Radar backscatter from stationary breaking waves

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 104, Issue C12, 1999, Pages 29679-29695

  Ericson, Eric A ^a,b,c   Lyzenga, David R ^a   Walker, David T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b ERIM International   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACKSCATTER; BREAKING WAVES; RADAR; SEA SURFACE; SURFACE ROUGHNESS;

EID: 0033573499     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999jc900223     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Austin, R. T., A. W. England, and G. H. Wakefield, Special problems in the estimation of power-law spectra as applied to topographical modeling, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 32, 928-938, 1994.
2. Banner, M. L., and E. H. Fooks, On the microwave reflectivity of small-scale breaking water waves, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 339, 93-109, 1985.
3. Ericson, E. A., Experimental and numerical studies of radar scattering from deep-water breaking waves, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, 1997.
4. Fung, A. K., Z. Li, and K. S. Chen, Backscattering from a randomly rough dielectric surface, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30, 356-369, 1992.
5. Hasselmann, K., R. K. Raney, W. J. Plant, W. Alpers, R. A. Shuchman, D. R. Lyzenga, C. L. Rufenach, and M. J. Tucker, Theory of synthetic aperture radar ocean imaging: A MARSEN view, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 4659-4686, 1985.
6. Hughes, B. A., H. L. Grant, and R. W. Chappell, A fast response surface wave-slope meter and measured wind-wave moments, Deep Sea Res., 24, 1211-1223, 1977.
7. Jessup, A. T., W. C. Keller, and W. K. Melville, Measurements of sea spikes in microwave backscatter at moderate incidence, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9679-9688, 1990.
8. Jessup, A. T., W. K. Melville, and W. C. Keller, Breaking waves affecting microwave backscatter, 1, Detection and verification, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20,547-20,559, 1991a.
9. Jessup, A. T., W. K. Melville, and W. C. Keller, Breaking waves affecting microwave backscatter, 2, Dependence on wind and wave conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20,561-20,569, 1991b.
10. Kalmykov, A. I., and V. V. Pustovoytenko, On polarization features of radio signals scattered from the sea surface at small grazing angles, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 1960-1964, 1976.
11. Kwoh, D. S. W., and B. M. Lake, A deterministic, coherent, and dual-polarized laboratory study of microwave backscattering from water waves, I, Short gravity waves without wind, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 9, 291-308, 1984.
12. Lee, P. H. Y., J. D. Barter, E. Caponi, M. Caponi, C. L. Hindman, B. M. Lake, and H. Rungaldier, Wind-speed dependence of small-grazing-angle microwave backscatter from sea surfaces, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 44, 333-339, 1996.
13. Lewis, B. L., and I. D. Olin, Experimental study and theoretical model of high-resolution radar backscatter from the sea, Radio Sci., 15, 815-828, 1980.
14. Loewen, M. R., and W. K. Melville, Microwave backscatter and acoustic radiation from breaking waves, J. Fluid Mech., 224, 601-623, 1991.
15. Lyzenga, D. R., and E. A. Ericson, Numerical calculations of radar scattering from sharply peaked ocean waves, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 636-646, 1998.
16. Lyzenga, D. R., and R. A. Shuchman, Analysis of scatterer motion effects in Marsen X-band SAR imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9769-9775, 1983.
17. Lyzenga, D. R., A. L. Maffett, and R. A. Shuchman, The contribution of wedge scattering to the radar cross section of the ocean surface, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 21, 502-505, 1983.
18. Melville, W. K., M. R. Loewen, F. C. Felizardo, A. T. Jessup, and M. J. Buckingham, Acoustic and microwave signatures of breaking waves, Nature, 336, 54-56, 1988.
19. Rodriguez, E., Y. Kim, and S. L. Durden, A numerical assessment of rough surface scattering theories: Horizontal polarization, Radio Sci., 27, 497-513, 1992.
20. Sletten, M. A., and J. Wu, Ultrawideband, polarimetric radar studies of breaking waves at low grazing angles, Radio Sci., 31, 181-192, 1996.
21. Sletten, M. A., D. B. Trizna, and J. P. Hansen, Ultrawide-band radar observations of multipath propagation over the sea surface, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 44, 646-651, 1996.
22. Trizna, D. B., A model for Brewster angle damping and multipath effects on the microwave radar sea echo at low grazing angles, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 35, 1232-1244, 1997.
23. Trizna, D. B., and D. J. Carlson, Studies of dual polarized low grazing angle radar sea scatter in nearshore regions, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34, 747-757, 1996.
24. Ulaby, F. T., R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passive, vol. II, Artech House, Norwood, Mass., 1986.
25. Valenzuela, G. R., Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves: A review, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 13, 61-85, 1978.
26. Walker, D. T., C.-Y. Chen, and W. W. Willmarth, Turbulent structure in free-surface jet flows, J. Fluid Mech., 291, 223-261, 1995.
27. Walker, D. T., D. R. Lyzenga, E. A. Ericson, and D. E. Lund, Radar backscatter and surface roughness measurements for stationary breaking waves, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 452, 1953-1984, 1996.
28. West, J. C., and M. A. Sletten, Multipath EM scattering from breaking ocean waves at grazing incidence, Radio Sci., 32, 1455-1467, 1997.