Geographically masking health data to preserve confidentiality

Statistics in Medicine

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 497-525

  Armstrong, Marc P ^a   Rushton, Gerard ^a   Zimmerman, Dale L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONFIDENTIALITY; DATA ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MEDICAL RECORD; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PRIVACY;

EID: 0033559186     PISSN: 02776715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19990315)18:5<497::aid-sim45>3.0.co;2-%23     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Donaldson, M. S. and Lohr, K. S. (eds). Health Data in the Information Age: Use, Disclosure and Privacy, Committee on Regional Health Data Networks, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1994.
2. Gostin, L. O., Turek-Brezina, J., Powers, M., Kozloff, R., Faden, R. and Steinauer, D. D. 'Privacy and security of personal information in a health care system', Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 2487-2493 (1993).
3. NCHS. Catalog of Publications 1990-95, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, 1996.
4. Geschwind, S. A., Stolwijk, J. A. J., Bracken, M., Fitzgerald, E., Stark, A., Olsen, C. and Melius, J. 'Risk of congenital malformations associated with proximity to hazardous waste sites', American Journal of Epidemiology, 135, 1197-1206 (1992).
5. Stallones, L., Nuckols, J. R. and Berry, J. K. 'Surveillance around hazardous waste sites: geographic information systems and reproductive outcomes', Environmental Research, 59, 81-92 (1992).
6. Duncan, G. T. and Pearson, R. W. 'Enhancing access to microdata while protecting confidentiality: Prospects for the future', Statistical Science, 6, 219-239 (1991).
7. DOC. Report on Statistical Disclosure and Disclosure-Avoidance Techniques, Statistical Working Paper 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1978.
8. Office of Management and Budget. Report on Statistical Disclosure Limitation Methodology, Statistical Policy Working Paper 22, U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC, 1994.
9. Greenberg, B. and Voshell, L. 'Relating risk of disclosure for microdata and geographic area size', Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA, 450-455 (1990).
10. Saalfeld, A., Zayatz, L. and Hoel, E. 'Contextual variables via geographic sorting: A moving averages approach', Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA, 691-696 (1992).
11. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census Use Study Report 14, Gecoding with ADMATCH, Washington, DC, 1971.
12. Broome, F. R. and Meixler, D. B. 'The TIGER database structure', Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 17, 39-47 (1990).
13. Marx, R. W. 'The TIGER system: yesterday, today and tomorrow', Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 17, 89-97 (1990).
14. U.S. Bureau of the Census. TIGER/LINE™ Census Files, 1990: Technical Documentation, Washington, DC, 1991.
15. Gatrell, A. C. and Bailey, T. C. 'Interactive spatial analysis in medical geography', Social Science and Medicine, 42, 843-855 (1996).
16. Croner, C. M., Sperling, J. and Broome, F. R. 'Geographic information (GIS): New perspectives in understanding human health and environmental relationships', Statistics in Medicine, 15, 1961-1977 (1996).
17. Mason, T. J., McKay, F. W., Hoover, R., Blot, W. J. and Fraumeni, J. F. Atlas of Cancer Mortality for U.S. Counties 1950-1969, National Institute of Health, DHEW Publication (NIH) 75-780, 1975.
18. Mason, T. J., McKay, F. W., Hoover, R., Blot, W. J. and Fraumeni, J. F. Atlas of Cancer Mortality among U.S. Nonwhites 1950-1969, National Institute of Health, DHEW Publication (NIH) 76-1204, 1976.
19. Pickle, L. W., Mason, T. J., Howard, N., Hoover, R. and Fraumeni, J. F. Atlas of U.S. Cancer Mortality among whites: 1950-1980, National Institute of Health, DHHS Publication (NIH) 87-2900, 1987.
20. Devine, O. J., Louis, T. A. and Halloran, M. E. 'Identifying areas with elevated disease incidence rates using Bayes estimators', Geographical Analysis, 28, 187-199 (1996).
21. Waller, L. A. 'Statistical power and design of focused clustering studies', Statistics in Medicine, 15, 765-782 (1996).
22. Tobler, W. R. 'Smooth pycnophalactic interpolation for geographic regions', Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 519-536 (1979).
23. Fisher, P. F. and Langford, M. 'Modeling sensitivity to accuracy in classified imagery: a study of areal interpolation by dasymetric mapping', Professional Geographer, 48, 299-309 (1996).
24. Flowerdew, R. and Green, M. 'Statistical methods for inference between incompatible zonal systems', in Goodchild M. F. and Gopal, S. (eds), Accuracy of Spatial Databases, Taylor and Francis, London, U.K. 1989, pp. 239-247.
25. Jacquez, G. M. and Waller, L. A. 'The effects of uncertain locations on disease cluster statistics', Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment, Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, United States Department of Agriculture General Technical Report RM-GTR-277, 1996, pp. 259-266.
26. Amrhein, C. G. and Reynolds, H. 'Using spatial statistics to assess aggregation effects', Geographical Systems, 3, 143-158 (1996).
27. Openshaw, S. and Schmidt, J. 'Parallel simulated annealing and genetic algorithms for re-engineering zoning systems', Geographical Systems, 3, 201-220 (1996).
28. Wong, D. and Amrhein, C. G. 'Research on the MAUP: Old wine in a new bottle or real breakthrough?', Geographical Systems, 3, 73-76 (1996).
29. Rothman, K. J. 'A sobering start to the cluster busters conference', American Journal of Epidemiology, 132, S6-S13 (1990).
30. Choynowski, M. 'Maps based on probabilities', Journal of the Royal Statistical Association, 54, 385-388 (1959).
31. Openshaw, S. 'Two exploratory space-time-attribute pattern analysers relevant to GIS', in Fotheringham S. and Rogerson, P. (eds), Spatial Analysis and GIS, Taylor and Francis, Bristol, PA, 1994, pp. 83-104.
32. Oden, N., Jacquez, G. and Grimson, R. 'Realistic power simulations compare point and area-based disease cluster tests', Statistics in Medicine, 15, 783-806 (1996).
33. Cox, L. H. 'Protecting confidentiality in small population health and environmental statistics', Statistics in Medicine, 15, 1895-1905 (1996).
34. Cox, L. H. 'Matrix masking methods for disclosure limitation in microdata', Survey Methodology, 20, 165-169 (1994).
35. Aldrich, T. E. and Krautheim, K. R. 'Protecting confidentiality in small area studies', paper presented at the CDC Symposium on 'Statistical Methods: Small Area Statistics in Public Health', Atlanta, GA, 1995.
36. Foley, J. D., VanDam, A., Feiner, S. K. and Hughes, J. F. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, 2nd edn, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990.
37. Daskin, M. S. Network and Discrete Location: Models, Algorithms, and Applications, Wiley, New York, NY, 1995.
38. Densham, P. J. and Rushton, G. 'Providing spatial decision support for rural services that require a minimum workload', Environment and Planning B, 23, 553-574 (1996).
39. Lam, N. S. -N. and Liu, K. -B. 'Use of space-filling curves in generating a national rural sampling frame for HIV/AIDS research', Professional Geographer, 48, 321-332 (1996).
40. Wolf, M. K. 'Microaggregation and disclosure avoidance for economic establishment data', Proceedings of the Section on Business and Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, 355-360 (1988).
41. Strudler, M., Oh, H. L. and Scheuren, F. 'Protection of taxpayer confidentiality with respect to the tax model', Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 375-381 (1986).
42. Bellhouse, D. R. 'Some optimal designs for sampling in two dimensions', Biometrika, 64, 605-611 (1977).
43. Clarke, K. Analytical and Computer Cartography, 2nd edn, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1995).
44. Grimson, R. C. and Oden, N. 'Disease clusters in structured environments', Statistics in Medicine, 15, 851-871 (1996).
45. Diggle, P. J. Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns, Academic Press, London, UK, 1983.
46. Rushton, G. and Armstrong, M. P. Improving Public Health through Geographical Information Systems, CD-ROM, Version 3.0. Department of Geography, GIS & Public Health Project, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, 1998.
47. Cuzick, J. and Edwards, R. 'Spatial clustering for inhomogeneous populations', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 52, 73-104 (1990).
48. Diggle, P. J. 'Point process modelling in environmental epidemiology', in Barnett, V. and Turkman, K. F. (eds), Statistics for the Environment, Wiley, New York, 1993, pp. 89-110.
49. Tomlin, C. D. Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.
50. Fisher, P. F. and Langford, M. 'Modeling the errors in areal interpolation between zonal systems by Monte Carlo simulation', Environment and Planning A, 27, 211-224 (1995).
51. Goodchild, M. F. and Lam, N. S.-N. 'Areal interpolation: a variant of the traditional spatial problem', Geoprocessing, 1, 297-331 (1980).
52. Goodchild, M. F., Anselin, L. and Deichmann, U. 'A framework for the areal interpolation of socioeconomic data', Environment and Planning A, 25, 383-397 (1993).
53. Xie, Y. 'The overlaid network algorithms for areal interpolation problem' (sic), Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 19, 287-306 (1995).
54. Duncan, G. and Lambert, D. 'The risk of disclosure for microdata', Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 7, 207-217 (1989).
55. Spruill, N. L. 'Measures of confidentiality', in Statistics of Income and Related Administrative Record Research: 1982, U.S. Department of Treasury, Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division, Washington, DC, 1982, pp. 131-136.
56. Spruill, N. L. 'The confidentiality and analytic usefulness of masked business microdata', Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 602-607 (1983).
57. Spruill, N. L. Protecting Confidentiality of Business Microdata by Masking, Public Research Institute, Alexandria, VA, 1984.
58. Rushton, G. 'Map transformations of point patterns: Central place patterns in areas of variable population density', Papers of the Regional Science Association, 28, 111-129 (1972).
59. Etzioni, O. and Weld, D. 'A softbot-based interface to the Internet', Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 37, 72-76 (1994).
60. Maes, P. 'Agents that reduce work and information overload', Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 37, 31-40 (1994).
61. Norman, D. A. 'How might people interact with agents', Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 37, 68-71 (1994).