Applications of flow cytofluorometry to red blood cell immunology

Communications in Clinical Cytometry

Volumn 38, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 259-267

  Garratty, George ^a   Arndt, Patricia A ^a  

^a AMERICAN RED CROSS BLOOD SERVICES   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood groups; Bone marrow transplant; Chimeras; Fetomaternal hemorrhage; Flow cytometry; Mosaicism; Red blood cells

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M;

ANTIGEN ANTIBODY REACTION; ANTIGEN DETECTION; AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; BLOOD GROUP; BLOOD GROUP INCOMPATIBILITY; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; ERYTHROCYTE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LABORATORY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ASSAY; REVIEW;

BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS; BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; CHIMERA; ERYTHROCYTES; FEMALE; FETOMATERNAL TRANSFUSION; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMANS; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; MOSAICISM; PREGNANCY;

EID: 0033572503     PISSN: 01964763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19991215)38:6<259::AID-CYTO1>3.0.CO;2-P     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. van der Meulen FW, de Bruin HG, Goosen PCM, et al. Quantitative aspects of the destruction of red cells sensitized with IgGl autoantibodies: an application of flow cytometry. Br J Haematol 1980;46:47-56.
2. Nance SJ, Garratty G. Application of flow cytometry to immunohematology. J Immunol Methods 1987;101:127-131.
3. Garratty G, Arndt P. Applications of flow cytofluorometry to transfusion science. Transfusion 1995;35:157-178.
4. Makler MT, Pesce AJ. Scanning electron microscopy shows that both antigen mobility and membrane deformation occur in the hemagglutination reaction. Vox Sang 1981;40:1-5.
5. Langlois RG, Bigbee WL, Jensen RH. Flow cytometric characterization of normal and variant cells with monoclonal antibodies specific for glycophorin A. J Immunol 1985;134:4009-4017.
6. Berneman ZN, van Bockstaele DR, Uyttenbroeck WM, et al Flow-cytometric analysis of erythrocytic blood group A antigen density profile. Vox Sang 1991;61:265-274.
7. Jamin D, Demers J, Shulman I, et al. An explanation for nonimmunologic adsorption of proteins onto red blood cells: Schiffs base reactions. Blood 1986;67:993-996.
8. Freedman J, Lazarus AH. Applications of flow cytometry in transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 1995;9:87-109.
9. Petz LD, Garratty G. Acquired immune hemolytic anemias. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1980. p. 22, 305-321.
10. Garratty G. The significance of IgG on the red cell surface. Transfus Med Rev 1987;1:47-57.
11. Garratty G. Effect of cell-bound proteins on the in vivo survival of circulating blood cells. Geronotology 1991;37:68-94.
12. Magnani M, Papa S, Rossi L, et al. Membrane-bound immunoglobulins increase during red blood cell aging. Acta Haematol (Basel) 1988;79:127-132.
13. Wilkinson L, Yam P, Petz L, Garratty G. Erythrocyte autoantibodies in sickle cell disease. Transfusion 1975;15:512 [abstract].
14. Petz LD, Yam P, Wilkinson L, et al. Increased IgG molecules bound to the surface of red blood cells of patients with sickle cell anemia. Blood 1984;64:301-304.
15. Galili U, Korkesh A, Kahane I, et al. Demonstration of a natural antigalactosyl IgG antibody on thalassemic red blood cells. Blood 1983;61:1258-1264.
16. Galili U, Clark MR, Shohet SB. Excessive binding of natural anti-alpha-galactosyl immunoglobulin G to sickle erythrocytes may contribute to extravascular cell destruction. J Clin Invest 1986;77:27-33.
17. Green GA, Rehn MM, Kalra VK. Cell-bound autologous immunoglobulin in erythrocyte subpopulations from patients with sickle cell disease. Blood 1985;65:1127-1133.
18. Green GA. Autologous IgM. IgA, and complement binding to sickle erythrocytes in vivo. Evidence for the existence of dense sickle cell subsets. Blood 1993;82:985-992.
19. Freysdottir J, Sigfusson A. A flow cytometric assay for measuring complement receptor 1 (CR 1) and the complement fragments C3d and C4d on erythrocytes. J Immunol Methods 1991;142:45-52.
20. Cohen JHM, Aubry JP, Jouvin MH, et al. Enumeration of CR1 complement receptors on erythrocytes using a new method for detecting low density cell surface antigens by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1987;99:53-58.
21. Pascual M, Schifferli JA. The binding of immune complexes by the erythrocyte complement receptor 1 (CR1). Immunopharmacology 1992;24:101-106.
22. Pascual M, Danielsson C, Steiger G, et al. Proteolytic cleavage of CR1 on human erythrocytes in vivo: evidence for enhanced cleavage in AIDS. Eur J Immunol 1994;24:702-708.
23. van der Schoot CE, Huizinga TWJ, van't Veer-Korthof ET, et al. Deficiency of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked membrane glycoproteins of leukocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, description of a new diagnostic cytofluorometric assay. Blood 1990;76:1853-1859.
24. Shichishima T, Terasawa T, Saitoh Y, et al. Diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria by phenotypic analysis of erythrocytes using two-color flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies to DAF and CD59/MACIF. Br J Haematol 1993;85:378-386.
25. Hall SE, Rosse WF. The use of monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry in the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 1996;87:5332-5340.
26. Navenot JM, Muller JY, Blanchard D. Investigation of the survival of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria red cells through the immunophenotyping of reticulocytes. Transfusion 1998;88:337-342.
27. Garratty G. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia In: Garratty G, editor. Immunobiology of transfusion medicine. New York: Dekker; 1993. p 493-521.
28. Arndt P, Garratty G. Use of flow cytometry for detection of IgM on RBCs showing spontaneous agglutination. Transfusion 1994:34:68S [abstract].
29. Garratty G, Arndt P, Domen R, et al. Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with IgM warm autoantibodies directed against determinants on or associated with glycophorin A. Vox Sang 1997;72:124-130.
30. Lynen R, Neuhaus R, Schwarz DWM, et al. Flow cytometric analyses of the subclasses of red cell IgG antibodies. Vox Sang 1995;69:126-130.
31. Asmussen C, Gutensohn K, Wittkopf D, Kuhnl P. Rapid detection of IgG subclasses on DAT positive RBC membranes by flow cytometry (FC). Beitr Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1996;33:35-39.
32. Garratty G, Nance SJ. Correlation between in vivo hemolysis and the amount of red cell-bound IgG measured by flow cytometry. Transfusion 1990;30:617-621.
33. Garratty G. Factors affecting the pathogenicity of red cell auto- and alloantibodies In: Nance SJ, editor. Immune destruction of red blood cells. Arlington, VA: American Association of Blood Banks; 1989. p 109-169.
34. Oien L, Nance S, Garratty G. Zygosity determinations using flow cytometry - a superior method. Transfusion 1985;25:474 [abstract].
35. van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN, Muylle L, et al. Flow cytometric analysis of erythrocytic D antigen density profile. Vox Sang 1986;51: 40-46.
36. VI mosaic using flow cytometry .Transfusion 1988;28:9S [abstract].
37. el. Transfusion 1990;30:236-238.
38. Nicholson G, Lawrence A, Ala FA, Bird GWG. Semi-quantitative assay of D antigen site density by flow cytometry analysis. Transfus Med 1991;1:87-90.
39. u) antigen evaluation? Vox Sang 1994;67:382-386.
40. Kornprost M, Rouger PH, Goossens D, et al. Determination of Rh(D) genotype: use of human monoclonal antibodies in flow cytometry. J Clin Pathol 1986;39:1039-1042.
41. Nelson M, Barrow IA, Popp H, Gibson J. Some observations on D antigen expression of D-positive and "weak D-positive" red cells as assessed by flow cytometry. Vox Sang 1995;69:152-153.
42. Jones JW, Lloyd-Evans P, Kumpel BM. Quantitation of Rh D antigen sites on weak D and D variant red cells by flow cytometry. Vox Sang 1996;71:176-183.
43. Beckers EAM, Faas BHW, Lightart P, et al. Lower antigen site density and weak D immunogenicity cannot be explained by structural genomic abnormalities or regulatory defects of the RHD gene. Transfusion 1997;37:616-623.
44. DePalma L Expression of red cell antigens C and c on neonatal and adult erythrocytes. Vox Sang 1992;63:53-55.
45. Arndt P, Garratty G. Variation of C antigen strength on r'r RBCs demonstrated by flow cytometry. Transfusion 1987;27:514 [abstract].
46. Wagner FF. Influence of Rh phenotype on the antigen density of C, c, and D: flow cytometric study using a frozen standard red cell. Transfusion 1994;34:671-676.
47. Hughes-Jones NC, Bloy C, Gorick B, et al. Evidence that the c, D and E epitopes of the human Rh blood group system are on separate polypeptide molecules. Mol Immunol 1988;25:931-936.
48. Sharon R, Fibach E. Quantitative flow cytometric analysis of ABO red cell antigens. Cytometry 1991;12:545-549.
49. Fibach E, Sharon R. Changes in ABH antigen expression on red cells during in vivo aging: a flow cytometric analysis. Transfusion 1994;34: 328-332.
50. Popp HJ, Nelson M, Forsyth C, et al. Quantifying the loss of ABO antigenicity in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia by flow cytometric analysis. Immunohematology 1995;11:5-7.
51. Murai J, Naka K, Shimojo N, et al. Quantitative analysis of Lewis antigens on erythrocytes by flow cytometry. Clin Chim Acta 1994;226: 21-28.
52. von dem Borne AEGK, Bos MJE, Joustra-Maas N, et al. A murine monoclonal IgM antibody specific for blood group P antigen (globoside). BrJ Haematol 1986;63:35-46.
53. Lublin DM, Thompson ES, Green AM. Dr(a-) polymorphism of decay accelerating factor. J Clin Invest 1991;87:1945-1952.
54. Parsons SF, Jones J, Anstee DJ, et al. A novel form of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia associated with deficiency of erythroid CD44 and a unique blood group phenotype [In(a-b-), Co(a-b-)]. Blood 1994;83:860-868.
55. Ménoret A, Otry C, Labarrière N, et al. The expression of carbohydrate blood group antigens correlates with heat resistance. J Cell Sci 1995;108:1691-1701.
56. Lee S. Molecular basis of Kell blood group phenotypes. Vox Sang 1997;73:1-11.
57. Cooling L. Increased expression of i on HEMPAS red cells: a flow cytometric study. Transfusion 1997;37:1102-1104.
58. Soubes SC, Reid ME, Kaneko O, Miller LH. Search for sialic acid-independent receptor on red blood cells for invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Vox Sang 1999;76:107-114.
59. Garratty G. Do blood groups have a biological role? In: Garratty G, editor. Immunobiology of transfusion medicine. New York: Dekker; 1994. p 201-255.
60. Cartron JP, Bailly P, Le Van Kim C, et al. Insights into the structure and function of membrane polypeptides carrying blood group antigens. Vox Sang 1998;74:29-64.
61. Sieff C, Bicknell D, Caine G, et al. Changes in cell surface antigen expression during hemopoietic differentiation. Blood 1982;60:703-713.
62. Blacklock HA, Katz F, Michalevicz R, et al. A and B blood group antigen expression on mixed colony cells and erythroid precursors: relevance for human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1984;58:267-276.
63. Falkenburg JHF, Fibbe WE, van der Vaart-Duinkerken N, et al. Human erythroid progenitor cells express Rhesus antigens. Blood 1985;66: 660-663.
64. Loken MR, Civin CI, Bigbee WL, et al. Coordinate glycosylation and cell surface expresson of glycophorin A during normal human erythropoiesis. Blood 1987;70:1959-1961.
65. Southcott MJG, Tanner MJA, Anstee DJ. The expression of human blood group antigens during erythropoiesis in a cell culture system. Blood 1999;93:4425-4435.
66. Oien L, Nance S, Arndt P, Garratty G. Determination of zygosity using flow cytometric analysis of red cell antigen strength. Transfusion 1988;28:541-544.
67. Rouger P, Kornprobst M, Séger J, et al. False paternity exclusion in the Rh system: use of cytofluorometry analysis. Ann Genet (Paris) 1987;30:228-230.
68. Nance S, Arndt P, Garratty G. Flow cytometric determination of red cell antigen strength (zygosity) in cases of disputed paternity. Transfusion 1988;28:7S [abstract].
69. Arndt PA. Practical applications of flow cytometry to problem solving in the blood bank. Transfusion Medicine No. TM 92-6 (TM-206), ASCP Check Sample 1996;39:11-28.
70. Austin EB, McIntosh Y, Hodson C, Lee D. Anti-D quantification by flow cytometry: an alternative to the AutoAnalyser? Transfus Med 1995;5:203-208.
71. Christensson M, Bremme K, Shanwell A, et al. Flow cytometric quantitation of serum anti-D in pregnancy. Transfusion 1996;36:500-505.
72. Hildén J-O, Backteman K, Nilsson J, Ernerudh J. Flow-cytometric quantitation of anti-D antibodies. Vox Sang 1997;72:172-176.
73. Lynen R, Legler TJ, Wiemann V, et al. Flow-cytometric quantitation of antibodies and RHD/RHE-genotyping of the fetus in 8 cases of HDN. Transfusion 1998;38:63S [abstract].
74. Austin EB, McIntosh Y. Anti-D quantification by flow cytometry: a comparison of five methods. Transfusion Med 1998;8:26 [abstract].
75. Marsh WL. Cold agglutinins to Kell: 35 years as a serologist. In: Moore SB, editor. Progress in immunohematology. Arlington, VA: American Association of Blood Banks; 1988. p 93-117.
76. Valinsky JE. The analysis of red cells by flow cytometry: applications in immunohematology. In: Yen A, editor. Flow cytometry. Volume 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1989. p169-190.
77. Arndt P, Garratty G. Use of flow cytometry for quantitation of mixed RBC populations in female carriers of the McLeod gene. Transfusion 1994;34:21S [abstract].
78. Reid ME, Oyen R, Ralph H, Rubinstein P. Demonstration of McLeod phenotype RBCs. Transfusion 1994;34:21S [abstract].
79. Branch DR, Gallagher MT, Forman SJ, et al. Endogenous stem cell repopulation resulting in mixed hematopoietic chimerism following total body irradiation and marrow transplantation for acute leukemia. Transplantation 1982;34:226-228.
80. van Dijk BA, Drenthe-Schonk AM, Bloo A, et al. Erythrocyte repopulation after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1987;44:650-654.
81. de Man AJM, Foolen WJG, van Dijk BA, et al. A fluorescent microsphere method for the investigation of erythrocyte chimaerism after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation using antigenic differences. Vox Sang 1988;55:37-41.
82. Blanchard D, Bruneau V, Bernard D, et al. Flow cytometry analysis of dual red blood cell populations after bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1995;89:741-747.
83. Hendricks ECM, de Man AJM, van Berkel YCM, et al. Flow cytometric method for the routine follow-up of red cell populations after bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1997;97:141-145.
84. Wagner FF, Flegel WA. Analysis by flow cytometry of chimerism after bone-marrow transplantation and of erythrocyte antigen density. In. Gutensohn K, Sonneborn HH, Kuhnl P, editors. Aspects of the flow-cytometric analysis of red blood cells. Heidelberg: Clin Lab Publications; 1997. p 95-103.
85. Nelson M, Popp H, Forsyth C, Gibson J. Rapid quantitation of mixed red cell populations using flow cytometry. Clin Lab Haematol 1996;18:207-213.
86. Postoway N, Nance S, O'Neill P, Garratty G. Comparison of a practical differential agglutination procedure to flow cytometry in following the survival of transfused red cells. Transfusion 1985;25: 453 [abstract].
87. a in a patient who received Jk(a+) red cells. Transfusion 1985;25:482 [abstract].
88. b. Transfusion 1987;27:534 [abstract].
89. Read EJ, Crabill HE, Davey RJ. Flow cytometric determination of transfused red blood cell (RBC) survival in a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Transfusion 1985,25:451 [abstract].
90. Garratty G, Arndt P, Co A, et al. Fatal ABO hemolytic transfusion reaction resulting from acquired B antigen only detectable by some monoclonal anti-B reagents. Transfusion 1996;36:351-357 [abstract].
91. b assessed by flow cytometry. Immunohematology 1997;13:93-96.
92. 51Cr assays for estimation of red cell clearance in vivo. Transrus Med 1997;7:28 [abstract].
93. Perera WS, Greiss MA, Urbaniak SJ. A simple non-isotopic method for measuring red cell clearance. Transfusion 1998;38:33S [abstract].
94. Valinsky JE, Marsh WL, Bianco C. Flow cytometric procedure for estimation of transfused erythrocyte survival "in vivo." Transfusion 1985;25:478 [abstract].
95. Issitt PD, Valinsky JE, Marsh WL, et al. In vivo red cell destruction by ami-Lu6. Transfusion 1990;30:258-260.
96. 51Cr, flow cytometric, IgG subclass, and monocyte erythrophagocytosis assays. Transfusion 1986, 26:545 [abstract].
97. Griffin GD, Lippert LE, Dow NS, et al. A flow cytometric method for phenotyping recipient red cells following transfusion. Transfusion 1994;34:233-237.
98. Wagner F. Identification of recipient Rh phenotype in a chronically transfused child by two-colour immunofluorescence. Transfus Med 1994;4:205-208.
99. Kleihauer E, Braun H, Betke K. Demonstration von fetalem Hämoglobin in den Erythrocyten eines Blautausstrichs. Klin Wochenschr 1957;35:637-638.
100. Polesky HF, Sehring ES. Evaluation of methods for detection and quantitation of fetal cells and their effect on RhIgG usage. Am J Clin Pathol [Suppl] 1981;76:525-529.
101. Keith L. Berger GS, Edelman DA. Evaluation of Fetaldex: a new screening test for fetal erythrocytes in maternal circulation. J Reprod Med 1978;20:109-113.
102. Warzynski M. Flow cytometric tests for fetal maternal hemorrhage: review and recent clinical developments. Clin Immunol Newslett 1997;17:21-35.
103. Nance SJ, Nelson J, O'Neill P, et al. Quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage by flow cytometry, a simple and accurate method. Transfusion 1986;26:571 [abstract].
104. Nance SJ, Nelson JM, Arndt PA, et al. Quantitation of fetal-maternal hemorrhage by flow cytometry, a simple and accurate method. Am J Clin Pathol 1989;91:288-292.
105. Corsetti JP, Cox C, Leary JF, et al. Comparison of quantitative acid-elution technique and flow cytometry for detecting fetomaternal hemorrhage. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1987;17:197-206.
106. Patton WN, Nicholson GS, Sawers AH, et al. Assessment of fetal-maternal haemorrhage in mothers with hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:728-731.
107. Bayliss KM, Kueck BD, Johnson ST, et al. Detecting fetomaternal hemorrhage: a comparison of five methods. Transfusion 1991;31:303-307.
108. Nelson M, Popp H, Horky K, et al. Development of a flow cytometric test for the detection of D-positivc fetal cells after fetomaternal hemorrhage and a survey of the prevalence in D-negative women. Immunohematology 1994;10:55-59.
109. Johnson PRE, Tait RC, Austin EB, et al. Flow cytometry in diagnosis and management of large fetomaternal haemorrhage. J Clin Pathol 1995;48:1005-1008.
110. Uoyd-Evans P, Kumpel BM, Bromelow I, et al. Use of a directly conjugated monoclonal anti-D (BRAD-3) for quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage by flow cytometry. Transfusion 1996;36:432-437.
111. Lubenko A, Collier R, Williams M, et al. Quantitating fetomaternal hemorrhages of D+ red cells using an FITC-conjugated IgG monoclonal anti-D by flow cytometry: a case report. Immunohematology 1997;13:12-14.
112. Bromilow IM, Duguid JKM. Measurement of feto-maternal haemorrhage: a comparative study of three Kleihauer techniques and two flow cytometry methods. Clin Lab Haematol 1997;19:137-142.
113. Fung KAFK, Giulivi A, Chisholm J, et al. Clinical usefulness of flow cytometry in detection and quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage. J Matern Fetal Invest 1998;8:121-125.
114. Davis BH, Olsen S, Higelow NC, Chen JC. Detection of fetal red cells in fetomaternal hemorrhage using a fetal hemoglobin monoclonal antibody by flow cytometry. Transfusion 1998;38:749-756.
115. Nelson M, Zarkos K, Popp H, Gibson J. A flow-cytometric equivalent of the Kleihauer test. Vox Sang 1998;75:234-241.
116. Medearis AL, Hensleigh PA, Parks DR, et al. Detection of fetal crythrocytes in maternal blood postpartum with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 148:290-295.
117. Cupp JE, Leary JF, Cernichiari E, et al. Rare-event analysis methods for detection of fetal red blood cells in maternal blood. Cytometry 1984;5:138-144.
118. Lloyd-Evans P, Guest AR, Austin EB, Scott ML. Use of a phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-glycophorin A monoclonal antibody as a double label to improve the accuracy of FMH quantification by flow cytometry. Transfus Med 1999;9:155-160.