Cognitive changes in normal ageing: Classification and current aspects;Alteracion cognitiva en el envejecimiento normal: Nosologia y estado actual

Revista de Neurologia

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 64-70

  Bartres Faz D ^a   Clemente, I ^a   Junque C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Ageing; Cognition; Cognitive impairment; Dementia; Memory; Neuropsychology

Indexed keywords

AGED; AGING; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HUMAN; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; CLASSIFICATION; COGNITION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; HOSPITALIZATION; MEMORY; MEMORY DISORDER; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REFERENCE VALUE;

AGED; AGING; COGNITION; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; HUMANS; MEMORY; MEMORY DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; REFERENCE VALUES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 0033566255     PISSN: 02100010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.33588/rn.2901.99199     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Laursen P. The impact of aging on cognitive functions. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 172 (Suppl): 3-86.
2. Ritchie K, Leibovici D, Ledésert B, Touchon J. A typology of sub-clinical senescent cognitive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168: 470-6.
3. Capitani E, Barbarotto R, Laiacona M. Does education influence the age-related cognitive decline? A further inquiry. Dev Neuropsychol 1996; 12: 231-40.
4. Uvnerzagt FW, Hui SL, Farlow MR, Hall KS, Hendrie HC. Cognitive decline and education in mild dementia. Neurology 1998; 50: 181-5.
5. Christensen H, Korten A, Jorm AF, Henderson AS, Scott R, Mackinnon AJ. Activity levels and cognitive functioning in an elderly community sample. Age Ageing 1996; 25: 72-80.
6. Kalmijn S, Feskens JM, Launer U, Kromhout. Longitudinal study of the effect of apolipoprotein e4 allele on the association between education and cognitive decline in elderly men. BMJ 1997; 314: 34-5.
7. Altsiel LD, Greenberg DA, Marin D, Lantz M, Mohs R. Apolipoprotein E genotype and cognition in the very old. Lancet 1997; 349: 1451.
8. Grau-Veciana JM, Junqué C. Envejecimiento cerebral. En Farmitalia, eds. Neurología. Barcelona: JIMS; 1987.
9. Junqué C, Jódar M. Velocidad de procesamiento cognitive en el envejecimiento. Anales de Psicología 1990; 6: 199-207.
10. Bolla KI, Lindgren KN, Bonaccorsy C, Bleecker ML. Memory complaint in older adults. Fact or fiction? Arch Neurol 1991; 48: 61-4.
11. Junqué C, Jurado MA. Envejecimiento y demencias. Barcelona: Martínez Roca; 1994.
12. Kral VA. Senescent forgetfulness: benign and malignant. Can Med Assoc J 1962; 86: 257-60.
13. Larrabee GJ, Levin HS, High WM. Senescent forgetfulness: a quantitative study. Dev Neuropsychol 1986; 2: 373-85.
14. Crook TH, Bartus RT, Ferns SH, Whitehouse P, Cohen GD, Gershon S. Age-associated memory impairment: proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change. Report of a national institute of mental health work group. Dev Neuropsychol 1986; 2: 261-76.
15. Crook TH, Larrabee G, Youngjohn JR. Diagnosis and assessment of age-associated memory impairment. Clin Neuropharmacol 1990; 13 (Suppl 3): S81-91.
16. Blackford RC, La Rue A. Criteria for diagnosing age associated memory impairment: proposed improvements from the field. Dev Neuropsychol 1989; 5: 295-306.
17. Soininen HS, Partanen K, Pitkânen A, Vainio P, Hänninen T, Hallikainen M, et al. Volumetric MRI analysis of the amygdala and the hippocampus in subjects with age-associated memory impairment: correlation to visual and verbal memory. Neurology 1994; 44: 1660-8.
18. Altman HJ, Normile HG. What is the nature of the role of the serotonergic nervous system in learning and memory? Prospects for development of an effective treatment strategy for senile dementia. Neurobiol Aging 1988; 9: 627-38.
19. Bartus RT, Dean RL, Beer B, Lippa AS. The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 1982; 217: 408-17.
20. McEntee WJ, Crook TH. Age-associated memory impairment: a role for catecholamines. Neurology 1990; 34: 33-5.
21. Brayne C, Galloway P. Normal ageing, impaired cognitive function, and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a continuum? Lancet 1988; 4: 1265-7.
22. 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in normal aging, age-associated memory impairment, and probable Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 4: 133-8.
23. Coria F, Gómez de Caso JA, Mínguez L, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Claveria LE. Prevalence of age-associated memory impairment and dementia in a rural community. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 973-6.
24. Hänninen T, Hallikainen M, Koivisto K, Helkala EL, Reinikainen KJ, Soininen H, et al. A follow-up study of age-associated memory impairment: neuropsychological predictors of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43: 1017-25.
25. Nielsen H, Lolk A, Kragh-Sorensen P. Age-associated memory impairment-pathological memory decline or normal aging? Scand J Psychol 1998; 39: 33-7.
26. Larrabee GJ, Crook TH. Estimated prevalence of age-associated memory impairment derived from standardized tests of memory function. Int Psychogeriatr 1994; 6: 95-104.
27. Barker A, Jones R, Jennison C. A prevalence study of age-associated memory impairment. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167: 642-8.
28. Franceschi M, Canal N. AAMI [Letter]. Neurology 1996; 46: 1490.
29. Lane F, Snowdon J. Memory and dementia: a longitudinal survey of suburban elderly. In Lovibond P, Wilson P, eds. Clinical and abnormal psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1989. p. 635.
30. Koivisto K, Reinikainen KJ, Hänninen T, Vanhanen M, Helkala E-L, Mykkänen L, et al. Prevalence of age-associated memory impairment in a randomly selected population from eastern Finland. Neurology 1995; 45: 741-7.
31. Hänninen T, Hallikainen M, Koivisto K, Partanen K, Laakso MP, Riekkinen PJ, et al. Decline of frontal lobe functions in subjects with age-associated memory impairment. Neurology 1997; 48: 148-53.
32. Small GW, Okonek A, Mandelkern MA et al. Age-associated memory loss: initial neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic findings of a longitudinal study. Int Psychogeriatr 1994; 6: 21-3.
33. Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Parashos IA, Soady SAR, Sullivan RJ, Patterson U, et al. Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 1992; 42: 527-36.
34. Cowell PE, Turetsky BI, Gur RC, Grossman IR, Shtasel K, Gur RE. Sex differences in aging of the human frontal ant temporal lobes. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 4748-55.
35. Patterson MB, Mack JL, Geldmacher DS, Whitehouse PJ. Executive functions and Alzheimer's disease: problems and prospects. Eur J Neurol 1996; 3: 5-15.
36. Daum I, Gräber SC, Schugens MM, Mayes AR. Memory dysfunction of frontal type in normal ageing. Neuroreport 1996; 7: 2625-8.
37. Bartrés-Faz D, Clemente I. Apolipoproteínas y deterioro cognitivo. Actas Luso-Esp Neurol Psiquiatr 1998; 26: 380-90.
38. Forstl H, Hentschel F, Sattel H, Geiger-Kabisch C, Besthom C, Czech C, et al. Age-associated memory impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Only time will tell the difference. Arzneimittelforschung 1995; 45: 394-7.
39. Palumbo B, Parnetti L, Nocentini G, Cardinali L, Brancorsini S, Riccardi C, et al. Apolipoprotein-E genotype in normal aging, age-associated memory impairment, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia patients. Neurosci Lett 1997; 231: 59-61.
40. Small GW, Mazziotta JC, Collins T, Baxter LR, Phelps ME, Mandelkern MA, et al. Apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and cerebral glucose metabolism in relatives at risk for familial Alzheimer disease. JAMA 1995; 273: 942-7.
41. Rowe JW, Kahn RL. Human aging: usual and successful. Science 1987; 237: 143-9.
42. Hännien T, Soininen H. Age-associated memory impairment. Normal aging or warning of dementia? Drug Aging 1997; 6: 480-9.
43. Bamford KA, Caine DE. Does 'benign senescent forgetfulness' exist? Clin Geriatr Med 1988; 4: 897-916.
44. O'Brien JT, Levy R. Age associated memory impairment. Br Med J 1992; 304: 5-6.
45. Smith G, Ivnik R, Petersen RC, Malec JF, Kokmen E, Tangalos E. Age-associated memory impairment diagnoses: problems of reliability and concerns for terminology. Psychol Aging 1991; 6: 551-8.
46. Riedel WJ, Jolles J. Cognition enhancers in age-related cognitive decline. Drug Aging 1996; 8: 245-74.
47. Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 1136-9.
48. Flicker C, Ferris SH, Reisberg B. Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: predictors of dementia. Neurology 1991; 41: 1006-9.
49. Rubin EH, Morris JC, Grant EA, Vendegna T. Very mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, I: clinical assessment Arch Neurol 1989; 46: 379-82.
50. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN, et al. Apolipoprotein E status as a predictor of the development of Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired individuals. JAMA 1995; 273: 1274-8.
51. Smith GE, Bohac DL, Waring SC, Kokmen E, Tangalos EG, Ivnik RJ, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype influences cognitive 'phenotype' in patients with Alzheimer's disease but not in healthy control subjects. Neurology 1998; 50: 355-62.
52. Smith GE, Petersen RC, Parisi JE, Ivnik RJ, Kokmen E, Tangalos EG, et al. Definition, course, and outcome of mild cognitive impairment. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 1996; 3: 141-7.
53. Petersen RC, Waring SC, Smith GE, Tangalos EG, Thibodeau SN. Predictive value of ApoE genotyping in incipient Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996; 802: 58-69.
54. Morris JC, McKeel DW, Storandt M, Rubin E, Price JL, Grant EA, et al. Very mild Alzheimer's disease: informant based clinical, psychometric, and pathologic distinction from normal aging. Neurology 1991; 41:469-78.
55. Mirra SS, Heyman MA, McKeil D, Sumi S, Crain BJ, Brownlee LM, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1991; 41: 479-86.
56. Levy R. Aging-associated cognitive decline. Working party of the International Psychogeriatric Association in collaboration with the World Health Organization. Int Psychogeriatr 1994; 6: 63-8.
57. Trastornos mentales y del comportamiento. Descripciones clínicas y pautas para el diagnóstico (CIE-10). Ginebra: Organización Mundial de la Salud; 1992.
58. Christensen H, Henderson AS, Jorm AF, Mackinnon AJ, Scott R, Korten AE. ICD-10 mild cognitive disorder: epidemiological evidence on its validity. Psychol Med 1995; 25: 105-20.
59. Christensen H, Henderson AS, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Jacomb PA, Mackinnon AG. ICD-10 mild cognitive disorder: its outcome three years later. J Geriatr Psychiatry 1997; 12: 581-6.
60. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-IV). Barcelona: Masson; 1995.
61. Celsis P, Agniel A, Cardebat D, Démonet JF, Ousset PJ, Puel M. Age related cognitive decline: a clinical entity? A longitudinal study of cerebral blood flow and memory performance. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62: 601-8.
62. Ebly EM, Hogan DB, Parhad IM. Cognitive impairment in the nondemented elderly. Results from the Canadian study of health and aging. Arch Neurol 1995; 52: 612-9.
63. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Cohen LA, Martin RL. A new scale for the staging of dementia. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 140: 566-72.
64. Gurland BJ, Copeland JRM, Kuriansky J, Kelleher A, Sharpe L, Dean LL. The mind and mood of aging: mental problems of the community elderly in New York and London. Totowa: Croom Helm; 1982.
65. Blesa R, Adroer R, Santacruz P, Ascaso C, Tolosa E, Oliva R. High apolipoprotein E e4 allele frequency in age-related memory decline. Ann Neurol 1996; 39: 548-51.