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13044283539
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13044274275
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note
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2.
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16
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13044304288
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note
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cmb is defined as the temperature difference between the heater and its antipode. Ra is calculated with ΔT between inner and outer boundaries at the antipode of the heater. Thermal boundary condition is constant heat flux at the heater and becomes isothermal at far field. The heat flux was increased stepwise from the basic state.
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13044304665
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note
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-3 m/s, and δ ≃ 3 mm, which agree with the measurements (Fig. 2C).
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19
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13044287462
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note
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In the experiments, conduction down the radial temperature gradient contributes ∼ 10% of the total heat transfer, and its lateral variation is negligible in comparison to lateral variation of convective heat flux.
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24
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0025661010
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-3°C was obtained from geomagnetic secular variation, revealing a cold Pacific [J. Bloxham and A. Jackson Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1997 (1990)].
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13044312840
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note
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Supported by Research Fellowships of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists (I.S.) and the Geophysics Program of NSF.
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