Global atmospheric distributions and source strengths of light hydrocarbons and tetrachloroethene

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 103, Issue D21, 1998, Pages 28219-28235

  Gupta, Mohan L ^a,c   Cicerone, Ralph J ^a   Blake, Donald R ^a   Rowland, F Sherwood ^a   Isaksen, Ivar S A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; HYDROCARBON; PROVENANCE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TETRACHLOROETHENE;

EID: 0033589864     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/98JD02645     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Abrahamsson, K., A. Ekdahl, J. Collen, and M. Pedersen, Marine algae - A source of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene, Limnol. Oceanogr., 40, 1321-1326, 1995.
2. Apel, E. C., J. G. Calvert, and F. C. Fehsenfeld, The nonmethane hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment (NOMHICE): Tasks 1 and 2, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16,651-16,664, 1994.
3. Atkinson, R., Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monogr., 2, 13-75, 1994.
4. Atkinson, R., D. L. Baulch, R. A. Cox, R. F. Hampson, J. A. Kerr, and J. Troe, Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Supplement IV, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 26, 1187-1230, 1992.
5. Barnett, J. J., and M. Corney, A middle atmosphere temperature reference model derived from satellite observations, Adv. Space Res., 5(7), 125-134, 1985.
6. Berntsen, T., and I. S. A. Isaksen, A 3-D photochemistry/transport model of the global troposphere, Rep. 89, Inst. of Geophys., Univ. of Oslo, Oslo, 1994.
7. Bey, I., B. Aumont, and G. Toupance, The nighttime production of OH radicals in the continental troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1067-1070, 1997.
8. Blake, D. R., and F. S. Rowland, Global atmospheric concentrations and source strengths of ethane, Nature, 321, 231-233, 1986.
9. Blake, D. R., and F. S. Rowland, Urban leakage of liquefied petroleum gas and its impact on Mexico City air quality, Science, 269, 953-956, 1995.
10. Blake, D. R., T. Y. Chen, T. W. Smith Jr., C. J.-L. Wang, O. W. Wingenter, N. J. Blake, F. S. Rowland, and E. W. Mayer, Three-dimensional distribution of nonmethane hydrocarbons and halocarbons over the northwestern Pacific during 1991 Pacific Exploratory Mission (PEM-West A), J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1763-1778, 1996.
11. Blake, N. J., D. R. Blake, B. C. Sive, T. Y. Chen, F. S. Rowland, J. E. Collins Jr., G. W. Sachse, and B. E. Anderson, Biomass burning emissions and vertical distribution of atmospheric methyl halides and other reduced carbon gases in the South Atlantic region, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24,151-24,164, 1996.
12. 14CO, Nature, 356, 50-52, 1992.
13. Brice, K. A., and R. G. Derwent, Emissions inventory for hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom, Atmos. Environ., 12, 2045-2054, 1978.
14. Chameides, W. L., and R. J. Cicerone, Effects of nonmethane hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 947-952, 1978.
15. Chameides, W. L., and A. Tan, The two-dimensional diagnostic model for tropospheric OH: An uncertainty analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 5209-5223, 1981.
16. Chatfield, R. B., and P. J. Crutzen, Sulfur dioxide in remote oceanic air: Cloud transport of reactive precursors, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 7111-7132, 1984.
17. Cicerone, R. J., and R. S. Oremland, Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 299-327, 1988.
18. 4 hydrocarbons in air over the northern and southern Atlantic Ocean, Chemosphere, 15, 413-427, 1986.
19. Crutzen, P. J., Role of the tropics in atmospheric chemistry, in The Geophysiology of Amazonia, edited by R. E. Dickinson, pp. 107-132, John Wiley, New York, 1987.
20. Crutzen, P. J., Methane's sinks and sources, Nature, 350, 380-381, 1991.
21. x sources on tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6641-6661, 1983.
22. Crutzen, P. J., and P. H. Zimmermann, The changing photochemistry of the troposphere, Tellus, Ser. AB, 43, 136-151, 1991.
23. 2 estimated from ALE/ GAGE and other measurements from July 1978 to June 1991, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1107-1126, 1994.
24. DeMore, W. B., J. J. Margitan, M. J. Molina, R. T. Watson, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, and A. R. Ravishankara, Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, JPL Publ., 85-37, 1985.
25. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina, Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, JPL Publ., 92-20, 1992.
26. DeMore, W. B., S. P. Sander, D. M. Golden, R. F. Hampson, M. J. Kurylo, C. J. Howard, A. R. Ravishankara, C. E. Kolb, and M. J. Molina, Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling, JPL Publ., 97-4, 1997.
27. Dickinson, R. E., and R. J. Cicerone, Future global warming from atmospheric trace gases, Nature, 319, 109-115, 1986.
28. x: Errors in the falloff region, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6159-6168, 1997.
29. Duce, R. A., V. A. Mohnen, P. R. Zimmerman, D. Grosjean, W. Cautreels, R. Chatfield, R. Jaenicke, J. A. Ogren, E. D. Pellizzari, and G. T. Wallace, Organic material in the global troposphere, Rev. Geophys., 21, 921-952, 1983.
30. 5 hydrocarbons in the background troposphere: Vertical and latitudinal variations, J. Atmos. Chem., 3, 29-52, 1985.
31. Ehhalt, D. H., J. Rudolph, and U. Schimdt, On the importance of light hydrocarbons in multiphase atmospheric systems, in Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. G, vol. 6, edited by W. Jaeschke, pp. 321-350, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986.
32. Ehhalt, D. H., U. Schmidt, R. Zander, P. H. Demoulin, and C. P. Rinsland, Seasonal cycle and secular trend of the total and tropospheric column abundance of ethane above the Jungfraujoch, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4985-4994, 1991.
33. Fehsenfeld, F. C., et al., Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6, 389-430, 1992.
34. Field, R. A., M. E. Golstone, J. N. Lester, and R. Perry, The sources and behavior of tropospheric anthropogenic volatile hydrocarbons, Atmos. Environ., Part A, 26, 2983-2996, 1992.
35. Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., Chlorine atoms as a potential tropospheric oxidant in the marine boundary layer, Res. Chem. Intermed., 19, 235-249, 1993.
36. Fisher, D. A., T. Duafala, P. M. Midgley, and C. Niemi, Production and emission of CFCs, halons and related molecules, NASA Ref. Publ., 1339, 1994.
37. 4 to changed emissions of important trace gases, Report 1993:4, CICERO, Univ. of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 1993.
38. 2) in infrared atmospheric absorption spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 12,143-12,146, 1981.
39. Guenther, A., et al., A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873-8892, 1995.
40. Gupta, M. L., Modeling the role of selected light nonmethane hydrocarbons on the chemical composition of natural and perturbed troposphere, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Calif., Irvine, 1996.
41. 4 amounts, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,923-22,932, 1996.
42. 4 with OH and Cl, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2761-2764, 1997.
43. Hegg, D. A., L. F. Radke, P. V. Hobbs, and R. A. Rasmussen, Emissions of some trace gases from biomass fires, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5669-5675, 1990.
44. Hesstvedt, E., Ø. Hov, and I. S. A. Isaksen, Quasi-steady-state approximations in air pollution modeling: Comparison of two numerical schemes for oxidant prediction, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 5, 971-994, 1978.
45. Hough, A. M., Development of a two-dimensional global tropospheric model: Model chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7325-7362, 1991.
46. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1994.
47. IPCC, Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1995.
48. Isaksen, I. S. A., Is the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere changing? in The Changing Atmosphere, edited by F. S. Rowland and I. S. A. Isaksen, pp. 141-170, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1988.
49. x, Tellus, Ser. B, 39, 271-285, 1987.
50. Isaksen, I. S. A., and H. Rhode, A two-dimensional model for the global distribution of gases and aerosol particles in the troposphere, Rep. AC-47, Dep. Meteorol., Univ. Stockholm, Stockholm, 1978.
51. 4: A two-dimensional diabatic circulation study including uncertainty estimates, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 5249-5263, 1986.
52. Isaksen, I. S. A., K. H. Midtbø, J. Sunde, and P. J. Crutzen, A simplified method to include molecular scattering and reflection in calculations of photon fluxes and photodissociation rates, Geophys. Norv., 31, 11, 1977.
53. Isaksen, I. S. A., Ø. Hov, S. A. Penkett, and A. Semb, Model analysis of the measured concentration of organic gases in the Norwegian Arctic, J. Atmos. Chem., 3, 3-27, 1985.
54. Jonson, J. E., and I. S. A. Isaksen, The impact of solar flux variations on the tropospheric ozone chemistry, Rep. 81, Inst. of Geophys., Univ. of Oslo, Oslo, 1991.
55. 6, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 9788-9793, 1996.
56. Kanakidou, M., B. Bonsang, J. C. Le Roulley, D. Martin, and G. Sennequier, Marine source of atmospheric acetylene, Nature, 333, 51-52, 1988.
57. Kanakidou, M., B. Bonsang, and G. Lambert, Light hydrocarbons vertical profiles and fluxes in a French rural area, Atmos. Environ., 23, 921-927, 1989.
58. Kanakidou, M., H. B. Singh, K. M. Valentin, and P. J. Crutzen, A two-dimensional study of ethane and propane oxidation, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15,395-15,413, 1991a.
59. Kanakidou, M., P. J. Crutzen, P. H. Zimmermann, and B. Bonsang, A 3 dimensional global study of the photochemistry of ethane and propane in the troposphere: Production and transport of organic nitrogen compounds, paper presented at the NATO/CCMS 19th ITM on Air Pollution Modeling and its Applications, Ierapetra, Greece, Sept. 29 to Oct. 4, 1991b.
60. Keene, W. C., D. J. Jacob, and S.-M. Fan, Reactive chlorine: A potential sink for dimethylsulfide and hydrocarbons in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1-3, 1996.
61. 3, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1235-1251, 1995.
62. Koppmann, R., F. J. Johnen, C. Plass-Dulmer, and J. Rudolph, Distribution of methylchloride, dichloromethane, trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene over the North and South Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20,517-20,526, 1993.
63. Lacis, A. A., D. J. Wuebbles, and J. A. Logan, Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9971-9981, 1990.
64. Lamb, B., A. Guenther, D. Gay, and H. Westberg, A national inventory of biogenic hydrocarbon emissions, Atmos. Environ., 21, 1695-1705, 1987.
65. Langner, J., H. Rodhe, and M. Olofsson, Parametrization of subgrid scale vertical tracer transport in a global two-dimensional model of the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,691-13,706, 1990.
66. Lelieveld, J., and P. J. Crutzen, Role of deep cloud convection in the ozone budget of the troposphere, Science, 264, 1759-1761, 1994.
67. Lin, X., M. Trainer, and S. C. Liu, On the nonlinearity of ozone production, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,879-15,888, 1988.
68. Liu, S. C., M. Trainer, F. C. Fehsenfeld, D. D. Parrish, E. J. Williams, D. W. Fahey, G. Hubler, and P. C. Murphy, Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4191-4207, 1987.
69. Lu, Y., and M. A. K. Khalil, Tropospheric OH: Model calculations of spatial, temporal, and secular variations, Chemosphere, 23, 397-444, 1991.
70. McCulloch, A., and P. M. Midgley, The production and global distribution of emissions of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene and dichloromethane over the period 1988-1992, Atmos. Environ., 30, 601-608, 1996.
71. Mihelcic, D., D. Klemp, P. Musgen, H. W. Patz, and A. Volz-Thomas, Simultaneous measurements of peroxy and nitrate radicals at Schauinsland, J. Atmos. Chem., 16, 313-335, 1993.
72. Müller, J.-F., Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3787-3804, 1992.
73. Nelson, P. F., S. M. Quigley, and M. Y. Smith, Sources of atmospheric hydrocarbons in Sydney: A quantitative determination using a source reconciliation technique, Atmos. Environ., 17, 439-449, 1983.
74. 2 hydrocarbons in the marine environment, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B., 189, 305-322, 1975.
75. Penkett, S. A., Non-methane organics in the remote troposphere, in Atmospheric Chemistry, edited by E. D. Goldberg, pp. 329-355, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982.
76. Piccot, S. D., J. J. Watson, and J. W. Jones, A global inventory of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9897-9912, 1992.
77. Pinto, J. P., Y. L. Yung, D. Rind, G. L. Russell, J. A. Lerner, J. E. Hansen, and S. Hameed, A general circulation model study of atmospheric carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3691-3702, 1983.
78. Plass-Dulmer, C., R. Koppmann, M. Ratte, and J. Rudolph, Light nonmethane hydrocarbons in seawater, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 79-100, 1995.
79. 3 with organic compounds, Nature, 348, 147-149, 1990.
80. Plumb, R. A., and J. D. Mahlman, The zonally averaged transport characteristics of the GFDL general circulation/transport model, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 298-327, 1987.
81. Prather, M. J., and C. M. Spivakovsky, Tropospheric OH and the lifetimes of hydrochlorofluorocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18,723-18,729, 1990.
82. Prinn, R. G., The interactive atmosphere: Global atmospheric-biospheric chemistry, Ambio, 23, 50, 1994.
83. Prinn, R., D. M. Cunnold, R. A. Rasmussen, P. G. Simmonds, F. N. Alyea, A. J. Crawford, P. J. Fraser, and R. D. Rosen, Atmospheric trends in methylchloroform and the global average for the hydroxyl radical, Science, 238, 945-950, 1987.
84. 3 and global OH concentration, Science, 269, 187-192, 1995.
85. Ramanathan, V., R. J. Cicerone, H. B. Singh, and J. T. Kiehl, Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5547-5566, 1985.
86. 2) in the upper stratosphere deduced from atmospheric trace molecule spectroscopy/Spacelab 3 spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 11,951-11,964, 1987.
87. x and global ozone production, TNO-Rep. P 91/025, TNO Inst. of Environ. Sci., Netherlands, 1991.
88. Rudolph, J., The tropospheric distribution and budget of ethane, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11,369-11,381, 1995.
89. Rudolph, J., D. H. Ehhalt, and A. Tonnissen, Vertical profiles of ethane and propane in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7267-7272, 1981.
90. Rudolph, J., D. H. Ehhalt, and A. Khedim, Vertical profiles of acetylene in the troposphere and stratosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 2, 117-124, 1984.
91. Rudolph, J., R. Koppmann, and C. Plass-Dulmer, The budgets of ethane and tetrachloroethene: Is there evidence for an impact of reactions with chlorine atoms in the atmosphere? Atmos. Environ., 30, 1887-1894, 1996.
92. 2O, in The Geophysiology of Amazonia, edited by R. E. Dickinson, pp. 107-160, John Wiley, New York, 1987.
93. Sillman, S., J. A. Logan, and S. C. Wofsy, The sensitivity of ozone to nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in regional ozone episodes, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1837-1851, 1990.
94. Singh, H. B., and J. F. Kasting, Chlorine-hydrocarbon photochemistry in the marine troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 261-285, 1988.
95. Singh, H. B., and P. B. Zimmerman, Atmospheric distribution and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons, Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 177-235, 1992.
96. 5 hydrocarbons in the troposphere: Latitudinal, vertical, and temporal variations, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,861-15,878, 1988.
97. Singh, H. B., D. O'Hara, D. Herlth, W. Sachse, D. R. Blake, J. D. Bradshaw, M. Kanakidou, and P. J. Crutzen, Acetone in the atmosphere: Distribution, sources, and sinks, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1805-1819, 1994.
98. Singh, H. B., et al., Reactive nitrogen and ozone over the western Pacific: Distribution, partitioning, and sources, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1793-1808, 1996a.
99. Singh, H. B., et al., Low ozone in the marine boundary layer of the tropical Pacific Ocean: Photochemical loss, chlorine atoms, and entrainment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1907-1917, 1996b.
100. Singh, H. B., A. N. Thakur, Y. E. Chen, and M. Kanakidou, Tetrachloroethylene as an indicator of low Cl atom concentrations in the atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1529-1532, 1996c.
101. Smith, T. W., Summertime tropospheric nonmethane hydrocarbon and halocarbon concentrations over central and eastern Canada during ABLE-3B, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Calif., Irvine, 1993.
102. 3, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18,441-18,471, 1990.
103. Stordal, F., I. S. A. Isaksen, and K. Horntveth, A diabatic circulation two-dimensional model with photochemistry: Simulations of ozone and long-lived tracers with surface sources, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5757-5776, 1985.
104. Strand, A., and Ø. Hov, A two-dimensional study of tropospheric ozone production, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22,877-22,895, 1994.
105. Tanner, D. J., and F. L. Eisele, Present OH measurement limits and associated uncertainties, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2883-2892, 1995.
106. Taylor, J. A., G. P. Brasseur, P. R. Zimmerman, and R. J. Cicerone, A study of the sources and sinks of methane and methyl chloroform using a global three-dimensional lagrangian tropospheric tracer transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 3013-3044, 1991.
107. Thompson, A. M., The oxidizing capacity of the Earth's atmosphere: Probable past and future changes, Science, 256, 1157-1165, 1992.
108. Tie, X., C.-Y. Kao, E. J. Mroz, R. J. Cicerone, F. N. Alyea, and D. M. Cunnold, Three-dimensional simulations of atmospheric methyl chloroform: Effect of an ocean sink, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20,751-20,769, 1992.
109. Tille, K. J. W., M. Savelsberg, and K. Bächmann, Airborne measurements of nonmethane hydrocarbons over western Europe: Vertical distributions, seasonal cycles of mixing ratios and source strengths, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1751-1760, 1985.
110. 2), Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1097-1100, 1995.
111. Weiss, W., A. Sittkus, H. Stockburger, and H. Sartorius, Large-scale atmospheric mixing derived from meridional profiles of Krypton 85, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 8574-8578, 1983.
112. Whitby, R. A., and E. R. Altwicker, Acetylene in the atmosphere: Sources representative ambient concentrations and ratios to other hydrocarbons, Atmos. Environ., 12, 1289-1296, 1978.
113. Wiedmann, T. O., B. Guthner, T. J. Class, and K. Ballschmitter, Global distribution of tetrachloroethene in the troposphere: Measurements and modeling, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 2321-2329, 1994.
114. Wingenter, O. W., M. K. Kubo, N. J. Nicola, T. W. Smith Jr., D. R. Blake, and F. S. Rowland, Hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements as photochemical and dynamical indicators of atmospheric hydroxyl, atomic chlorine, and vertical mixing obtained during Lagrangian flights, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4331-4340, 1996.
115. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1994, Rep. 37, Geneva, 1994.