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Evolution of vertebral columns (1), Tertiary rodent size (2), foraminifera (5), ammonoid sutures (9).
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G. Boyajian and T. Lutz [Geology 20, 983 (1992)] and T. M. Lutz and C. Boyajian [Paleobiology 21, 329 (1995)] concluded that fractal indices of ammonoid sutures increased in minimum and maximum complexity because of increased variance and passive drift during the Paleozoic, but leveled off or declined during the Mesozoic.
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concluded that fractal indices of ammonoid sutures increased in minimum and maximum complexity because of increased variance and passive drift during the Paleozoic, but leveled off or declined during the Mesozoic.
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G. Boyajian and T. Lutz [Geology 20, 983 (1992)] and T. M. Lutz and C. Boyajian [Paleobiology 21, 329 (1995)] concluded that fractal indices of ammonoid sutures increased in minimum and maximum complexity because of increased variance and passive drift during the Paleozoic, but leveled off or declined during the Mesozoic.
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size in Tertiary horses
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Brachiopod hinge geometry [S. J. Carlson, Paleobiology 18, 344 (1992)], size in Tertiary horses [B. J. MacFadden, ibid. 12, 355 (1986)], Cenozoic mammals (3), early Paleozoic gastropods (6), Cretaceous-Tertiary foraminifera [R. D. Norris, ibid. 17, 388 (1991)], and Paleozoic ammonoids (11).
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Cenozoic mammals (3), early Paleozoic gastropods (6), Cretaceous-Tertiary foraminifera
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Brachiopod hinge geometry [S. J. Carlson, Paleobiology 18, 344 (1992)], size in Tertiary horses [B. J. MacFadden, ibid. 12, 355 (1986)], Cenozoic mammals (3), early Paleozoic gastropods (6), Cretaceous-Tertiary foraminifera [R. D. Norris, ibid. 17, 388 (1991)], and Paleozoic ammonoids (11).
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and Paleozoic ammonoids (11).
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0029531633
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note
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The ammonoid suture marks the contact between the shell wall and septa, which divide the shell into chambers. The suture complexity index (SCI) is the product of the length of the septal suture (SI) and a complexity factor (CF) reflecting the number of primary and secondary subdivisions (lobes and digitations). See W. B. Saunders, Paleobiology 21, 343 (1995) and (11).
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21
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note
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Appendix available at Science Online (www. sciencemag.org/feature/data/1043099.shl) lists Paleozoic ammonoid genera systematically, with suture complexity, stratigraphic occurrence, ancestors, and published sources.
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Time scale based on W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith, D. G. Smith, A Geologic Time Scale 1989 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990)
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note
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We thank D. McShea, J. Saunders, E. Greenfest, P. Thorson Work, and particularly J. Alroy for comments. Supported by NSF grant EAR 970623.
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