group. J Clin Pathol 1989;42(6): 567-84.
58. Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. bcl-1, t(11;14), and mantle cell-derived lymphomas [editorial]. Blood 1991;78(2):259-63.
59. Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A, Harris NL. Cyclin D1 expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Detection by immunohistochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;103(6):756-60.
60. Pangalis GA, Boussiotis VA, Kittas C. Malignant disorders of small lymphocytes. Small lymphocytic lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: their clinical and laboratory relationship. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;99(4):402-8.
61. Brecher M, Banks PM. Hodgkin's disease variant of Richter's syndrome. Report of eight cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 93(3):333-9.
62. Momose H, Jaffe ES, Shin SS, Chen YY, Weiss LM. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma with Reed- Sternberg-like cells and possible transformation to Hodgkin's disease. Mediation by Epstein-Barr virus [see comments]. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16(9):859-67.
63. Pugh WC, Manning JT, Butler JJ. Paraimmunoblastic variant of small lymphocytic lymphoma/leukemia. Am J Surg Pathol 1988;12(12):907-17.
64. Patsouris E, Noel H, Lennert K. Lymphoplasmacytic/lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma with a high content of epithelioid cells. Histologic and immunohistochemical findings. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14(7):660-70.
65. Nathwani BN, Diamond LW, Winberg CD, Kim H, Bearman RM, Glick JH, et al. Lymphoblastic lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 95 patients. Cancer 1981;48(11):2347-57.
66. Griffith RC, Kelly DR, Nathwani BN, Shuster JJ, Murphy SB, Hvizdala E, et al. A morphologic study of childhood lymphoma of the lymphoblastic type. The pediatric Oncology Group experience. Cancer 1987;59(6):1126-31.
67. Braziel RM, Keneklis T, Donlon JA, Hsu SM, Cossman J, Bollum FJ, et al. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1983;80(5):655-9.
68. Weiss L, Arber D, Chang K. CD45: a review. Appl Immunohistochem 1993;1:166-181.
69. Weiss LM, Bindl JM, Picozzi VJ, Link MP, Warnke RA. Lymphoblastic lymphoma: an immunophenotype study of 26 cases with comparison to T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1986;67(2):474-8.
70. Sheibani K, Winberg CD, Burke JS, Nathwani BN, Blayney DW, Van de Velde S, et al. Lymphoblastic lymphoma expressing natural killer cell-associated antigens: a clinicopathologic study of six cases. Leuk Res 1987;11(4):371-7.
71. Cossman J, Chused TM, Fisher RI, Magrath I, Bollum F, Jaffe ES. Diversity of immunological phenotypes of lymphoblastic lymphoma. Cancer Res 1983;43(9):4486-90.
72. Thymoma mimicking T-cell lymphoma. In: Sun T, editor. Color Atlas/Text of Flow Cytometric Analysis of Hematologic Neoplasms. New York: Igaky-Shoin, 1993:102-5.
73. Rouse RV, Weiss LM. Human thymomas: evidence of immunohistologically defined normal and abnormal microenvironmental differentiation. Cell Immunol 1988;111(1):94-106.
74. al-Attar A, Attra A, al-Bagdadi R, al-Naimi M, al-Saleem T, Pritchard J. 'Debulking' surgery is unnecessary in advanced abdominal Burkitt lymphoma in Iraq. Br J Cancer 1989; 59(4):610-2.
75. Grogan TM, Warnke RA, Kaplan HS. A comparative study of Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's "undifferentiated" malignant lymphoma: immunologic, cytochemical, ultrastructural, cytologic, histopathologic, clinical and cell culture features. Cancer 1982;49(9):1817-28.
76. Levine AM, Pavlova Z, Pockros AW, Parker JW, Teitelbaum AH, Pagnani-Hill A, et al. Small noncleaved follicular center cell (FCC) lymphoma: Burkitt and non-Burkitt variants in the United States. I. Clinical features. Cancer 1983;52(6): 1073-9.
77. Miliauskas JR, Berard CW, Young RC, Garvin AJ, Edwards BK, DeVita VT Jr. Undifferentiated non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's types). The relevance of making this histologic distinction. Cancer 1982;50(10):2115-21.
78. Magrath IT, Shiramizu B. Biology and treatment of small non-cleaved cell lymphoma. Oncology 1989;3(11):41-53; discussion 53-4, 56, 59-60.
79. Al-Saleem T, Al-Niami M, Isa A, Yahya H, Al Attar A. Fine needle aspirates in malignant lymphoma: possible value in predicting response to chemotherapy. J Fac Med Baghdad 1987;29:187-96.
80. Magrath I. The pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma. Adv Cancer Res 1990;55:133-270.
81. Horning SJ, Weiss LM, Crabtree GS, Warnke RA. Clinical and phenotypic diversity of T cell lymphomas. Blood 1986;67(6): 1578-82.
82. Weis JW, Winter MW, Phyliky RL, Banks PM. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas: histologic, immunohistologic, and clinical characterization. Mayo Clin Proc 1986;61(6):411-26.
83. Frizzera G, Wu D, Inghirami G. The usefulness of immunophenotypic and genotypic studies in the diagnosis and classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111(Suppl 1):s13-s39.
84. Weiss LM, Picker LJ, Grogan TM, Warnke RA, Sklar J. Absence of clonal beta and gamma T-cell receptor gene rearrangements in a subset of peripheral T-cell lymphomas [published erratum appears in Am J Pathol 1988;131(3): 604.]. Am J Pathol 1988;130(3):436-42.
85. Chott A, Kaserer K, Augustin I, Vesely M, Heinz R, Oehlinger W, et al. Ki-1-positive large cell lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study of 41 cases [see comments]. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14(5):439-48.
86. Delsol G, Al Saati T, Gatter KC, Gerdes J, Schwarting R, Caveriviere P, et al. Coexpression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Ki-1, and interleukin-2 receptor by anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Diagnostic value in so-called malignant histiocytosis. Am J Pathol 1988;130(1):59-70.
87. Penny RJ, Blaustein JC, Longtine JA, Pinkus GS. Ki-1-positive large cell lymphomas, a heterogenous group of neoplasms. Morphologic, immunophenotypic, genotypic, and clinical features of 24 cases. Cancer 1991;68(2):362-73.
88. Falini B, Pileri S, Zinzani PL, Carbone A, Zagonel V, De Wolf-Peeters C, et al. ALK+ lymphoma: clinico-pathological findings and outcome. Blood 1999;93(8):2697-706.
89. Shiota M, Nakamura S, Ichinohasama R, Abe M, Akagi T, Takeshita M, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas expressing the novel chimeric protein p80NPM/ALK: a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Blood 1995;86(5):1954-60.
90. Das D, Gupta S, Datta B, Sharma S. Fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of Hodgkin's disease and its subtypes. I. Scope and limitations. Acta Cytol 1989;34:329-36.
91. Chang KL, Weiss LM. The association of the Epstein-Barr virus with malignant lymphoma. Biomed Pharmacother 1996;50(9):459-67.
92. Stoler MH, Nichols GE, Symbula M, Weiss LM. Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease. Evidence for a kappa light chain-restricted monotypic B-cell neoplasm. Am J Pathol 1995;146(4):812-8.
93. Tarantino DR, McHenry CR, Strickland T, Khiyami A. The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometry in the evaluation of persistent neck adenopathy. Am J Surg 1998;176(5):413-7.
94. Prasad RR, Narasimhan R, Sankaran V, Veliath AJ, Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of superficial lymphadenopathy: an analysis of 2,418 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;15(5):382-6.
95. Aiello A, Delia D, Giardini R, Alasio L, Bartoli C, Pierotti MA, et al. PCR analysis of IgH and BCL2 gene rearrangement in the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma in lymph node fine-needle aspiration. A critical appraisal. Diagn Mol Pathol 1997;6(3):154-60.
96. Kim H, Hendrickson M, Dorfman R. Composite lymphoma. Cancer 1977;40:959-76.
97. Caraway NP, Wojcik EM, Saboorian HM, Katz RL Concomitant lymphoma and metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy in two cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1997;17(4):287-91.
98. Mockli G. Granulocytic sarcoma presenting as a retroperitoneal lymph node mass. A case report with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometry. Acta Cytol 1997;41(5):1525-7.
99. Banks PM, Chan J, Cleary ML, Delsol G, De Wolf-Peeters C, Gatter K, et al. Mantle cell lymphoma. A proposal for unification of morphologic, immunologic, and molecular data [see comments]. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16(7):637-40.
100. Weisenburger DD, Chan WC. Lymphomas of follicles. Mantle cell and follicle center cell lymphomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;99(4):409-20.
101. Rappaport H. Tumors of the hematopoietic system. In: Atlas of tumor pathology. Section III, Fascicle 8. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1966: 97-161.
102. Lukes RJ, Collins RD. Immunologic characterization of human malignant lymphomas. Cancer 1974;34(4 Suppl):1488-503.
103. Lennert K, Mohri N. Histopathology and diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In: K L, Stein H, N M, E K, HK M-H, editors. Malignant Lymphomas Other than Hodgkin's Disease. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1978:111-469.
104. Metter GE, Nathwani BN, Burke JS, Winberg CD, Mann RB, Barcos M, et al. Morphological subclassification of follicular lymphoma: variability of diagnoses among hematopathologists, a collaborative study between the Repository Center and Pathology Panel for Lymphoma Clinical Studies. J Clin Oncol 1985;3(1):25-38.
105. Nathwani BN, Metter GE, Miller TP, Burke JS, Mann RB, Barcos M, et al. What should be the morphologic criteria for the subdivision of follicular lymphomas? Blood 1986;68(4): 837-45.
106. Rabenhorst S, Burini R, Schmitt F. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: correlation with working formulation and Kiel classification in formalin-fixed embedded material. Pathology 1996;28:12-6.
107. Schmitt FC, Rabenhorst SH, Maeda SA, Colturato V, Melo LN. Estimation of growth fraction in fine needle aspirates from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen: correlation with the Kiel classification. Acta Cytol 1996;40(2):199-204.
108. Horii A, Yoshida J, Hattori K, Honjo Y, Mitani K, Takashima S, et al. DNA ploidy, proliferative activities, and immunophenotype of malignant lymphoma: application of flow cytometry. Head Neck 1998;20(5):392-8.