Photochemistry of Pluto's atmosphere and ionosphere near perihelion

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 104, Issue E9, 1999, Pages 21979-21996

  Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A ^a   Cruikshank, Dale P ^b  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA   (United States)

^b NASA AMES RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IONOSPHERE; PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE; PLUTO;

EID: 0033603914     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999je001038     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Anicich, V. G., Evaluated bimolecular ion-molecular gas phase kinetics of positive ions for use in modeling planetary atmospheres, cometary comae, and interstellar clouds, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 1469-1569, 1993.
2. 2 removal rates, J. Photochem., 12, 75-83, 1980.
3. Atreya, S. K., Atmospheres and Ionospheres of the Outer Planets and Their Satellites, Springer-verlag, New York, 1986.
4. Baulch, D. L., et al., Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modeling, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 21, 411-429, 1992.
5. Baulch, D. L., et al., Evaluated kinetic data for combustion modeling, Supplement I, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 23, 847-1033, 1994.
6. 2, J. Chem. Phys., 81, 5743, 1984.
7. Bishop, J., P. N. Romani, and S. K. Atreya, Voyager 2 ultraviolet spectrometer solar occultations at Neptune: Photochemical modeling of the 125-165 nm lightcurves, Planet. Space Sci., 46, 1-20, 1998.
8. 2D), J. Chem. Phys., 51, 116-121, 1969.
9. 1) by hydrocarbons studied with the LMR, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 89, 1013-1018, 1985.
10. Braun-Unkhoff, M., P. Frank, and T. Just, A shock tube study on the thermal decomposition of toluene and of the phenyl radicals at high temperatures, Symp. Int. Combust. Proc., 22, 1053, 1989.
11. Broadfoot, A. L., et al., Ultraviolet spectrometer observations of Neptune and Triton, Science, 246, 1459-1466, 1989.
12. Brown, G. N., and W. T. Ziegler, Vapor pressure and heats of vaporization and sublimation of liquids and solids of interest of cryogenics below 1-atm pressure, Adv. Cryog. Eng., 25, 662-670, 1979.
13. Brown, R. L., A measurement of the rate of the reaction N + H + M = NH + M, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 663, 1973.
14. 2 between 202 and 584 K, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 92, 1087-1094, 1996.
15. Camilleri, P., R. M. Marshall, and J. H. Purnell, Reaction of hydrogen atoms with ethane, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 70, 1434, 1974.
16. Campbell, I. M., and B. A. Thrush, The recombination of nitrogen atoms and the nitrogen afterglow, Proc. R. Soc. London, 296, 201-221, 1967.
17. 6 studied between 23 and 295 K with a CRESU apparatus, Astron. Astrophys., 323, 644-651, 1997.
18. Chamberlain, J. W., and D. M. Hunten, Theory of Planetary Atmospheres, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1987.
19. Clarke, J. T., S. A. Stern, and L. M. Trafton, Pluto's extended atmosphere: An escape model and initial observations, Icarus, 95, 173-179, 1992.
20. Connors, R. E., J. L. Roebber, and K. Weiss, Vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy of cyanogen and cyanoacetylenes, J. Chem. Phys., 60, 5011-5024, 1974.
21. 2, and N, for photoelectron production calculations: A compilation of recent laboratory measurements, NRL Rep. 6155, Nav. Res. Lab., Washington, D. C., 1988.
22. Cruikshank, D. P., C. B. Pilcher, and D. Morrison, Pluto: Evidence for methane frost, Science, 194, 835-837, 1976.
23. Cruikshank, D. P., T. L. Roush, J. M. Moore, M. V. Sykes, T. C. Owen, M. J. Bartholomew, R. H. Brown, and K. A. Tryka, The surfaces of Pluto and Charon, in Pluto and Charon, edited by S. A. Stern and D. J. Tholen (Eds), pp. 221-267, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1997.
24. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sanders, D. M. Golden, R. E. Hampson, M. J. Kyrilo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina, Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, Evaluation number 12, JPL Publ. 97-4, 1997.
25. Doute, S., B. Schmitt, E. Quirico, T. C. Owen, D. P. Cruikshank, C. de Bergh, T. R. Geballe, and T. L. Roush, Evidence for methane segregation at the surface of Pluto, Icarus, in press, 1999.
26. Dubach, J., P. C. Whitten, and J. S. Sims, The lower ionosphere of Venus, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 525-536, 1974.
27. Duran, R. P., V. T. Amorebieta, and A. J. Colussi, Is the homogeneous thermal dimerization of acetylene a free-radical chain reaction? Kinetic and thermochemical analysis, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 636-640,1988.
28. Elliot, J. L., and L. A. Young, Analysis of stellar occultation data for planetary atmospheres, I, Model fitting, with application to Pluto, Astron. J., 103, 991-1015, 1992.
29. Fahr, A., A. H. Laufer, R. Klein, and W. Braun, Reaction rate determination of vinyl radical reactions with vinyl, methyl, and hydrogen atoms, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 3218-3224, 1991.
30. Fox, J. L., and J. H. Black, Photodissociation of CO in the thermosphere of Venus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 291-294, 1989.
31. 2 gas, Planet. Space Sci., 36, 329, 1988.
32. Frank, P., and T. Just, High temperature thermal decomposition of acetylene and diacetylene at low relative concentrations, Combust. Flame, 38, 231-248, 1980.
33. 2 + H, J. Chem. Phys., 106, 8691-8698, 1997.
34. Gladstone, G. R., M. Allen, and Y. L. Yung, Hydrocarbon photochemistry in the upper atmosphere of Jupiter, Icarus, 119, 1-52, 1996.
35. Glicker, S., and H. Okabe, Photochemistry of diacetylene, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 437-440, 1987.
36. 2H, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 86, 587, 1982.
37. 3Σ) with N, O, and NO, Ber. Bunsenges, Phys. Chem., 98, 156-164, 1994.
38. Hamai, S., and F. Hirayama, Fluorescence of acetylic hydrocarbons, J. Chem. Phys., 71, 2934-2939, 1979.
39. 3CN: Implications for the formation of complex nitriles on Titan, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2871-2877, 1997.
40. Hoyermann, K., H. G. Wagner, and J. Wolfrum, Die geschwindichkeit der reaktion von atomared wasserstoff mit azetylen, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 72, 1004, 1968.
41. Hubbard, W. B., R. V. Yelle, and J. I. Lunine, Nonisothermal Pluto atmosphere models, Icarus, 84, 1-11, 1990.
42. Hunten, D. M., Thermal and nonthermal escape mechanisms for terrestrial bodies, Planet. Space Sci. 30, 773-783, 1982.
43. Hunten, D. M., and A. J. Watson; Stability of Pluto's atmophere, Icarus, 51, 665-667, 1982.
44. j) by kinetic absorption spectroscopy in the vacuum ultraviolet, Trans. Faraday Soc., 67, 22025, 1971.
45. Krasnopolsky, V. A., Photochemistry of the Martian atmosphere (mean conditions), Icarus, 101, 313-332, 1993.
46. 2 from Pluto, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 5955-5962, 1999.
47. Krasnopolsky, V. A., and D. P. Cruikshank, Photochemistry of Triton's atmosphere and ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 21,271-21,286, 1995.
48. 2, and N density profiles of Triton's atmosphere: Observations and model, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 3065-3078, 1993.
49. 1): Absolute rate constants for atomic and molecular collisional partners at 295 K, J. Chem. Phys., 78, 6650-6659, 1983.
50. Lara, L. M., E. Lellouch, J. J. Lopez-Moreno, and R. Rodrigo, Vertical distribution of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23,261-23,283, 1996.
51. Lara, L. M., W. H. Ip, and R. Rodrigo, Photochemical models of Pluto's atmosphere, Icarus, 130, 16-35, 1997.
52. +) yields from HCN photodissociation, J. Chem. Phys., 72, 6414-6421, 1980.
53. Lellouch, E., The thermal structure of Pluto's atmosphere: Clear vs hazy models. Icarus, 108, 255-264, 1994.
54. 2 at 53 K and its relevance to Triton's atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 485-488, 1998.
55. 4, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 3373-3379, 1987.
56. Lin, C. L., and F. Kaufman, Reactions of metastable nitrogen atoms, J. Chem. Phys., 55, 3760-3770, 1971.
57. Lyons, J. R., Y. L. Yung, and M. Allen, Solar control of the upper atmosphere of Triton, Science, 256, 204-206, 1992.
58. Marston, G., F. L. Nesbitt, D. F. Nava, W. A. Payne, and L. J. Stief, Temperature dependence of the reaction of nitrogen atoms with methyl radicals, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 5769-5774, 1989.
59. McNutt, R. L., Models of Pluto's upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1225-1228, 1989.
60. Millar, T. J., P. R. A. Farquhar, and K. Willacy, The UMIST database for astrochemistry 1995, Astrophys. J. Supp., 121, 139-185, 1997.
61. Millis, R. L., et al., Pluto's radius and atmosphere: Results from the entire 9 June 1988 occultation data set, Icarus, 105, 282-297, 1993.
62. 3P) with diacetylene from 210 to 423 K, J. Chem. Phys., 85, 3300, 1986.
63. 3 at T = 213 and 298 K, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 1715, 1995.
64. Mount, G. H., and G. J. Rottman, The solar absolute spectral irradiance 1150-3173 Å, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5403-5413, 1983.
65. Nakayama, T., and K. Watanabe, Absorption and photoionization coefficients of acetylene, propyne and 1-butyne, J. Chem. Phys., 40, 558-561, 1964.
66. Null, G. W., W. M. Owen, and S. P. Synnott, Masses and densities of Pluto and Charon, Astron. J., 105, 2319-2335, 1993.
67. 3CN, J. Quant. Spectrosc.. Radiat. Trans., 28, 223-231, 1982.
68. Okabe, H., Photochemistry of Small Molecules, John Wiley, New York, 1978.
69. Okabe, H., Photochemistry of acetylene at 1470 Å, J. Chem. Phys., 75, 2772-2778, 1981.
70. 4 from 154 to 359 K, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 4888-4892, 1996a.
71. 2 from 150 to 359 K, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 19,904-19,910, 1996b.
72. Owen, T. C., T. L. Roush, D. P. Cruikshank, J. L. Elliot, L. A. Young, C. de Bergh, B. Schmitt, T. R. Geballe, R. H. Brown, and M. J. Bartholomew, Surface ices and the atmospheric composition of Pluto, Science, 261, 745-748, 1993.
73. Paraskevopoulos, G., and C. A. Winkler, The rates of the reactions of active nitrogen with ethylene and propylene, J. Phys. Chem., 71, 947-951, 1967.
74. 2, Chem. Phys., 68, 417-422, 1982.
75. Pratt, G. L. and S. W. Wood, Kinetics of the reaction of methyl radicals with oxygen, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 80, 3419-3427, 1984.
76. Richards, P. G., J. A. Fennelly, and D. G. Torr, EUVAC: A solar EUV flux model for aeronomic calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8981-8992, 1994.
77. Sayah, N., X. Li, J. F. Caballero, and W. M. Jackson, Laser induced fluorescence studies of CN reactions with alkanes, alkenes, and substituted aliphatic species, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A, 45, 177, 1988.
78. 3 + O: production of CO(v), J. Phys. Chem., 96, 4478-4485, 1992.
79. Seki, K., M. He, R. Liu, and H. Okabe, Photochemistry of cyanoacetylene at 193.3 nm, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 5349-5353, 1996.
80. Sims, I. R., J. L. Queffelec, D. Travers, B. R. Rowe, L. B. Herbert, J. Karthauser, and I. W. M. Smith, Rate constants for the reactions of CN with hydrocarbons at low and ultra-low temperatures, Chem. Phys. Lett., 211, 461-468, 1993.
81. 6, 1, Experiment, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 2455-2462, 1988.
82. Smith, N. S., and F. Raulin, Modeling of methane photolysis in the reducing atmospheres of the outer solar system, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1873-1876, 1999.
83. Spencer, J. R., J. A. Stansberry, L. M. Trafton, E. F. Young, R. P. Binzel, and S. K. Croft, Volatile transport, seasonal cycles, and atmospheric dynamics on Pluto, in Pluto and Charon, edited by S. A. Stern and D. J. Tholen, pp. 435-474, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1997.
84. Stansberry, J. A., J. I. Lunine, W. B. Hubbard, R. V. Yelle, and D. M. Hunten, Mirages and the nature of Pluto's atmosphere, Icarus, 111, 503-513, 1994.
85. Stansberry, J. A., J. R. Spencer, B. Schmitt, A. I. Benchkoura, R. V. Yelle, and J. L. Lunine, A model for the overabundance of methane in the atmospheres of Pluto and Triton, Planet. Space Sci., 44, 1051-1063, 1996.
86. Stern, S.A., and D. J. Tholen, Editors, Pluto and Charon, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1997.
87. Stief, L. J., V. J. De Carlo, and W. A. Payne, Photolysis of propyne at 1470 Å, J. Chem. Phys., 54, 1913-1918, 1971.
88. Stief, L. J., F. L. Nesbitt, W. A. Payne, S. C. Kuo, W. Tao, and R. B. Klemm, Rate constant and reaction channels for the reaction of atomic nitrogen with the ethyl radical, J. Chem. Phys., 102, 5309-5316, 1995.
89. Strobel, D. F., X. Zhu, M. E. Summers, and M. H. Stevens, On the vertical thermal structure of Pluto's atmosphere, Icarus, 120, 266-289, 1996.
90. Summers, M. E., D. F. Strobel, and G. R. Gladstone, Chemical models of Pluto's atmosphere, in Pluto and Charon, edited by S. A. Stern and D. J. Tholen, pp. 391-434, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1997.
91. Tholen, D. J., and M. W. Buie, The orbit of Charon, I, New Hubble Space Telescope observations, Icarus, 125, 245-260, 1997.
92. Toublanc, D., J. P. Parisot, J. Brillet, D. Gautier, F. Raulin, and C. P. McKay, Photochemical modeling of Titan atmosphere, Icarus, 113, 2-26, 1995.
93. Trafton, L. M., Does Pluto have a substantial atmosphere? Icarus 44, 53-61, 1980.
94. Trafton, L. M., A two-component volatile atmosphere for Pluto, I, The bulk hydrodynamic escape regime, Astrophys. J., 359, 512-523, 1990.
95. Trafton, L. M., D. M. Hunten, K. J. Zahnle, and R. L. McNutt, Escape processes at Pluto and Charon, in Pluto and Charon, edited by S. A. Stern and D. J. Tholen, pp. 773-812, Univ. of Ariz. Press, Tucson, 1997.
96. Trafton, L. M., D. L. Matson, and J. A. Stansberry, Surface / atmosphere interactions and volatile transport (Triton, Pluto, and Io), in Solar System Ices, edited by B. Schmitt, C. de Bergh, and M. Festou (Eds), pp. 773-812, Kluwer, Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1998.
97. Tryka, K. A., R. H. Brown, D. P. Cruikshank, T. C. Owen, T. R. Geballe, and C. De Bergh, Temperature of nitrogen ice on Pluto and its implications for flux measurements, Icarus, 112, 513-527, 1994.
98. Walkauskas, L. P., and F. Kaufman, Gas phase hydrogen atom recombination, Symp. Int. Combust. Proc., 15, 691, 1975.
99. West, G. A., and J. M. Berry, CN photodissociation and predissociation chemical lasers: Molecular electronic and vibrational laser emissions, J. Chem. Phys., 61, 4700-4716, 1974.
100. Wu, C. H., and R. D. Kern, Shock-tube study of allene pyrolysis, J. Phys. Chem., 91, 6291, 1987.
101. Yelle, R. V., and J. I. Lunine, Evidence for a molecule heavier than methane in the atmosphere of Pluto, Nature, 339, 288-290, 1989.
102. Young, E. F., and R. P. Binzel, A new determination of radii and limb parameters for Pluto and Charon from mutual event lightcurves, Icarus, 108, 219-224, 1994.
103. Young, L. A., C. B. Olkin, J. T. Elliot, D. J. Tholen, and M. W. Buie, The Charon-Pluto mass ratio from MKO astrometry, Icarus, 108, 186-199, 1994.
104. Young, L. A., J. L. Elliot, A. Tokunaga, C. De Bergh, and T. Owen, Detection of gaseous methane on Pluto, Icarus, 127, 258-262, 1997.
105. Yung, Y. L., An update of nitrile photochemistry on Titan, Icarus, 72, 468-472, 1987.
106. Yung, Y. L., M. Allen, and J. P. Pinto, Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan: Comparison between model and observations, Astrophys. J. Supp., 55, 465-506, 1984.
107. 3CN, Chem. Phys., 134, 185, 1989.
108. Zwier, T. S., and M. Allen, Metastable diacetylene reactions as routes to large hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere, Icarus, 123, 578-583, 1996.