Mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 42, Issue 19, 1999, Pages 3743-3778

  Houghten, Richard A ^a   Pinilla, Clemencia ^a   Appel, Jon R ^a   Blondelle, Sylvie E ^a   Dooley, Colette T ^a   Eichler, Jutta ^a   Nefzi, Adel ^a   Ostresh, John M ^a  

^a TORREY PINES INSTITUTE FOR MOLECULAR STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GUANIDINE DERIVATIVE; OPIATE RECEPTOR;

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ASSAY; CHEMISTRY; ENZYME INHIBITION; REVIEW; SCREENING; SYNTHESIS;

CHEMISTRY, ORGANIC; DRUG DESIGN; GUANIDINES; MODELS, CHEMICAL; PEPTIDE LIBRARY;

EID: 0033598381     PISSN: 00222623     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jm990174v     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. Breakthrough of the year. Science 1998, 282, 2156-2161.
2. Lebl, M. Parallel personal comments on "classical" papers in combinatorial chemistry. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 3-24.
3. Merrifield, R. B. Peptide synthesis. I. The synthesis of a tetrapeptide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 2149-2154.
4. Merrifield, R. B. Solid-phase synthesis. Science 1986, 232, 341-347.
5. Geysen, H. M.; Meloen, R. H.; Barteling, S. J. Use of a peptide synthesis to probe viral antigens for epitopes to a resolution of a single amino acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1984, 81, 3998-4002.
6. Houghten, R. A. General method for the rapid solid-phase synthesis of large numbers of peptides: Specificity of antigen-antibody interaction at the level of individual amino acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1985, 82, 5131-5135.
7. Frank, R.; Doring, R. Simultaneous multiple peptide synthesis under continuous flow conditions on cellulose paper discs as segmental solid supports. Tetrahedron 1988, 44, 6031-6040.
8. Cwirla, S. E.; Peters, E. A.; Barrett, R. W.; Dower, W. J. Peptides on phage: A vast library of peptides for identifying ligands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1990, 87, 6378-6382.
9. Scott, J. K.; Smith, G. P. Searching for peptide ligands with an epitope library. Science 1990, 249, 386-390.
10. Devlin, J. J.; Panganiban, L. C.; Devlin, P. E. Random peptide libraries: A source of specific protein binding molecules. Science 1990, 249, 404-406.
11. Zwick, M. B.; Shen, J. Q.; Scott, J. Phage-displayed peptide libraries. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1998, 9, 427-436.
12. Sardina, F. J.; Rapoport, H. Enantiospecific synthesis of heterocycles from α-amino acids. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 1825-1872.
13. Nefzi, A.; Dooley, C. T.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Combinatorial chemistry: from peptides and peptidomimetics to small organic and heterocyclic compounds. BioMed. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 2273-2278.
14. Ostresh, J. M.; Husar, G. M.; Blondelle, S. E.; Dörner, B.; Weber, P. A.; Houghten, R. A. "Libraries from libraries": Chemical transformation of combinatorial libraries to extend the range and repertoire of chemical diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91, 11138-11142.
15. Nefzi, A.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. The current status of heterocyclic combinatorial libraries. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 449-472.
16. Hermkens, P. H. H.; Ottenheijm, H. C. J.; Rees, D. Solid-phase organic reactions: A review of the recent literature. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 4527-4554.
17. Thompson, L. A.; Ellman, J. A. Synthesis and applications of small molecule libraries. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 555-600.
18. Frank, R. Simultaneous and combinatorial chemical synthesis techniques for the generation and screening of molecular diversity. J. Biotechnol. 1995, 41, 259-272.
19. Gallop, M. A.; Barrett, R. W.; Dower, W. J.; Fodor, S. P. A.; Gordon, E. M. Applications of combinatorial technologies to drug discovery. 1. Background and peptide combinatorial libraries. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 7, 1233-1251.
20. Gordon, E. M.; Barrett, R. W.; Dower, W. J.; Fodor, S. P. A.; Gallop, M. A. Applications of combinatorial technologies to drug discovery. 2. Combinatorial organic synthesis, library screening strategies, and future directions. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 1385-1401.
21. Lam, K. S.; Lebl, M.; Krchnak, V. The "One-Bead-One-Compound" Combinatorial Library Methodology. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 411-448.
22. Nielsen, J.; Brenner, S.; Janda, K. D. Synthetic methods for the implementation of encoded combinatorial chemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 9812-9813.
23. Nikolaiev, V.; Stierandová, A.; Krchnák, V.; Seligmann, B.; Lam, K. S.; Salmon, S. E.; Lebl, M. Peptide-encoding for structure determination of nonsequenceable polymers within libraries synthesized and tested on solid-phase supports. Pept. Res. 1993, 6, 161-170.
24. Ohlmeyer, M. H. J.; Swanson, R. N.; Dillard, L. W.; Reader, J. C.; Asouline, G.; Kobayashi, R.; Wigler, M.; Still, W. C. Complex synthetic chemical libraries indexed with molecular tags. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993, 90, 10922-10926.
25. Ostresh, J. M.; Schoner, C. C.; Hamashin, V. T.; Nefzi, A.; Meyer, J.-P.; Houghten, R. A. Solid-phase synthesis of trisubstituted bicyclic guanidines via cyclicization of reduced N-acylated dipeptides. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 8622-8623.
26. Cuervo, J. H.; Weitl, F.; Ostresh, J. M.; Hamashin, V. T.; Hannah, A. L.; Houghten, R. A. Polyalkylamine chemical combinatorial libraries. In Peptides 94: Proceedings of the 23rd European Peptide Symposium; Maia, H. L. S., Ed.; ESCOM: Leiden, 1995; pp 465-466.
27. Dooley, C. T.; Houghten, R. A. Identification of mu-selective polyamine antagonists from a synthetic combinatorial library. Analgesia 1995, 1, 400-404.
28. Nefzi, A.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Parallel solid-phase synthesis of tetrasubstituted diethylenetriamines via selective amide alkylation and exhaustive reduction of N-acylated dipeptides. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 335-344.
29. Blondelle, S. E.; Crooks, E.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Mixture-based heterocyclic combinatorial positional scanning libraries: Discovery of bicyclic guanidines having potent antifungal activities against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999, 43, 106-114.
30. Szardenings, A. K.; Burkoth, T. S.; Look, G. C.; Campbell, D. A. A reductive alkylation procedure application to both solution and solid-phase syntheses of secondary amines. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 6720-6724.
31. 2NH) bond isosteres. Pept. Res. 1993, 6, 10-12.
32. Gordon, D. W.; Steele, J. Reductive alkylation on a solid phase: Synthesis of a piperazinedione combinatorial library. BioMed. Chem. Lett. 1995, 5, 47-50.
33. Murphy, M. M.; Schullek, J. R.; Gordon, E. M.; Gallop, M. A. Combinatorial organic synthesis of highly functionalized pyrrolidines: identification of a potent angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor from a mercaptoacyl proline library. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7029-7030.
34. Griffith, M. C.; Dooley, C. T.; Houghten, R. A.; Kiely, J. S. Solid-phase synthesis, characterization, and screening of a 43,000-compound tetrahydroisoquinoline combinatorial library. In Molecular Diversity and Combinatorial Chemistry: Libraries and Drug Discovery; Chaiken, I. M., Janda, K. D., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996; pp 50-57.
35. Pei, Y.; Houghten, R. A.; Kiely, J. S. synthesis of 4-amino-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-Quinolinones Via B-lactam intermediates on the solid-phase. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 3349-3352.
36. Roussel, P.; Bradley, M.; Kane, P.; Bailey, C.; Arnold, R.; Cross, A. Inhibition of the tissue factor factor VIIa complex - Lead optimisation using combinatorial chemistry. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 6219-6230.
37. Krchn̄ák, V.; Weichsel, A. S.; Cabel, D.; Lebl, M. Structurally homogeneous and heterogeneous libraries: scaffold-based libraries and libraries built using bifunctional building blocks. In Molecular Diversity and Combinatorial Chemistry: Libraries and Drug Discovery; Chaiken, I. M., Janda, K. D., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996; pp 99-117.
38. Scott, B. O.; Siegmund, A. C.; Marlowe, C. K.; Pei, Y.; Spear, K. L. Solid-phase organic synthesis (SPOS): A novel route to diketopeperazines and diketomorpholines. Mol. Diversity 1995, 1, 125-134.
39. Krchñák, V.; Weichsel, A. S. Polymer-supported synthesis of diverse perhydro-1,4-diazepin-2,5-diones. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 7299-7302.
40. Holmes, C.; Chinn, J.; Look, G.; Gordon, E.; Gallop, M. Strategies for combinatorial organic synthesis: Solution and polymer-supported synthesis of 4-thiazolidinones and 4-metathiazanones derived from amino acids. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7328-7333.
41. Look, G. C.; Schullek, J. R.; Holmes, C. P.; Chinn, J. P.; Gordon, E. M.; Gallop, M. A. The identification of cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors from 4-thiazolidinone combinatorial libraries. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 707-712.
42. Bhalay, G.; Cowell, D.; Hone, N. D.; Scobie, M.; Baxter, A. D. Multiple solid-phase synthesis of hydantoins and thiohydantoins. Mol. Diversity 1998, 3, 195-198.
43. Perumattan, J.; Chakravarty, S.; McEnroe, G. A.; Goehring, R.; Mavunkel, B.; Suravajjala, S.; Whithney, S.; Chen, B. Solid-phase synthesis of combinatorial libraries using anhydrides as templates. Mol. Diversity 1998, 3, 121-128.
44. Hebert, N. Convergent solid-phase synthesis of phosphoramidate combinatorial libraries. In Molecular Diversity and Combinatorial Chemistry: Libraries and Drug Discovery; Chaiken, I. M., Janda, K. D., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996; pp 30-39.
45. Patel, D. V.; Gordeev, M. F.; England, B. P.; Gordon, E. M. Solid-Phase and Combinatorial Synthesis of Heterocyclic Scaffolds: Dihydropyridines, Pyridines, and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines. In Molecular Diversity and Combinatorial Chemistry: Libraries and Drug Discovery; Chaiken, I. M., Janda, K. D., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996; pp 58-69.
46. Bhandari, A.; Jones, D. G.; Schullek, J. R.; Vo, K.; Schunk, C. A.; Tamanaha, L. L.; Chen, D.; Yuan, Z. Y.; Needels, M. C.; Gallop, M. A. Exploring structure-activity relationships around the phosphomannose isomerase inhibitor AF14049 via combinatorial synthesis. BioMed. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 2303-2308.
47. Dörner, B.; Husar, G. M.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. The synthesis of peptidomimetic combinatorial libraries through successive amide alkylation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1996, 4, 709-715.
48. Dörner, B.; Ostresh, J. M.; Husar, G. M.; Houghten, R. A. Generation of peralkylated peptidomimetic combinatorial libraries. Methods Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996, 6, 35-40.
49. Houghten, R. A.; Blondelle, S. E.; Dooley, C. T.; Dörner, B.; Eichler, J.; Ostresh, J. M. Libraries from libraries: Generation and comparison of screening profiles. Mol. Diversity 1996, 2, 41-45.
50. Nefzi, A.; Ostresh, J. M.; Meyer, J.-P.; Houghten, R. A. Solid-phase synthesis of heterocyclic compounds from linear peptides: cyclic ureas and thioureas. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 931-934.
51. Nefzi, A.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Solid-phase synthesis of 1,3,4,7-tetrasubstituted perhydro-1,4-diazepine-2,5-diones. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 4943-4946.
52. Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Combinatorial libraries of imidazol-pyrido-indole and imidazol-pyrido-benzothiophene derivatives, methods of making the libraries and compounds therein. U.S. Patent No. 5,856,107, 1999.
53. Meyer, J.-P.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Combinatorial libraries of hydantoin and thiohydantoin derivatives, methods of making the libraries and compounds therein. U.S. Patent No. 5,859,190, 1999.
54. Blondelle, S. E.; Nefzi, A.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Novel antifungal compounds derived from heterocyclic positional scanning combinatorial libraries. Pure Appl. Chem. 1998, 70, 2141. Electronic publication at: http://www.iupac.org/symposia/proceedings/phuket97/blondelle.html.
55. Blondelle, S. E.; Pérez-Payá, E.; Houghten, R. A. Synthetic combinatorial libraries: Novel discovery strategy for identification of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1996, 40, 1067-1071.
56. Pinilla, C.; Martin, R.; Gran, B.; Appel, J. R.; Boggiano, C.; Wilson, D. B.; Houghten, R. A. Exploring immunological specificity using synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1999, 11, 193-202.
57. Houghten, R. A.; Pinilla, C.; Blondelle, S. E.; Appel, J. R.; Dooley, C. T.; Cuervo, J. H. Generation and use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries for basic research and drug discovery. Nature 1991, 354, 84-86.
58. Lam, K. S.; Salmon, S. E.; Hersh, E. M.; Hruby, V. J.; Kazmierski, W. M.; Knapp, R. J. A new type of synthetic peptide library for identifying ligand-binding activity. Nature 1991, 354, 82-84.
59. Furka, A.; Sebestyen, F.; Asgedom, M.; Dibo, G. General method for rapid synthesis of multicomponent peptide mixtures. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 1991, 37, 487-493.
60. Ostresh, J. M.; Winkle, J. H.; Hamashin, V. T.; Houghten, R. A. Peptide libraries: Determination of relative reaction rates of protected amino acids in competitive couplings. Biopolymers 1994, 34, 1681-1689.
61. Burgess, K.; Liaw, A. I.; Wang, N. Combinatorial technologies involving reiterative division/coupling/recombination: Statistical considerations. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 19, 2985-2987.
62. Geysen, H. M.; Rodda, S. J.; Mason, T. J. A priori delineation of a peptide which mimics a discontinuous antigenic determinant. Mol. Immunol. 1986, 23, 709-715.
63. Pinilla, C.; Appel, J. R.; Blanc, P.; Houghten, R. A. Rapid identification of high affinity peptide ligands using positional scanning synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. Biotechniques 1992, 13, 901-905.
64. Eichler, J.; Houghten, R. A. Identification of substrate-analogue trypsin inhibitors through the screening of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. Biochemistry 1993, 32, 11035-11041.
65. Kramer, A.; Volkmer-Engert, R.; Malin, R.; Reineke, U.; Schneider-Mergener, J. Simultaneous synthesis of peptide libraries on single resin and continuous cellulose membrane supports: Examples for the identification of protein, metal and DNA binding peptide mixtures. Pept. Res. 1993, 6, 314-319.
66. Udaka, K.; Wiesmüller, K.-H.; Kienle, S.; Jung, G.; Walden, P. Decrypting the structure of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes with complex peptide libraries. J. Exp. Med. 1995, 181, 2097-2108.
67. Déprez, B.; Williard, X.; Bourel, L.; Coste, H.; Hyafil, F.; Tartar, A. Orthogonal combinatorial chemical libraries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5405-5406.
68. Carell, T.; Wintner, E. A.; Bashir-Hashemi, A.; Rebek, J., Jr. A novel procedure for the synthesis of libraries containing small organic molecules. Angew. Chem. (Engl.) 1994, 33, 2059-2061.
69. Carell, T.; Wintner, E. A.; Rebek, J., Jr. A solution-phase screening procedure for the isolation of active compounds from a library of molecules. Angew. Chem. (Engl.) 1994, 33, 2061-2064.
70. Konings, D. A. M.; Wyatt, J. R.; Ecker, D. J.; Freier, S. M. Strategies for rapid deconvolution of combinatorial libraries: Comparative evaluation using a model system. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 4386-4395.
71. Blake, J.; Litzidavis, L. Evaluation of peptide libraries-an iterative strategy to analyze the reactivity of peptide mixtures with antibodies. Bioconjugate Chem. 1992, 3, 510-513.
72. Blake, J.; Johnston, J. V.; Hellström, K. E.; Marquardt, H.; Chen, L. P. Use of combinatorial peptide libraries to construct functional mimics of tumor epitopes recognized by MHC class I-restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 1996, 184, 121-130.
73. Pirrung, M. C.; Chen, J. Preparation and screening against acetylcholinesterase of a non-peptide "indexed" combinatorial library. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 1240-1245.
74. Sepetov, N. F.; Krchnák, V.; Stanková, M.; Wade, S.; Lam, K. S.; Lebl, M. Library of libraries: Approach to synthetic combinatorial library design and screening of "pharmacophore" motifs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92, 5426-5430.
75. Kaur, S.; McGuire, L.; Tang, D. Z.; Dollinger, G.; Huebner, V. Affinity selection and mass spectrometry-based strategies to identify lead compounds in combinatorial libraries. J. Protein Chem. 1997, 16, 505-511.
76. Siegel, M. M.; Tabei, K.; Bebernitz, G. A.; Baum, E. Z. Rapid methods for screening low molecular mass compounds noncovalently bound to proteins using size exclusion and mass spectrometry applied to inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus protease. J. Mass Spectrom. 1998, 33, 264-273.
77. Griffey, R. H.; An, H. Y.; Cummins, L. L.; Gaus, H. J.; Haly, B.; Herrmann, R.; Cook, P. D. Rapid deconvolution of combinatorial libraries using HPLC fractionation. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 4067-4076.
78. Van Breemen, R. B.; Huang, C. R.; Nikolic, D.; Woodbury, C. P.; Zhao, Y. Z.; Venton, D. L. Pulsed ultrafiltration mass spectrometry: A new method for screening combinatorial libraries. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 2159-2164.
79. Wilson-Lingardo, L.; Davis, P. W.; Ecker, D. J.; Hebert, N.; Acevedo, O.; Sprankle, K.; Brennan, T.; Schwarcz, L.; Freier, S. M.; Wyatt, J. R. Deconvolution of combinatorial libraries for drug discovery; experimental comparison of pooling strategies. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 2720-2726.
80. Konings, D. A. M.; Wyatt, J. R.; Ecker, D. J.; Freier, S. M. Deconvolution of combinatorial libraries for drug discovery: Theoretical comparison of pooling strategies. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 2710-2719.
81. Dooley, C. T.; Spaeth, C. G.; Craymer, K.; Adapa, I. D.; Brandt, S. R.; Houghten, R.; Toll, L. Binding and in vitro activities of peptides with high affinity for the Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ receptor, ORL1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 283, 735-741.
82. Appel, J. R.; Buencamino, J.; Houghten, R. A.; Pinilla, C. Exploring antibody polyspecificity using synthetic combinatorial libraries. Mol. Diversity 1996, 2, 29-34.
83. Berk, S. C.; Chapman, K. T. Spatially arrayed mixture (SpAM) technology: Synthesis of two- dimensionally indexed orthogonal combinatorial libraries. BioMed. Chem. Lett. 1997, 7, 837-842.
84. Boger, D. L.; Chai, W. Y.; Jin, Q. Multistep convergent solution-phase combinatorial synthesis and deletion synthesis deconvolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 7220-7225.
85. Snider, M. Screening of compound libraries.... consommé or gumbo? J. Biomol. Screening 1998, 3, 169-170.
86. Chung, T. D. Y. Screen compounds singly: Why muck it up? J. Biomol. Screening 1998, 3, 171-173.
87. Pinilla, C.; Appel, J. R.; Houghten, R. A. Investigation of antigen-antibody interactions using a soluble nonsupport-bound synthetic decapeptide library composed of four trillion sequences. Biochem. J. 1994, 307, 847-853.
88. Hemmer, B.; Fleckenstein, B.; Vergelli, M.; Jung, G.;McFarland, H.; Martin, R.; Wiesmüller, K.-H. Identification of high potency microbial and self-ligands for a human autoreactive class II-restricted T cell clone. J. Exp. Med. 1997, 185, 1651-1659.
89. Dörner, B.; Ostresh, J. M.; Blondelle, S. E.; Dooley, C. T.; Houghten, R. A. Peptidomimetic synthetic combinatorial libraries. In Advances in Amino Acid Mimetics and Peptidomimetics; Abell, A., Ed.; JAI Press: Greenwich, CT, 1998; pp 109-125.
90. Appel, J. R.; Johnson, J.; Narayanan, V. L.; Houghten, R. A. Identification of novel antitumor agents from mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries using cell-based assays. Mol. Diversity, 1999, 4, 91-102.
91. Quillan, J. M.; Jayawickreme, C. K.; Lerner, M. R. Combinatorial diffusion assay used to identify topically active melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor antagonists. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92, 2894-2898.
92. Dooley, C. T.; Hope, S. K.; Houghten, R. A. Identification of tetrameric opioid peptides from a combinatorial library composed of L-, D- and nonproteinogenic amino acids. In Peptides 94: Proceedings of the 23rd European Peptide Symposium; Maia, H. L. S., Ed.; ESCOM: Leiden, 1995; pp 805-806.
93. Dooley, C. T.; Ny, P.; Bidlack, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Selective ligands for the m, d, and k opioid receptors identified from a single tetrapeptide positional scanning combinatorial library. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 18848-18856.
94. Houghten, R. A.; Dooley, C. T. The use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries for the determination of peptide ligands in radio-receptor assays: opioid peptides. BioMed. Chem. Lett. 1993, 3, 405-412.
95. Dooley, C. T.; Kaplan, R. A.; Chung, N. N.; Schiller, P. W.; Bidlack, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Six highly active mu-selective opioid peptides identified from two synthetic combinatorial libraries. Pept. Res. 1995, 8, 124-137.
96. Dooley, C. T.; Chung, N. N.; Schiller, P. W.; Houghten, R. A. Acetalins: Opioid receptor antagonists determined through the use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993, 90, 10811-10815.
97. Neustadt, B.; Wu, A.; Smith, E. M.; Nechuta, T.; Fawzi, A.; Zhang, H.; Ganguly, A. K. A case study of combinatorial libraries: Endothelin receptor antagonist hexapeptides. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1995, 5, 2041-2044.
98. Dooley, C. T.; Houghten, R. A. The use of positional scanning synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries for the rapid determination of opioid receptor ligands. Life Sci. 1993, 52, 1509-1517.
99. Pinilla, C.; Appel, J. R.; Blondelle, S. E.; Dooley, C. T.; Eichler, J.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. Versatility of positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries for the identification of individual compounds. Drug Dev. Res. 1994, 33, 133-145.
100. Dooley, C. T.; Chung, N. N.; Wilkes, B. C.; Schiller, P. W.; Bidlack, J. M.; Pasternak, G. W.; Houghten, R. A. An all D-amino acid opioid peptide with central analgesic activity from a combinatorial library. Science 1994, 266, 2019-2022.
101. Baumbach, W. R.; Carrie, T. A.; Pausch, M.; Bingham, B.; Carmignac, D.; Robinson, I. C. A. F.; Houghten, R.; Eppler, C. M.; Price, L. A.; Zysk, J. R. A linear hexapeptide Somatostatin antagonist blocks Somatostatin activity in vitro and influences growth hormone release in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 54, 864-873.
102. Jayawickreme, C. K.; Graminski, G. F.; Quillan, J. M.; Lerner, M. R. Creation and functional screening of a multi-use peptide library. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91, 1614-1618.
103. Jayawickreme, C. K.; Quillan, J. M.; Graminski, G. F.; Lerner, M. R. Discovery and structure-function analysis of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone antagonist. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 269, 29846-29854.
104. Spatola, A. F.; Crozet, Y.; DeWit, D.; Yanagisawa, M. Rediscovering an endothelin antagonist (BQ-123): A self-deconvoluting cyclic pentapeptide library. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 3842-3846.
105. Hirschmann, R.; Yao, W.; Cascieri, M. A.; Strader, C. D.; Maechler, L.; Cichy-Knight, M. A.; Hynes, J.; van Rijn, R. D.; Sprengeler, P. A.; Smith, A. B. Synthesis of potent cyclic hexapeptide NK-1 antagonists. Use of a minilibrary in transforming a peptidal somatostatin receptor ligand into an NK-1 receptor ligand via a polyvalent peptidomimetic. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 2441-2448.
106. Bitan, G.; Sukhotinsky, I.; Mashrika, Y.; Hanani, M.; Selinger, Z.; Gilon, C. Synthesis and biological activity of novel backbone-bicyclic substance-P analogues containing lactam and disulfide bridges. J. Pept. Res. 1997, 49, 421-426.
107. Moore, G. J. "Hinge" peptide libraries in basic research and drug development: Application to breast cancer and multiple sclerosis. Drug Dev. Res. 1997, 42, 157-163.
108. Zuckermann, R. N.; Martin, E. J.; Spellmeyer, D. C.; Stauber, G. B.; Shoemaker, K. R.; Kerr, J. M.; Figliozzi, G. M.; Goff, D. A.; Siani, M. A.; Simon, R. J.; Banville, S. C.; Brown, E. G.; Wang, L.; Richter, L. S.; Moos, W. H. Discovery of nanomolar ligands for 7-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors from a diverse N-(substituted) glycine peptoid library. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 2678-2685.
109. Terrett, N. K.; Gardner, M.; Gordon, D. W.; Kobylecki, R. J.; Steele, J. Combinatorial synthesis - The design of compound libraries and their application to drug discovery. Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8135-8173.
110. Terrett, N. K.; Bojanic, D.; Brown, D.; Bungay, P. J.; Gardner, M.; Gordon, D. W.; Mayers, C. J.; Steele, J. The combinatorial synthesis of a 30,752-compound library: discovery of SAR around the endothelin antagonist, FR-139,317. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1995, 5, 917-922.
111. Heizmann, G.; Hildebrand, P.; Tanner, H.; Ketterer, S.; Pansky, A.; Froidevaux, S.; Beglinger, C.; Eberle, A. N. A combinatorial peptoid library for the identification of novel MSH and GRP/ bombesin receptor ligands. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. 1999, 19, 449-466.
112. 4 antagonist by combinatorial chemistry in solution. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1997, 5, 493-496.
113. Davis, P. W.; Vickers, T. A.; Wilson-Lingardo, L.; Wyatt, J. R.; Guinosso, C. J.; Sanghvi, Y. S.; DeBaets, E. A.; Acevedo, O. L.; Cook, P. D.; Ecker, D. J. Drug leads from combinatorial phosphodiester libraries. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 4363-4366.
114. Rohrer, S. P.; Birzin, E. T.; Mosley, R. T.; Berk, S. C.; Hutchins, S. M.; Shen, D.-M.; Xiong, Y.; Hayes, E. C.; Parmar, R. M.; Foor, F.; Mitra, S. W.; Degrado, S. J.; Klopp, J. M.; Cai, S.-J.; Blake, A.; Chan, W. W. S.; Pasternak, A.; Yang, L.; Patchett, A. A.; Smith, R. G.; Chapman, K. T.; Schaeffer, J. M. Rapid identification of subtype-selective agonists of the somatostatin receptor through combinatorial chemistry. Science 1998, 282, 737-740.
115. Chakravarty, S.; Mavunkel, B. J.; Goehring, R. R.; Kyle, D. J. Novel bradykinin receptor antagonists from a structurally directed non-peptide combinatorial library. Immunopharmacology 1996, 33, 61-67.
116. Marder, M.; Viola, H.; Bacigaluppo, J. A.; Colombo, M. I.; Wasowski, C.; Wolfman, C.; Medina, J. H.; Rúveda, E. A.; Paladini, A. C. Detection of benzodiazepine receptor ligands in small libraries of flavone derivatives synthesized by solution phase combinatorial chemistry. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1998, 249, 481-485.
117. Houghten, R. A.; Appel, J. R.; Blondelle, S. E.; Cuervo, J. H.; Dooley, C. T.; Pinilla, C. The use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries for the identification of bioactive peptides. Biotechniques 1992, 13, 412-421.
118. Appel, J. R.; Pinilla, C.; Houghten, R. A. Identification of related peptides recognized by a monoclonal antibody using a synthetic peptide combinatorial library. Immunomethods 1992, 1, 17-23.
119. Pinilla, C.; Chendra, S.; Appel, J. R.; Houghten, R. A. Elucidation of monoclonal antibody polyspecificity using synthetic combinatorial library. Pept. Res. 1995, 8, 250-257.
120. Pinilla, C.; Appel, J. R.; Houghten, R. A. Synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries (SPCLs): Identification of the antigenic determinant of b-endorphin recognized by monoclonal antibody 3E7. Gene 1993, 128, 71-76.
121. Pinilla, C.; Buencamino, J.; Appel, J. R.; Houghten, R. A.; Brassard, J. A.; Ruggeri, Z. M. Two antipeptide monoclonal antibodies that recognize adhesive sequences in fibrinogen: Identification of antigenic determinants and unrelated sequences using synthetic combinatorial libraries. Biomed. Pept. Proteins Nucleic Acids 1995, 1, 199-204.
122. Pinilla, C.; Buencamino, J.; Appel, J. R.; Hopp, T. P.; Houghten, R. A. Mapping the detailed specificity of a calcium-dependent monoclonal antibody through the use of soluble positional scanning combinatorial libraries: Identification of potent calcium-independent antigens. Mol. Diversity 1995, 1, 21-28.
123. Appel, J. R.; Campbell, G. D.; Buencamino, J.; Houghten, R. A.; Pinilla, C. Characterization of antigen-antibody interactions using single substitution analogues and mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries. J. Pept. Res. 1998, 52, 346-355.
124. Geysen, H. M.; Mason, T. J. Screening chemically synthesized peptide libraries for biologically relevant molecules. BioMed. Chem. Lett. 1993, 3, 397-404.
125. Kramer, A.; Vakalopoulou, E.; Schleuning, W. D.; Schneider-Mergener, J. A general route to fingerprint analysis of peptide-antibody interactions using a clustered amino acid peptide library: comparison with a phage display library. Mol. Immunol. 1995, 32, 459-465.
126. Park, J. Y.; Kim, I. J.; Lee, M. H.; Seo, J. K.; Suh, P. G.; Cho, B. Y.; Ryu, S. H.; Chae, C. B. Identification of the peptides that inhibit the stimulation of thyrotropin receptor by Graves' immunoglobulin G from peptide libraries. Endocrinology 1997, 138, 617-626.
127. Appel, J. R.; Muller, S.; Benkirane, N.; Houghten, R. A.; Pinilla, C. Highly specific, cross-reactive sequences recognized by an Anti-HBsAg antibody identified from a positional scanning synthetic combinatorial library. Pept. Res. 1996, 9, 174-182.
128. Pinilla, C.; Appel, J. R.; Campbell, G. D.; Buencamino, J.; Benkirane, N.; Muller, S.; Greenspan, N. All-D peptides recognized by an anti-carbohydrate antibody identified from a positional scanning library. J. Mol. Biol. 1998, 283, 1013-1025.
129. Gao, B.; Esnouf, M. P. Elucidation of the core residues of an epitope using membrane- based combinatorial peptide libraries. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 24634-24638.
130. Kramer, A.; Keitel, T.; Winkler, K.; Stöcklein, W.; Höhne, W.; Schneider-Mergener, J. Molecular basis for the binding promiscuity of an anti-p24 (HIV-1) monoclonal antibody. Cell 1997, 91, 799-809.
131. b. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 24130-24134.
132. Stryhn, A.; Pedersen, L. O.; Romme, T.; Holm, C. H.; Holm, A.; Buus, S. Peptide binding specificity of major histocompatibility complex class I resolved into an array of apparently independent subspecificities: Quantitation by peptide libraries and improved prediction of binding. Eur. J. Immunol. 1996, 26, 1911-1918.
133. d. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 236, 249-253.
134. Fleckenstein, B.; Kalbacher, H.; Muller, C. P.; Stoll, D.; Halder, T.; Jung, G.; Wiesmüller, K.-H. New ligands binding to the human leucocyte antigen class II molecule DRB*0101 based on the activity pattern of an undecapeptide library. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 240, 71-77.
135. Davenport, M. P.; Smith, K. J.; Barouch, D.; Reid, S. W.; Bodnar, W. M.; Willis, A. C.; Hunt, D. F.; Hill, A. V. S. HLA class I binding motifs derived from random peptide libraries differ at the COOH terminus from those of eluted peptides. J. Exp. Med. 1997, 185, 367-371.
136. Stevens, J.; Wiesmüller, K.-H.; Barker, P. J.; Walden, P.; Butcher, G. W.; Joly, E. Efficient generation of major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complexes using synthetic peptide libraries. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 2874-2884.
137. Udaka, K.; Wiesmüller, K.-H.; Kienle, S.; Jung, G.; Walden, P. Self-MHC-restricted peptides recognized by an alloreactive T lymphocyte clone. J. Immunol. 1996, 157, 670-678.
138. Gundlach, B. R.; Wiesmüller, K.-H.; Junt, T.; Kienle, S.; Jung, G.; Walden, P. Determination of T cell epitopes with random peptide libraries. J. Immunol. Methods 1996, 192, 149-155.
139. Gundlach, B. R.; Wiesmüller, K.-H.; Junt, T.; Kienle, S.; Jung, G.; Walden, P. Specificity and degeneracy of minor histocompatibility antigen-specific MHC-restricted CTL. J. Immunol. 1996, 156, 3645-3651.
140. Münz, C.; Obst, R.; Osen, W.; Stevanovic, S.; Rammensee, H. G. Alloreactivity as a source of high avidity peptide-specific human CTL. J. Immunol. 1999, 162, 25-34.
141. Hemmer, B.; Pinilla, C.; Appel, J.; Pascal, J.; Houghten, R.; Martin, R. The use of soluble synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries to determine antigen recognition of T cells. J. Pept. Res. 1998, 52, 338-345.
142. Daniel, C.; Horvath, S.; Allen, P. M. A basis for alloreactivity: MHC helical residues broaden peptide recognition by the TCR. Immunity 1998, 8, 543-552.
143. 4+ T cell epitopes with dedicated synthetic peptide libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 10313-10318.
144. Hiemstra, H. S.; Van Veelen, P. A.; Schloot, N. C.; Geluk, A.; Van Meijgaarden, K. E.; Willemen, S. J. M.; Leunissen, J. A. M.; Benckhuijsen, W. E.; Amons, R.; De Vries, R. R. P.; Roep, B. O.; Ottenhoff, T. H. M.; Drijfhout, J. W. Definition of natural T cell antigens with mimicry epitopes obtained from dedicated synthetic peptide libraries. J. Immunol. 1998, 161, 4078-4082.
145. Vendeville, S.; Buisine, E.; Williard, X.; Schrevel, J.; Grellier, P.; Santana, J.; Sergheraert, C. Identification of inhibitors of an 80 kDa protease from Trypanosoma cruzi through the screening of a combinatorial peptide library. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1999, 47, 194-198.
146. Owens, R. A.; Gesellchen, P. D.; Houchins, B. J.; DiMarchi, R. D. The rapid identification of HIV protease inhibitors through the synthesis and screening of defined peptide mixtures. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1991, 181, 402-408.
147. Kundu, B.; Bauser, M.; Betschinger, J.; Kraas, W.; Jung, G. Identification of a potent analogue of nazumamide A through iteration of combinatorial tetrapeptide libraries. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 1669-1672.
148. Wallace, A.; Koblan, K. S.; Hamilton, K.; Marquis-Omer, D. J.; Miller, P. J.; Mosser, S. D.; Omer, C. A.; Schaber, M. D.; Cortese, R.; Oliff, A.; Gibbs, J. B.; Pessi, A. Selection of potent inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase from a synthetic tetrapeptide combinatorial library. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 31306-31311.
149. Lutzke, R. A. P.; Eppens, N. A.; Weber, P. A.; Houghten, R. A.; Plasterk, R. H. Identification of a hexapeptide inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus integrase protein by using a combinatorial chemical library. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92, 11456-11460.
150. Apletalina, E.; Appel, J. R.; Lamango, N. S.; Houghten, R. A.; Lindberg, I. Identification of inhibitors of prohormone convertases 1 and 2 using a peptide combinatorial library. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 26589-26595.
151. Devulapalle, K. S.; Mooser, G. Preliminary screening of a hexapeptide combinatorial library for glucosyltransferase (GTF-1) inhibition. Protein Pept. Lett. 1998, 5, 159-162.
152. Lukas, T. J.; Mirzoeva, S.; Slomczynska, U.; Watterson, D. M. Identification of novel classes of protein kinase inhibitors using combinatorial peptide chemistry based on functional genomics knowledge. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 910-919.
153. Mukhija, S.; Germeroth, L.; Schneider-Mergener, J.; Erni, B. Identification of peptides inhibiting enzyme I of the bacterial phosphotransferase system using combinatorial cellulose-bound peptide libraries. Eur. J. Biochem. 1998, 254, 433-438.
154. Eichler, J.; Lucka, A. W.; Pinilla, C.; Houghten, R. A. Novel α-glucosidase inhibitors identified using multiple cyclic peptide combinatorial libraries. Mol. Diversity 1996, 1, 233-240.
155. Eichler, J.; Lucka, A. W.; Houghten, R. A. Cyclic peptide template combinatorial libraries: Synthesis and identification of chymotrypsin inhibitors. Pept. Res. 1994, 7, 300-307.
156. Blackburn, C.; Pingali, A.; Herman, L. W.; Wang, H.; Kates, S. A. Libraries of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: solid-phase synthesis and affinity selection. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1997, 7, 823-826.
157. Lohse, A.; Jensen, K. B.; Bols, M. The first combinatorial library of azasugar glycosidase inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3033-3036.
158. Martin, L.; Cornille, F.; Turcaud, S.; Meudal, H.; Roques, B. P.; Fournie-Zaluski, M.-C. Metallopeptidase inhibitors of tetanus toxin: a combinatorial approach. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 515-525.
159. Jiracek, J.; Yiotakis, A.; Vincent, B.; Checler, F.; Dive, V. Development of the first potent and selective inhibitor of the zinc endopeptidase neurolysin using a systematic approach based on combinatorial chemistry of phosophinic peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 19606-19611.
160. Esser, C. K.; Kevin, N. J.; Yates, N. A.; Chapman, K. T. Solid-phase synthesis of a N-carboxyalkyl tripeptide combinatorial library. BioMed. Chem. Lett. 1997, 7, 2639-2644.
161. Pellegrini, M. C.; Liang, H. B.; Mandiyan, S.; Wang, K.; Yuryev, A.; Vlattas, I.; Sytwu, T.; Li, Y. C.; Wennogle, L. P. Mapping the subsite preferences of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-1B using combinatorial chemistry approaches. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 15598-15606.
162. Campbell, D. A.; Bermak, J. C.; Burkoth, T. S.; Patel, D. V. A transition state analogue inhibitor combinatorial library. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5381-5382.
163. Szardenings, A. K.; Harris, D.; Lam, S.; Shi, L. H.; Tien, D.; Wang, Y. W.; Patel, D. V.; Navre, M.; Campbell, D. A. Rational design and combinatorial evaluation of enzyme inhibitor scaffolds: Identification of novel inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 2194-2200.
164. Blondelle, S. E.; Takahashi, E.; Weber, P. A.; Houghten, R. A. Identification of antimicrobial peptides using combinatorial libraries made up of unnatural amino acids. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1994, 38, 2280-2286.
165. Pinilla, C.; Appel, J.; Blondelle, S. E.; Dooley, C. T.; Dörner, B.; Eichler, J.; Ostresh, J. M.; Houghten, R. A. A review of the utility of peptide combinatorial libraries. Biopolymers (Pept. Sci.) 1995, 37, 221-240.
166. Houghten, R. A.; Dinh, K. T.; Burcin, D. E.; Blondelle, S. E. The systematic development of peptides having potent antimicrobial activity against E. coli through the use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. In Techniques in Protein Chemistry IV; Angeletti, R. H., Ed.; Academic Press: Orlando, FL, 1993; pp 249-256.
167. Blondelle, S. E.; Pérez-Payá, E.; Dooley, C. T.; Pinilla, C.; Houghten, R. A. Soluble combinatorial libraries of organic, peptidomimetic and peptide diversities. Trends Anal. Chem. 1995, 14, 83-92.
168. Reed, J. D.; Edwards, D. L.; Gonzalez, C. F. Synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries: A method for the identification of bioactive peptides against phytopathogenic fungi. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 1997, 10, 537-549.
169. Hong, S. Y.; Oh, J. E.; Kwon, M. Y.; Choi, M. J.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, B. L.; Moon, H. M.; Lee, K. H. Identification and characterization of novel antimicrobial decapeptides generated by combinatorial chemistry. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1998, 42, 2534-2541.
170. Blondelle, S. E.; Takahashi, E.; Houghten, R. A.; Pérez-Payá, E. Rapid identification of compounds having enhanced antimicrobial activity using conformationally defined combinatorial libraries. Biochem. J. 1996, 313, 141-147.
171. An, H.; Cummins, L. L.; Griffey, R. H.; Bharadwaj, R.; Haly, B. D.; Fraser, A. S.; Wilson-Lingardo, L.; Risen, L. M.; Wyatt, J. R.; Cook, P. D. Solution phase combinatorial chemistry. Discovery of novel polyazapyridinophanes with potent antibacterial activity by a solution phase simultaneous addition of functionalities approach. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3696-3708.
172. An, H.; Haly, B. D.; Cook, D. Discovery of novel pyridino-polyamines with potent antimicrobial activity: Deconvolution of mixtures synthesized by solution-phase combinatorial chemistry. J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 706-716.
173. Kung, P.-P.; Bharadwaj, R.; Fraser, A. S.; Cook, D. R.; Kawasaki, A. M.; Cook, P. D. Solution-phase synthesis of novel linear oxyamine combinatorial libraries with antibacterial activity. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 1846-1852.
174. Huang, X. F.; Pieczko, M. E.; Long, E. C. Combinatorial optimization of the DNA cleaving Ni(II).Xaa-Xaa-His metallotripeptide domain. Biochemistry 1999, 38, 2160-2166.
175. Rano, T. A.; Timkey, T.; Peterson, E. P.; Rotonda, J.; Nicholson, D. W.; Becker, J. W.; Chapman, K. T.; Thornberry, N. A. A combinatorial approach for determining protease specificities: application to interleukin-1b converting enzyme (ICE). Chem. Biol. 1997, 4, 149-155.
176. Thornberry, N. A.; Ranon, T. A.; Pieterson, E. P.; Rasper, D. M.; Timkey, T.; Garcia-Calvo, M.; Houtzager, V. M.; Nordstrom, P. A.; Roy, S.; Vaillancourt, J. P.; Chapman, K. T.; Nicholson, D. W. A combinatorial approach defines specificities of members of the caspase family and granzyme B - Functional relationships established for key mediators of apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 17907-17911.
177. Boutin, J. A.; Marande, W.; Petit, L.; Loynel, A.; Desmet, C.; Canet, E.; Fauchère, J. L. Investigation of S-farnesyl transferase substrate specificity with combinatorial tetrapeptide libraries. Cell. Signal. 1999, 11, 59-69.
178. Baek, S. H.; Seo, J. K.; Chae, C. B.; Suh, P. G.; Ryu, S. H. Identification of the peptides that stimulate the phosphoinositide hydrolysis in lymphocyte cell lines from peptide libraries. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 8170-8175.
179. Blondelle, S. E.; Houghten, R. A.; Pérez-Payá, E. Identification of inhibitors of melittin using nonsupport-bound combinatorial libraries. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271, 4093-4099.
180. Ferrer-Montiel, A. V.; Merino, J. M.; Blondelle, S. E.; Pérez-Payá, E.; Houghten, R. A.; Montal, M. Selected peptides targeted to the NMDA receptor channel protect neurons from excitotoxic death. Nature Biotechnol. 1998, 16, 286-291.
181. Blondelle, S. E.; Crook, E.; Aligué, R.; Agell, N.; Bachs, O.; Esteve, V.; Tejero, R.; Celda, B.; Pastor, M. T.; Pérez-Payá, E. Novel, potent calmodulin antagonists derived from an all-D hexapeptide combinatorial library that inhibit in vivo cell proliferation: Activity and structural characterization. J. Peptide Res. 1999, in press.
182. Blondelle, S. E.; Houghten, R. A.; Pérez-Payá, E. All D-amino acid hexapeptide inhibitors of melittin's cytolytic activity derived from synthetic combinatorial libraries. J. Mol. Recog. 1996, 9, 163-168.
183. Kruszynski, M.; Shealy, D. J.; Leone, A. O.; Heavner, G. A. Identification of the TNF-a binding peptides from a D-Amino acid hexapeptide library that specifically inhibit the TNF-α binding to the recombinant p55 receptor. Cytokine 1999, 11, 37-44.
184. Uebel, S.; Kraas, W.; Kienle, S.; Wiesmüller, K. H.; Jung, G.; Tampé, R. Recognition principle of the TAP transporter disclosed by combinatorial peptide libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 8976-8981.
185. Boyce, R.; Li, G.; Nestler, H. P.; Suenaga, T.; Still, W. C. Peptidosteroidal receptors for opioid peptides. Sequence-selective binding using a synthetic receptor library. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7955-7956.
186. Shipps, G. W., Jr.; Pryor, K. E.; Xian, J.; Skyler, D. A.; Davidson, E. H.; Rebek, J., Jr. Synthesis and screening of small molecule libraries active in binding to DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94, 11833-11838.
187. Taylor, E. W.; Gibbons, J. A.; Braeckman, R. A. Intestinal absorption screening of mixtures from combinatorial libraries in the Caco-2 model. Pharm. Res. 1997, 14, 572-577.