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Volumn 64, Issue 13, 1999, Pages 4652-4664

Studies on the mechanism of action of 2-formyl-4-pyrrolidinopyridine: Isolation and characterization of a reactive intermediate

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,3 DIOXOLANE DERIVATIVE; 4 NITROPHENOL; ESTER; KETONE; METHANOL; PYRIDINE DERIVATIVE;

EID: 0033603507     PISSN: 00223263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jo982281n     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (46)

References (48)
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    • For reviews, see: Scriven, E. F. V. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1983, 12, 129; Hassner, A.; Krepski, L. R.; Alexanian, V. Tetrahedron 1978, 34, 2069; Hofle, G.; Steglich, W.; Vorbruggen, H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1978, 17, 569.
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    • For a review of hydration of aldehydes and ketones, see: Bell, R. P. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1966, 4, 1. (b) For a recent study of carbonyl hydration equilibria, see: Wiberg, K. B.; Morgan, K. M.; Maltz, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11067. (c) For a study of hemiacetal formation of pyridine carboxaldehydes, see: Gianni, P.; Matteoli, E. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1975, 105, 125; and (d) Pocker, Y.; Meany, J. E. Nist, B. J. J. Phys. Chem 1967, 71, 4509.
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    • For a review of hydration of aldehydes and ketones, see: Bell, R. P. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1966, 4, 1. (b) For a recent study of carbonyl hydration equilibria, see: Wiberg, K. B.; Morgan, K. M.; Maltz, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11067. (c) For a study of hemiacetal formation of pyridine carboxaldehydes, see: Gianni, P.; Matteoli, E. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1975, 105, 125; and (d) Pocker, Y.; Meany, J. E. Nist, B. J. J. Phys. Chem 1967, 71, 4509.
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    • Wiberg, K.B.1    Morgan, K.M.2    Maltz, H.3
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    • For a review of hydration of aldehydes and ketones, see: Bell, R. P. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1966, 4, 1. (b) For a recent study of carbonyl hydration equilibria, see: Wiberg, K. B.; Morgan, K. M.; Maltz, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11067. (c) For a study of hemiacetal formation of pyridine carboxaldehydes, see: Gianni, P.; Matteoli, E. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1975, 105, 125; and (d) Pocker, Y.; Meany, J. E. Nist, B. J. J. Phys. Chem 1967, 71, 4509.
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    • For a review of hydration of aldehydes and ketones, see: Bell, R. P. Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1966, 4, 1. (b) For a recent study of carbonyl hydration equilibria, see: Wiberg, K. B.; Morgan, K. M.; Maltz, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11067. (c) For a study of hemiacetal formation of pyridine carboxaldehydes, see: Gianni, P.; Matteoli, E. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 1975, 105, 125; and (d) Pocker, Y.; Meany, J. E. Nist, B. J. J. Phys. Chem 1967, 71, 4509.
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    • Pocker, Y.1    Meany, J.E.2    Nist, B.J.3
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    • a of pyridine 2-carboxaldehyde (3.8 in water) and the hydrate of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde (4.2 in water). This minor difference in basicity indicates that while the hemiacetal is less electron-withdrawing, the effect is relatively unimportant. See: Owens, T. C. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1990, 27, 987. Green, R. W.; Freer, I. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1961, 65, 2211.
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    • a of pyridine 2-carboxaldehyde (3.8 in water) and the hydrate of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde (4.2 in water). This minor difference in basicity indicates that while the hemiacetal is less electron-withdrawing, the effect is relatively unimportant. See: Owens, T. C. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1990, 27, 987. Green, R. W.; Freer, I. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1961, 65, 2211.
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    • Green, R.W.1    Freer, I.R.2
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    • note
    • -1.
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    • The relative rate of simple alkaline hydrolysis of PNP and phenyl esters is about 3.5:1, a value which is comparable to what we observe with our catalyst. See: Menger, F. M.; Ladika, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3145.
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    • note
    • 4-methanol we do not detect the hemiacetal corresponding to 5, demonstrating the lower electrophilicity of the 3-carboxaldehyde. Compounds 7 and 8 exist as 1:1 and 6:1 ratios of hemiacetal to aldehyde, respectively, indicating that the ability of the aldehyde to reversibly form a hemiacetal is not a sufficient condition for catalysis.
  • 20
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    • note
    • 1H NMR. In water, 48% of 2-formylpyridine (6) exists as the hydrate (see refs 7c and 7d). It is known that the equilibrium constants for the addition of water to aldehydes and ketones are smaller than the corresponding equilibrium constants for the addition of methanol; however, the origin of this effect is not understood. See refs 7a and 7b.
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    • note
    • 3 and therefore do not know the full extent of the alteration between these species.
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    • See also ref 13
    • a of 2-(trimethylsilyl)pyridine is 6.63, an increase of approximately 1.4 units over pyridine. This is in contrast to the effect of the trimethylsilyl group in benzoic acid where it is found to be electron- withdrawing. See: Anderson, D., G.; Chipperfield, J. R.; Webster, D. E. J. Organomet. Chem. 1968, 12, 323.
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    • a of 2-(trimethylsilyl)pyridine is 6.63, an increase of approximately 1.4 units over pyridine. This is in contrast to the effect of the trimethylsilyl group in benzoic acid where it is found to be electron-withdrawing. See: Anderson, D., G.; Chipperfield, J. R.; Webster, D. E. J. Organomet. Chem. 1968, 12, 323.
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    • Anderson, D.G.1    Chipperfield, J.R.2    Webster, D.E.3
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    • Though the formation of 10 likely occurs through initial formation of 9, we have not directly observed this intermediate.
  • 27
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    • note
    • 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry.
  • 28
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    • Use of either p-toluenesulfonic acid or boron trifluoride etherate failed to provide the desired dioxolanone. For discussions on general methods of 1,3-dioxolan-4-one formation, see: Farines, M.; Soulier, J. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1970, 332. See also: Seebach, D.; Imwinkelried, R.; Stucky, G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 178; Schreiber, S. L.; Reagan, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 2945; Greiner, A.; Ortholand, J. Y. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1993, 130, 133.
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    • Use of either p-toluenesulfonic acid or boron trifluoride etherate failed to provide the desired dioxolanone. For discussions on general methods of 1,3-dioxolan-4-one formation, see: Farines, M.; Soulier, J. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1970, 332. See also: Seebach, D.; Imwinkelried, R.; Stucky, G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 178; Schreiber, S. L.; Reagan, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 2945; Greiner, A.; Ortholand, J. Y. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1993, 130, 133.
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    • Seebach, D.1    Imwinkelried, R.2    Stucky, G.3
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    • Use of either p-toluenesulfonic acid or boron trifluoride etherate failed to provide the desired dioxolanone. For discussions on general methods of 1,3-dioxolan-4-one formation, see: Farines, M.; Soulier, J. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1970, 332. See also: Seebach, D.; Imwinkelried, R.; Stucky, G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 178; Schreiber, S. L.; Reagan, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 2945; Greiner, A.; Ortholand, J. Y. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1993, 130, 133.
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    • Schreiber, S.L.1    Reagan, J.2
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    • Use of either p-toluenesulfonic acid or boron trifluoride etherate failed to provide the desired dioxolanone. For discussions on general methods of 1,3-dioxolan-4-one formation, see: Farines, M.; Soulier, J. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1970, 332. See also: Seebach, D.; Imwinkelried, R.; Stucky, G. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1986, 25, 178; Schreiber, S. L.; Reagan, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 2945; Greiner, A.; Ortholand, J. Y. Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 1993, 130, 133.
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    • Greiner, A.1    Ortholand, J.Y.2
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    • note
    • The dioxolanone was identified for each catalyst by the upfield shifts of the pyridine aromatic protons and the appearance of the acetal methine.
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    • (b) For the application of this method to the metalation of DMAP, see: Vedejs, E.; Chen, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1809.
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    • Rocca, P.; Cochennec, C.; Marsais, F.; Thomas-dit-Dumont, L.; Mallet, M.; Godard, A.; Queguiner, G. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 58, 7832; Giullier, F.; Nivolier, F.; Marsais, F.; Queguiner, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 6489. For a review, see: Queguiner, G.; Marsais, F.; Snieckus, V.; Epsztajn, J. In Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry; Katritzky, A. R., Ed.; Academic: San Diego, 1991; Vol 52; pp 187-295.
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    • Rocca, P.; Cochennec, C.; Marsais, F.; Thomas-dit-Dumont, L.; Mallet, M.; Godard, A.; Queguiner, G. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 58, 7832; Giullier, F.; Nivolier, F.; Marsais, F.; Queguiner, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 6489. For a review, see: Queguiner, G.; Marsais, F.; Snieckus, V.; Epsztajn, J. In Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry; Katritzky, A. R., Ed.; Academic: San Diego, 1991; Vol 52; pp 187-295.
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    • Katritzky, A. R., Ed.; Academic: San Diego
    • Rocca, P.; Cochennec, C.; Marsais, F.; Thomas-dit-Dumont, L.; Mallet, M.; Godard, A.; Queguiner, G. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 58, 7832; Giullier, F.; Nivolier, F.; Marsais, F.; Queguiner, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 6489. For a review, see: Queguiner, G.; Marsais, F.; Snieckus, V.; Epsztajn, J. In Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry; Katritzky, A. R., Ed.; Academic: San Diego, 1991; Vol 52; pp 187-295.
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